Two-leaved shade flower

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Two-leaved shade flower
Two-leaved shade flower (Maianthemum bifolium)

Two-leaved shade flower ( Maianthemum bifolium )

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Nolinoideae
Genre : Shade flowers ( Maianthemum )
Type : Two-leaved shade flower
Scientific name
Maianthemum bifolium
( L. ) FW Schmidt

The two-sheeted Schattenblume ( Maianthemum bifolium ), also Zweiblättriges shadow Floral called, is a species of the genus maianthemum ( Maianthemum ) within the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae).

description

Illustration from Bilder ur Nordens Flora by Carl Axel Magnus Lindman, Stockholm
Foliage leaves
Stalked unripe berries
Ripe red berry
Herbarium evidence

Vegetative characteristics

The two-leaved shade flower is a perennial herbaceous plant . As a survival organ, it forms underground, creeping rhizomes with which it usually grows “in flocks”. Unbranched, upright stems grow from the rhizome . Flowering stems reach heights of 10 to 15, rarely up to 20 centimeters, non-flowering stems remain somewhat smaller.

On each flowering stem there are one to three, but usually two, on non-flowering stems only one, sometimes two short-stalked leaves . The parallel-veined leaves are deeply heart-shaped at the base and long pointed at the front.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period in Central Europe extends from May to July. In terminal racemose inflorescences there are usually two to three flowers at a node (= doldy partial inflorescence). The bracts are tiny or absent. The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are four to four millimeters in diameter and radially symmetrical . The flowers have four spread, elongated, white tepals and four stamens , which distinguishes them from all other Central European lily-like ones. In contrast to the lily of the valley or the Solomon's seal , the tepals are free.

The slightly poisonous berries, which are red when ripe, contain one or two seeds.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

Likelihood of confusion

The fruits are mistaken for cranberries because of their appearance and the frequent occurrence of the plant species . However, the berries of the shade flowers are spotted before they ripen and the fruit clusters are not overhanging, and cranberries have egg-shaped leaves that grow to the tip of the shoot.

There is no serious danger, however, since a digitalis content in shade flower berries should only be small, and otherwise only saponins are possible in the case of poisoning.

ecology

The two-leaved shade flower is a rhizome - geophyte . Vegetative reproduction occurs through underground runners ; the plant therefore grows in herds. It has roots up to 15 centimeters deep. The dry leaves smell faintly of coumarin .

The flowers are small, feminine, fragrant " nectar- carrying disc flowers". Pollinators are mostly smaller flies . If there is no insect visit, spontaneous self- pollination takes place .

Fruit ripening takes place from September to October. The berries are winter dwellers . Digestive dissemination occurs.

Toxicity

All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the berries . According to older information, the leaves contain some coumarin and digitalis glycosides . The berries contain cyanidine glycosides . The actual toxins are possibly heart-acting glycosides ; but its structure is still unknown.

Occurrence

The two-leaved shade flower thrives in the temperate areas of Eurasia from Europe to Japan . In Central Europe you can find them mainly in the mountains and low mountain ranges. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises to an altitude of up to 1955 meters on the Kegelköpfe.

The two-leaved shade flower grows in deciduous and coniferous forests as well as in parks in shady, humus-rich and not too dry locations. It thrives in societies of the order Piceetalia, Fagetalia and especially the Quercio roboris association.

use

The two-leaved shade flower is sometimes used as a ground cover in shady, moist locations because of its lily of the valley-like appearance, because of the "pretty" heart-shaped leaves and its creeping rhizome .

The two-leaved shadow flower was used in folk medicine as a diuretic . It contains steroid saponins .

swell

  • Werner Rauh , Karlheinz Senghas: Flora of Germany and its adjacent areas. Founded by Otto Schmeil, Jost Fitschen. 84th edition. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1968.
  • Chen Xinqi (陈心启 Chen Sing-chi), Shoichi Kawano: Maianthemum. : Maianthemum bifolium , p. 218 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13./14. Edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Lutz Roth , Max Daunderer , Kurt Kormann : Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Poisonous plants from AZ. Emergency assistance. Occurrence. Effect. Therapy. Allergic and phototoxic reactions . 4th edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-933203-31-7 (reprint from 1994).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Maianthemum bifolium (L.) FW Schmidt, two-leaved shade flower. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 136 .
  3. ↑ Rainer Nowak: Emergency Handbook Poison Plants: An identification book for doctors and pharmacists. Springer, 1998. ISBN 3-540-64205-6 . P. 129.
  4. ↑ a b shade flower in the poisonous plant compendium .
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 333.
  6. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica . Random House Australia 2003. German edition: Tandem Verlag GmbH 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 .

Web links

Commons : Two-leaved shade flower ( Maianthemum bifolium )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files