Xanthoria parietina

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Xanthoria parietina
Xanthoria parietina 02.JPG

Xanthoria parietina

Systematics
Class : Lecanoromycetes
Subclass : Lecanoromycetidae
Order : Teloschistales
Family : Teloschistaceae
Genre : Xanthoria
Type : Xanthoria parietina
Scientific name
Xanthoria parietina
( L. ) Th.Fr.

Xanthoria parietina , also known as common yellow lichen , is a leaf-shaped lichen .

description

The common yellow lichen is a yellow, broad-lobed leaf lichen . She owns apothecaries and is not careless .

The bearing forms rosettes up to 10 centimeters in size. The lobes are flat to slightly concave, 1 to 5 millimeters wide, widened to rounded towards the ends, as well as lying close to one another and more or less overlapping. The upper side is smooth to wrinkled and orange-yellow, yolk-yellow to yellowish-green, to the north or in the shade it becomes greener or takes on a gray tone. The underside shows few, simple, light rhizines and is whitish. The apothecia are almost always present. They are up to 4 millimeters in size, sessile to weakly stalked and have a clear bearing edge. They can be found in the middle of the camp. The disc is orange and darker. Both the thallus and the apothecia react wine-red with potassium hydroxide.

The outer layer of the lichen (cortex) consists of tightly packed hyphae , which protect the bed against water loss due to evaporation and against strong radiation. The thickness of the bearing varies with the habitat in which the common yellow lichen grows: in shady places the bearing is much thinner than in places that are exposed to full sunlight. This protects the algae partners as they cannot tolerate high light intensities. The yellow color is caused by the anthraquinone parietin , which is embedded in the form of tiny crystals in the top layer of the cortex. The parietin synthesis is promoted both by UV radiation and by the algae partners.

Common yellow lichen on a beech trunk
The common yellow lichen on a cherry branch
Common yellow lichen on a horse chestnut
Common yellow lichen: wine-red reaction of the thallus with potassium hydroxide
Structure of parietin - orange-colored pigment of common yellow lichen

Algae partner

The photobionts (algae partners) of the common yellow lichen are green algae from the genus Trebouxia , u. a. Trebouxia arboricola and Trebouxia irregularis . These two green algae also occur freely in nature. One study showed that the algae occupy about 7% of the volume of the thallus.

Reproduction and spread

Since the common yellow lichen has not developed any vegetative organs of spread ( soredia and isidia ), the symbiosis between fungus and algae has to be recreated in each reproductive cycle. The two horn mite species Trhypochtonius tectorum and Trichoribates trimaculatus , which live on common yellow lichen, seem to be responsible for this. Both ascospores and algae cells are found in their feces . It is believed that common yellow lichens spread through these feces.

Location and distribution

The leaf lichen is characteristic of heavily fertilized places. It can usually be found on the bark of deciduous trees, but if there is a high availability of nutrients it also grows on walls, concrete slabs, stones or even on rusted sheet metal.

Common yellow lichen is common. In Germany, it has formed mass vegetation since around 1990 to 2000 due to nitrogen input in the air space (eutrophic immissions, dust attack). It is found throughout Europe with the exception of the Arctic, North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.

Importance as a food basis (selection)

The caterpillars of the following butterfly species depend on lichen as a food source:

Systematics

In 1753, Carl von Linné provided the first description of common yellow lichen as lichen parietinus . The specific epithet comes from the Latin word paries, parietis for (house) wall. Theodor Magnus Fries placed this species in the genus Xanthoria in 1861 .

particularities

Common yellow lichen is often found in areas with intensive animal husbandry, as it benefits from the high levels of nitrogen compounds in the air. It is one of the few lichens that has spread very quickly in recent years. It is very tolerant of air pollution, both in terms of bisulfites and heavy metals . Therefore, common yellow lichen has been used for biomonitoring on various occasions .

An aqueous extract of common yellow lichen has good antiviral properties. It prevents the proliferation of human parainfluenza virus type 2. The Ordinary Gelbflechte was as parietinus Lichen formerly officinal and was instead of the cinchona bark against malaria used.

This species was voted lichen of the year 2004.

Individual evidence

  1. a b Wirth Volkmar, Hauck Markus, Schultz Matthias, De Bruyn Uwe, Bültmann Helga, Volker John, Litterski Birgit, Otte Volker: Die Lichen Deutschlands. Volume 2 . Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-8001-5903-1 .
  2. Galun, Margalith: CRC Handbook of Lichenology, Volume I . CRC, Boca Raton 1988, ISBN 0-8493-3581-7 , p. 105.
  3. KA Solhaug, Y. Gauslaa, L. Nybakken and W. Bilger. UV induction of sun-screening pigments in lichens. New Phytologist 158: 91-100 (2003).
  4. KA Solhaug, Y. Gauslaa: Photosynthates stimulate the UV-B induced fungal anthraquinone synthesis in the foliose lichen Xanthoria parietina . In: Plant Cell and Environment. 27 (2004), pp. 167-176.
  5. ^ Ahmadjian, V .: The lichen symbiosis . John Wiley, New York 1993, ISBN 0-471-57885-1 , pp. 32-33.
  6. P. Bubrick, M. Galun, A. Frensdorff: Observations on free-living Trebouxia de Puymaly and Pseudotrebouxia Archibald, and evidence that both symbionts from Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. can be found free-living in nature. In: New Phytologist 97 (1984), p. 455.
  7. ^ Biology of Lichens. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 1983, ISBN 0-7131-2457-1 , p. 51.
  8. ^ FA Meier, S. Scherrer, R. Honegger: Faecal pellets of lichenivorous mites contain viable cells of the lichen-forming ascomycete. Xanthoria parietina and its green algal photobiont, Trebouxia arbicola . In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 76 (2002), pp. 259-268.
  9. Heiko Bellmann : The new Kosmos butterfly guide. Butterflies, caterpillars and forage plants. 2nd Edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-440-11965-5 .
  10. L. Silberstein L, BZ Siegel, SM Sigel, A. Mukhtar, M. Galun: Comparative studies on Xanthoria parietina , a pollution-resistant lichen and Ramalina duriaei , a sensitive species. I. Effects of air pollution of physiological processes. In: Lichenologist. 28 (1996), pp. 355-365.
  11. M. Bačkor, D. Fahselt, R. Davidson, CT Wu: Effects of copper on wild and tolerant strains of the lichen photobiont. In: Trebouxia erici (Chlorophyta) and possible tolerance mechanisms. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45 (2003), pp. 159-167.
  12. P. Trinkaus: Resettlement of further areas of the Graz city area by Xanthoria parietina (L.) TH. FR. In: Joannea Bot. 2 (2001), pp. 5-11. (online) ( Memento of the original from June 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 66 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.museum-joanneum.at
  13. G. Brunialti G, L. Frati: Biomonitoring of nine elements by the lichen Xanthoria parietina in Adriatic Italy: A retrospective study over a 7-year time span. In: Science of the Total Environment 387 (2007), p. 289– 300, doi : 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2007.06.033 .
  14. S. Loppi, L. Paoli, C. Gaggi: Diversity of epiphytic lichens and Hg contents of Xanthoria parietina Thalli as monitors of geothermal air pollution in the Mt. Amiata area (Central Italy). In: Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 53 (2006), pp. 93-105.
  15. A. Karagoz, A. Aslan: Antiviral and cytotoxic activity of some lichen extracts. In: Biologia. 60 (2005), pp. 281-286.

literature

Web links

Commons : Xanthoria parietina  - album with pictures, videos and audio files