1998 North Indian cyclone season

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1998 North Indian cyclone season
All the storms of the season
All the storms of the season
Formation of the
first storm		 May 18
Dissolution of the
last storm		 December 17th
Strongest storm 03A - 958  hPa  ( mbar ), 90  kn  (165  km / h )  (1 minute)
Deep Depression 11
Cyclonic storms 8th
Severe cyclonic storms 5
Total number of victims 10,212 direct, 12 indirect, 4,353 missing
Total damage At least $ 3 billion   (1998)
North Indian cyclone seasons
1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000

The cyclone season in the North Indian in 1998 was an above-average cyclone season. In the northern Indic , in contrast to other areas where tropical cyclones develop , the storm season is not limited, but extends over the whole year. The peak of activity is in May and November; On average, between four and six tropical cyclones are formed in the Bay of Bengal east of the Indian subcontinent and in the Arabian Sea to the west . The responsible Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center unofficial storm warnings are issued, which are primarily aimed at facilities of the US armed forces in the region. Officially, the IMD counts such cyclones that form between 45th and 100th degrees east. In 1998 the IMD did not publish any wind speeds, which is why the storms are officially referred to as "depressions" , "deep depressions" or "cyclonic storms" . The wind speeds mentioned here are the one-minute wind speeds determined by the JTWC. Storm names were not officially assigned at that time either.

With the formation of eleven tropical depressions, eight of which developed into tropical cyclones, this season was one of the most active since the beginning of systematic records in this basin, along with 1987 , 1996 and 2005 .

Season course

The first storm of the season developed over the Bay of Bengal on May 18. This reached peak wind speeds of 130 km / h and arrived overland at Chittagong , Bangladesh . Also in May, a storm formed over the Arabian Sea. It dissolved at sea the next day without having any impact on land. The most intense storm of the season formed off the southwest coast of India in early June. It migrated slowly westward and remained relatively weak before turning north and intensifying. The storm peaked with one-minute winds of 195 km / h just before it reached Porbandar in the Indian state of Gujarat over land and dissolved during the day.

After three months of inactivity, a total of five tropical systems formed in late September and October. Two of them intensified into tropical storms, but these had no impact on land. In early November, the sixth tropical cyclone of the year formed in the Bay of Bengal. The storm developed rapidly and reached its peak intensity with wind speeds of 155 km / h before landfall. Shortly after the dissolution of cyclone 06B, the residual depth of tropical storm Chip led to the development of a new tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal. The storm reached its greatest strength with wind speeds of 140 km / h over open water. The storm entered a zone of strong wind shear and therefore weakened quickly before reaching the mainland. The last cyclone of the season formed in the Arabian Sea in mid-December. It reached its greatest intensity with sustained wind speeds of 120 km / h and moved overland in Oman on December 17th, only to disintegrate shortly afterwards.

The season's storms killed many people, most of whom fell victim to Cyclone 03A. More than 10,000 people were killed by the storm surge, which was almost five meters high, and many of the salt extraction plants on the coast were flooded. The total damage from this storm was 120 billion rupees (3 billion US dollars). The number of victims from Zyklon 01B in May was also apparently high: in addition to 26 people killed, at least 4,000 fishermen were missing. A short-lived depression caused severe flooding in Andhra Pradesh in mid-October, in the course of which 122 people lost their lives. In November, Tropical Cyclone 06B caused 880 million BTN (US $ 20.7 million) of property damage in Bhutan. Forty dead and 100 missing were recorded after cyclone 07B in Bangladesh .

Storms

Severe cyclonic storm BOB 01 (01B)

Severe cyclonic storm ( IMD )
Category 1 cyclone
Tropical Cyclone 01B 1998.jpg Cyclone 01B 1998 track.png
Duration May 17th - May 20th
intensity 60 kn (110 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 972 hPa

The first tropical cyclone in the region developed as a tropical disturbance on May 13, southeast of Sri Lanka over the southern Bay of Bengal . The system developed slowly, initially migrating north-northeast before turning west. On May 16, the system slowed near the southeastern coast of India and started moving in a northerly direction again. At 7:00  UTC on May 17, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA). A second TCFA was issued during the day as a new circulation formed further northeast. At 6:00 UTC on May 18, the JTWC issued the first warning about cyclone 01B. The wind speed was estimated at 55 km / h during operation. The cyclone continued its migration in a northeasterly direction and intensified continuously as it approached Bangladesh . About twelve hours after being classified as a tropical system, the cyclone reached the strength of a tropical storm, which reached one-minute winds of 65 km / h 555 km south-southeast of Chittagong . In the early morning of May 20th, Zyklon 01B reached its greatest intensity with a continuous one-minute wind speed of 130 km / h. One eye formed and a few hours later the storm crossed the coastline at Chittagong. After landfall, the storm quickly subsided and resolved a few hours later.

Before the storm hit, the authorities evacuated around 650,000 residents, so the loss of life from Zyklon 01B was relatively low. However, because Zyklon 01B mainly hit low-lying areas, the effects of the storm destroyed 6,000 houses and another 9,945 were damaged. The storm surge reached a height of 1.8-3 m and flooded some coastal cities. A total of 1,876  hectares of salt marshes and crab farms were damaged. At least 35 people were killed in the storm and 504 others were injured. Five of the fatalities are in Chittagong and five more on an island in the Cox's Bazar district . Sixteen sailors lost their lives when their fishing boat sank in a storm. In addition, around 4,000 fishermen were found missing at sea by the Red Cross. A total of 108,440 people were affected by the effects of the cyclone in Bangladesh. An oil tanker anchored near Chittagong was thrown onto another ship due to the rough seas and significantly damaged. Large amounts of crude oil leaked into the sea through a leak in the ship's hull. Both ships were owned by the Bangladesh Shipping Corporation.

Depression ARB 01 (02A)

Depression ( IMD )
Tropical storm
02A 1998.jpg Cyclone 02A 1998 track.png
Duration May 28th - May 29th
intensity 25 kn (45 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 997 hPa

On May 27, a low pressure area developed over the central Arabian Sea . When the center of the system was about 740 km south of Masirah Island the next day , the JTWC issued the first regular storm warning. The storm soon reached its peak with wind speeds of 65 km / h. Shortly afterwards, the vertical wind shear intensified , so that the cyclone began to dissolve. The circulation center soon lost convection and during the day the system no longer reached the strength of a tropical storm. It dissolved over the open sea on May 29th.

Very severe cyclonic storm ARB 02 (03A)

Extremely severe cyclonic storm ( IMD )
Category 3 cyclone
TC Gujarat 1998.gif Cyclone 03A 1998 track.png
Duration June 4th - June 10th
intensity 90 kn (165 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 958 hPa

The strongest and most serious tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean in 1998 formed on June 1st as a low pressure area centered over the Laccadives. Two days later, the JTWC announced a TCFA that was slowly getting better organized. In the early hours of June 4, the United States Navy meteorologists issued the first full storm warning for tropical cyclone 03A in Pearl Harbor . The still relatively small storm moved slowly to the west and weakened as the wind shear increased. However, the system was able to regenerate and the next day the warnings were resumed. The storm intensified continuously and migrated to the northwest. The evaluation of the Dvorak technology on June 6th resulted in the value T4.0, which corresponds to a peak wind speed of 120 km / h. Around this time the storm began to turn in a northerly direction and accelerated forward because of an approaching subtropical trough. As the storm approached the Indian coast, it formed an eye and intensified into the equivalent of a severe hurricane , reaching winds of 185 km / h. After Zyklon 03A weakened slightly on June 9th, it regained its strength and reached its peak with continuous one-minute peak wind speeds of 195 km / h. Then came the at Porbandar in the Indian state of Gujarat over the mainland. Overland, the storm quickly lost its strength and resolved on the same day.

The tropical cyclone 03A generated a strong storm surge , the height of which reached around 4.9 m and devastated salt marshes and places on the coast. It is estimated that around 10,000 residents of the region were killed by the storm, many of whom were workers in the salt marshes who did not have a radio and were therefore given little or no warning about the cyclone. In part, the high loss of human life was attributed to entrepreneurs who did not want to lose profits and therefore did not warn their workers about the approaching cyclone. In addition, the region had only been hit by 17 cyclones since 1890, all of which were weaker than Cyclone 03A. That is why the threat to the region was misjudged both by the population and the disaster control authorities. The strong wind caused an interruption in the power supply for many towns in the region. A transmission mast in Porbandar collapsed, disrupting telecommunications connections. Hundreds of masts of electricity lines could not withstand the force of the storm; the damage was estimated at 10 billion rupees. At least 893 people were injured in the storm and more than 11,000 farm animals were killed. More than 162,000 structures were damaged or destroyed. The property damage in the affected region was calculated at 120 billion rupees. The remnants of the storm system generated heavy rains over Pakistan , where 12 people were electrocuted as a result .

Depression ARB 03 (04A)

Depression ( IMD )
Tropical storm
05A peak 1998.jpeg Cyclone 04A 1998 track.png
Duration September 30th - October 1st
intensity 25 kn (45 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 997 hPa

At the end of September, a low pressure area developed in the Arabian Sea about 740 km west of Mumbai. It emerged from a trough close to the ground that was oriented in an east-west direction. The system steadily intensified as it slowly moved west. The JTWC's first storm warning was issued on September 30th. Zyklon 04A reached its peak with sustained wind speeds of 65 km / h. Because the storm was within a zone of moderate wind shear, it weakened quickly and resolved in the early hours of October 1.

Deep Depression ARB 04

Deep Depression ( IMD )
1998 Deep Depression One.jpeg ARB-04 1998 track.png
Duration October 6th - October 9th
intensity 30 kn (55 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 998 hPa

On October 8, the India Meteorological Department reported the formation of a low pressure area, which at the time was 835 km southwest of Mumbai . The system was classified as Deep Depression for a short time and reached peak winds of 55 km / h. It moved in a west-northwest direction and weakened again shortly after reaching peak intensity. The very next, the last warnings about the system that remained at sea were issued.

Deep Depression BOB 03

Deep Depression ( IMD )
1998 Depression Two North Indian.jpeg BOB-03 1998 track.png
Duration October 13th - October 15th
intensity 30 kn (55 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 998 hPa

On October 13th, the IMD began observing a tropical depression off the east coast of India. The depression remained relatively weak, reaching sustained winds of 45 km / h before the system moved overland near Narsapur on the Andhra Pradesh coast in the early October 14th. Overland, the depression resolved after a short time. The rains generated by the low pressure system caused damage to property and agriculture. The precipitation that fell within 24 hours in some places added up to 110 mm, which triggered flash floods. This was facilitated by the fact that the soil in the same area was no longer receptive to the rain after the rain fell a week earlier. Schools and government facilities have been closed in Hyderabad . Floods also led to the closure of numerous country roads. The reservoir of the Srisailam dam overflowed in the morning hours of October 14th, which is why the Srisailam power station had to be shut down. After the water level continued to rise the next day, those responsible had 53,000 endangered residents brought to safety. In total, the floods in Andhra Pradesh as a result of the Depression killed 122 people.

Cyclonic storm ARB 05 (05A)

Cyclonic Storm ( IMD )
Tropical storm
05A correct peak 1998.jpeg Cyclone 05A 1998 track.png
Duration October 11th - October 18th
intensity 35 kn (65 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 996 hPa

The IMD began observing a low pressure area over the Laccadives on October 10th . The low moved to the northwest, but hardly developed. On October 15, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Forming Alert, as the system had become better organized. The wind shear increased, but the first full storm warnings were published the next day. Convection was minimal and the storm peaked with one-minute winds of less than 65 km / h. The system moved northeastward and weakened under the influence of strong wind shear. On October 17th, Zyklon 05A no longer reached the strength of a tropical storm. It arrived overland on the Kathiawar peninsula , roughly where the landfall of cyclone 03A had already taken place in early June. Shortly afterwards the storm broke up over land.

On the approach to the mainland, the authorities in Gujarat evacuated a few hundred residents from coastal areas. However, since the storm was not very strong, there was no damage on land, and precipitation was only light. More than 250 fishermen have been reported missing at sea as they lost contact with numerous fishing boats, including 120 sailors from Satpathy. Some of the ships capsized and some crew members were able to swim ashore, including 12 fishermen from Satpathy and three from Colaba . The Indian Coast Guard sent helicopters and ships to the region to find the missing people.

Deep Depression BOB 04

Deep Depression ( IMD )
1998 Deep Depression Three.jpeg BOB-04 1998 track.png
Duration October 26th - October 29th
intensity 30 kn (55 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 1002 hPa

In the early hours of October 28, the India Meteorological Department began observing a tropical depression located around 555 km south-southeast of Visakhapatnam in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The depression intensified during the day to a deep depression with wind speeds of 55 km / h before the trend reversed. The system broke up the next day near the coast of Andhra Pradesh. The outer rain bands generated light rains on the coast.

Very severe cyclonic storm BOB 05 (06B)

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm ( IMD )
Category 2 cyclone
06B 1998 peak intensity.jpeg Cyclone 06B 1998 track.png
Duration November 13th - November 16th
intensity 75 kn (140 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 982 hPa

On September 10, a low pressure area developed within the monsoon channel over the Bay of Bengal and migrated to the northwest. The low developed continuously and intensified on November 14th to tropical cyclone 06B. A brief period of rapid intensification brought the storm close to category 1 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale just before the storm crossed the coastline near Visakhapatnam. Zyklon 06B reached its peak intensity with sustained wind speeds of 155 km / h. At that time, the IMD had managed the cyclone as a very severe cyclonic storm and reported an eye with a diameter of 60 km. Overland, the storm weakened very quickly and dissolved in the early hours of November 16.

Crop failures, damage to buildings and the loss of six human lives were reported in the affected areas, four of them from Visakhapatnam and the other two in the east of Godavari. Hundreds of trees and power lines were torn down by the winds. At least 64,000  hectares of agricultural land and more than 2,000 homes were damaged by the effects of the storm. The wave height on the coast of Visakhapatnam was up to 18.8  feet (around 5.75 m). The storm dumped precipitation of more than 100 mm in the region .

Very severe cyclonic storm BOB 06 (07B)

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm ( IMD )
Category 1 cyclone
Tropicalcyclone 07B 1998.jpg Cyclone 07B 1998 track.png
Duration November 16 - November 23
intensity 65 kn (120 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 984 hPa

Meanwhile, Tropical Storm Chip broke up over Vietnam on November 15 . Chip Remaining Deep crossed the Malay Peninsula on November 17th and moved into the Bay of Bengal. The system moved at the edge of a subtropical high pressure ridge into an area with strong wind shear. After the system turned northwest, it entered an area of ​​low wind shear and became better organized. Between May 18 and May 20, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Forming Alert three times before the first full storm warning was issued in the early hours of November 20. The cyclone made an arc to the northeast and reached its greatest intensity on November 22nd with wind speeds of 140 km / h. A short time later, the storm hit an area with strong wind shear, separating the convection from the center of the storm. as a result, cyclone 07B weakened before crossing the coastline west of Chittagong in Bangladesh. The storm broke up on November 23rd.

Cyclone 07B generated a storm surge of 1.2–2.4 m, flooding coastal areas of Bangladesh, killing 40 people and at least 103 reported missing. Hurricane gusts of wind and heavy rains affected a large part of the country. Large areas of rice cultivated were lost as a result of the floods, and many houses were buried in mud. A total of 5,780 families were left homeless as a result of this cyclone. According to official figures, 8,755 houses were badly damaged and around 300,000 Bangladeshis were affected by the effects of the cyclone.

Severe cyclonic storm ARB 06 (08A)

Severe cyclonic storm ( IMD )
Category 1 cyclone
08A peak 1998.jpeg Cyclone 08A 1998 track.png
Duration December 11th - December 17th
intensity 55 kn (100 km / h ) (3 minutes) , 993 hPa

On December 7, an extensive low pressure area developed near the southern tip of India, which was located within a zone of moderate wind shear. On December 11th, the JTWC declared a TCFA for the system drifting northwest over the Arabian Sea, two days later the first full storm warnings for Tropical Cyclone 08A were issued. The cyclone developed slowly and intensified as it turned further north. On December 15th it reached its greatest intensity with wind speeds of 120 km / h. Then the cyclone turned west and entered an area with stronger wind shear. On his way to the coast of Oman he weakened continuously. After the storm crossed the coastline on December 17th, it dissolved over land. Although the storm was still as strong as a tropical storm when it reached the coast, no damage was reported on land. The remaining depth of the storm sank a ship, killing 18 fishermen.

Season overview

Since no wind speeds were published by the India Meteorological Department in 1998, the maximum wind speeds determined by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale are used in this overview.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Staff Writer: IMD Cyclone Warning Services: Tropical Cyclones ( English ) India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  2. ^ Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over the North Indian During 2008 ( English , PDF ) India Meteorological Department. January 2009. Archived from the original on November 15, 2008. Retrieved on May 28, 2009.
  3. ^ A b Gary Padgett: Monthly Tropical Cyclone Tracks for October 1998 . Typhoon 2000. November 29, 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  4. ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Tracks for All Northern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones ( English ) World Meteorological Organization. 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Cyclone 01B Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  6. ↑ a b c d Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Cyclone 02A Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Cyclone 03A Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h Gary Padgett: Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for October 1998 ( English ) Typhoon 2000. 29 November 1998. Retrieved on 9 February, 2009.
  9. ↑ a b c Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Cyclone 04A Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  10. ↑ a b c Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Cyclone 05A Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Cyclone 06B Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  12. ^ A b Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Storm Chip Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved on February 9, 2009.
  13. ↑ a b c d e Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Cyclone 07B Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  14. ↑ a b c d Joint Typhoon Warning Center: Tropical Cyclone 08A Preliminary Report ( English , PDF ) World Meteorological Organization. 1999. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  15. ↑ a b c d e f Gary Padgett: Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for May 1998 ( English ) Typhoon 2000. 6. June 1998. Accessed on 8 February, 2009.
  16. ↑ Gary Padgett: Monthly Tropical Cyclone Tracks for May 1998 ( English ) Typhoon 2000. July 15, 1998. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
  17. ↑ a b c d Peter Rees-Gildea: Bangladesh: Cyclone Information Bulletin No. 3 ( English , PDF ; 9 kB) Operations Fundraising and Reporting Department. May 25, 1998. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  18. ↑ a b Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: Bangladesh: Cyclone Situation Report No. 2 ( English ) United Nations. May 25, 1998. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  19. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: Bangladesh: Cyclone Situation Report No. 1 ( English ) United Nations. May 19, 1998. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  20. ^ Thousands return home in wake of killer cyclone in Bangladesh (English) , German press agency. May 21, 1998. 
  21. ↑ a b c Nizam Ahmed: Chittagong - Bangladesh storm kills 26, injures more than 100 ( English ) Reuters. May 20, 1998. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
  22. ↑ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: Bangladesh: Cyclone Information Bulletin Number 2 ( English , PDF ; 6 kB) United Nations. May 20, 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  23. ↑ a b c d e f Gary Padgett: Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for June 1998 ( English ) Typhoon 2000. 14 July 1998. Retrieved on 28 May, 2009.
  24. ↑ 1998 Natural Catastrophes: Top 10 ( English ) Munich Re . December 29, 1998. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  25. ^ Jochen Zschau, Andreas N. Küppers: Early warning systems for natural disaster reduction . Springer, 2003, ISBN 3540679626 , p. 200.
  26. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs : India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 1 ( English ) United Nations. June 10, 1998. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  27. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 2 ( English ) United Nations. June 11, 1998. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  28. ^ Insurance companies lose Rs 1,300 crore in Gujarat cyclone ( English ) In: Indian Express . July 3, 1998. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 28, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.indianexpress.com
  29. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 4 ( English ) United Nations. June 19, 1998. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  30. ↑ Gary Padgett: Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for September 1998 ( English ) Typhoon 2000. 26 October 1998. Retrieved on 28 May, 2009.
  31. ↑ Ashok B. Sharma: Southern States Still Under Monsoon Spell (English) , Financial Express. October 19, 1998. 
  32. ↑ Heavy rain to continue due to depression (English) , The Hindu . October 14, 1998. 
  33. ↑ a b Srisailam power plant under water, shut down (English) , The Hindu. October 16, 1998. 
  34. ^ Krishna rising, thousands evacuated (English) , The Hindu. October 17, 1998. 
  35. ↑ 250 Missing (English) , Hindustan Times. October 17, 1998. 
  36. ↑ 250 fishermen missing in Indian storm: report Agence France Presse ' (English) . October 17, 1998.  
  37. ↑ Depression may bring rain; storm unlikely (English) , The Independent. October 30, 1998. 
  38. ↑ a b c d e Gary Padgett: Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for November 1998 ( English ) Typhoon 2000. 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  39. ↑ a b Storm crosses coast near Vizag, relief teams rushed (English) , The Hindu. November 16, 1998. 
  40. ^ India: Six die as cyclone batters north coastal Andhra ( English ) PTI news agency . November 16, 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  41. ↑ a b AP cyclone kills 6 ( English ) Indian Express Newspapers. November 16, 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2009.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.indianexpress.com
  42. ↑ Staff Writer: Earthwatch: A Diary of the Planet ( English ) Los Angeles Times . November 26, 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  43. ↑ V. Sanil Kumar, K. Ashok Kumar and Raju NSN: Wave characteristics off Visakhapatnam coast during a cyclone ( English , PDF ) Ocean Engineering Division, National Institute of Oceanography. January 31, 2004. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  44. ↑ Field Investigation on the Impact of Cyclone Sidr in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh ( English , PDF ; 1.9 MB) Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. January 2008. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 9, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / teacher.buet.ac.bd
  45. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: Bangladesh: Cyclone: ​​1998/11 ( English ) Asian Disaster Reduction Center. December 18, 1998. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved on May 28, 2009.
  46. ^ Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: Bangladesh: Cyclone Situation Report No. 1 ( English ) United Nations. November 24, 1998. Archived from the original on March 17, 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  47. ↑ Oxfam: Emergency Bulletin: India ( English ) ReliefWeb. February 5, 1999. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
  48. ↑ a b c d Gary Padgett: Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for December 1998 ( English ) Typhoon 2000. 1999. Retrieved on 28 May, 2009.
  49. ↑ Staff Writer: Minister sends experts to check Wanakbori weir ( English ) Indian Express Newspapers . December 26, 1998. Retrieved May 28, 2009.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.indianexpress.com

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