Kelis and Open-source software: Difference between pages

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{{Mergeto|Free and open source software|date=September 2008}}
{{Infobox Musical artist
|Name = Kelis
|Img =
|Img_capt =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Kelis Rogers
|Born = {{birth date and age|1979|8|21}}<br>[[New York, New York]], [[United States]]
|Died =
|Origin =
|Genre = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[electropop]], [[electro music|electro]], [[electronic rock]], [[alternative rock|alternative]], [[soul music|soul]], [[funk]], [[alternative hip hop]], [[ska]]
|Occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]]
|Spouse = Nasir Jones ([[Nas]])
|Years_active = 1999–present
|Label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]/[[EMI|EMI Records]]<br>[[Star Trak Entertainment|Star Trak]]/[[Arista Records|Arista]]/[[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG Records]]<br>[[LaFace Records|LaFace]]/[[Jive Records|Jive]]/[[Zomba Music Group|Zomba]]/[[Sony BMG|SBMG Records]]
|Associated_acts = [[Nas]]<br>[[The Neptunes]]<br>[[Raphael Saadiq]]
|Influences = [[Neneh Cherry]], [[Roberta Flack]], [[Chaka Khan]], [[Gladys Knight]], [[Lenny Kravitz]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Queen Latifah]], [[Sade (band)|Sade]], [[Salt-N-Pepa]], [[Sly & the Family Stone]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Mary J. Blige]], [[The Fugees]], [[D'Angelo]]
}}


{{Expert-subject|Free Software|date=September 2008}}
'''Kelis Rogers-Jones''' (née '''Rogers''', born [[August 21]], [[1979]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/nas%20and%20gray%20help%20kelis%20celebrate%20birthday_1006476 |title=Nas and Gray Help Kelis Celebrate Birthday |accessdate=2007-01-09 |work=ContactMusic.com |date=August 2006}}</ref>), better known as '''Kelis''' (pronounced kuh-LEECE), is a Grammy Award-nominated [[United States|American]] [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] [[singer-songwriter]] and since her debut, she has had nine top-40 singles in the UK as a solo artist and, as a featured artist, has had six top-40 singles to date.
[[Image:Opensource.svg|thumb|The logo of the [[Open Source Initiative]]]]
{{otheruses|open source}}
'''Open source software''' (OSS) began as a marketing campaign for [[free software]]<ref>{{cite web
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060423094434/www.opensource.org/advocacy/faq.html
|title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=[[Open Source Initiative]]
|archivedate=[[2006-04-23]]
|url=www.opensource.org/advocacy/faq.html
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>. OSS can be defined as [[computer software]] for which the human-readable [[source code]] is made available under a [[copyright]] [[license]] (or arrangement such as the [[public domain]]) that meets the [[Open Source Definition]]. This permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. It is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source software is the most prominent example of [[open source]] development and often compared to [[user generated content]]<ref>{{cite web
|last=Verts
|first=William T.
|title=Open source software
|work=[[World Book Encyclopedia|World Book]] Online Reference Center
|date=[[2008-01-13]]
|url=http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar751706
}}</ref>. A report by [[Standish Group]] says that adoption of [[open source]] has caused a drop in revenue to the [[proprietary software]] industry by about $60 billion per year<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/community_posts/creating_wealth_free_software
|title=Creating wealth with free software
|first=Richard
|last=Rothwell
|work=[[Free Software Magazine]]
|date=[[2008-08-05]]
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release
|url=http://standishgroup.com/newsroom/open_source.php
|title=Standish Newsroom - Open Source
|date=[[2008-04-16]]
|location=[[Boston]]
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>.


==Open Source Definition==
==Biography==
The '''Open Source Definition''' is used by the [[Open Source Initiative]] to determine whether or not a [[computer software|software]] license can be considered [[Open-source software|open source]].
Kelis was born and raised in the [[Harlem]] neighborhood of [[New York City]], [[New York]]. Her first name, {{pronEng|kəˈlis}} (she can be heard singing her own name in the song ''Blindfold me''), is a combination of her father's name, Kenneth, and her mother's name, Eveliss. Kenneth is a Jamaican [[jazz]] musician, [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] [[minister of religion|minister]], and professor at [[Wesleyan University]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |url=http://music.guardian.co.uk/urban/story/0,,2003411,00.html |title=Question time: Kelis |accessdate=2007-03-05 |work=[[Guardian Unlimited]] |date=[[February 1]], [[2007]]}}</ref> Eveliss is a [[Chinese people|Chinese-Puerto Rican]] [[fashion design]]er who inspired Kelis to pursue her singing career.


The definition was based on the [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]], written and adapted primarily by [[Bruce Perens]].
As a child, she sang in [[church (building)|church]] [[choir]]s and played [[violin]], [[piano]], and [[saxophone]] while attending [[Manhattan Country School]], a [[private school]]. Kelis left home at age sixteen,<ref name="guardian"/> but continued her education at age 16 when she went to the [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts]], where she formed the R&B trio BLU (Black Ladies United). After graduation, she formed a band with [[the Neptunes]] and, with their support, landed herself a record deal.


{{quotation|'''Introduction'''
Kelis has since worked with a variety of musicians including [[Gravediggaz]], [[Clipse]], [[Raphael Saadiq]], [[Busta Rhymes]], [[Foxy Brown (rapper)|Foxy Brown]], [[Lil' Kim]], [[OutKast]], [[Sean Combs|P. Diddy]], [[Mondo Grosso]], [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], [[Lyte Funky Ones|LFO]], [[Moby]], [[Richard X]], [[Timo Maas]], [[Björk]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Timbaland]], [[Sean Paul]], [[Too Short]], and her husband [[Nas]]. Her most notable duets were popular singles and music videos—even in the US—during 1999 and the early 2000s. These include the following: "What It Is" with Busta Rhymes, "Candy" with Foxy Brown, and "[[Got Your Money]]" with [[Ol' Dirty Bastard]], with whom she was initially discovered beat-boxing in a video of his.


:Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code.
Kelis is 1.77m (5'10")<ref name="Celeb Heights">{{cite web |url=http://www.celebheights.com/s/-Kelis-1296.html
|title= Kelis' Height|accessdate=2008-06-19</ref>


:The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following criteria:
Kelis is married to the American [[rapper]] [[Nas]].


'''1. Free Redistribution'''
==Music career==
:The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.
{{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2008}}
===''Kaleidoscope'' (1999)===
{{main|Kaleidoscope (Kelis album)}}
Kelis began recording her debut album, ''[[Kaleidoscope (Kelis album)|Kaleidoscope]]'', in late 1998 and was finished within a year. The album was produced by The Neptunes members [[Pharrell]] and [[Chad Hugo]]. It debuted at number one hundred and forty-four on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] and reached the top fifty on the [[Top Heatseekers]], selling over 10,736 copies in its first week of release. The album has since sold 249,000 copies, according to [[Nielsen SoundScan]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Caulfield | first = Keith | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Ask Billboard | work = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | publisher = Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | date = [[November 2]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/search/google/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003349841 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> Its lead and most notable single, "[[Caught out There]]", peaked at number nine on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]] chart and became a minor [[MTV]]/[[Black Entertainment Television|BET]] video hit. The entire album took off in [[Europe]], where all three singles—"[[Caught out There]]", "[[Good Stuff (song)|Good Stuff]]" (featuring Terrar of [[Clipse]]), and "[[Get Along with You]]"—were sizable hits. Kelis' colorful style in both clothing and hair received considerable attention.


'''2. Source Code'''
"Caught out There" entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number four. With its success, it was decided that another single should be released. A second single, "Good Stuff", was a modest hit, securing a number nineteen position on the UK Singles Chart, although the third release, "Get Along with You", only reached number fifty-one in the [[United Kingdom]], despite Kelis promoting the track there. According to the [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]], a British music charts organization, ''Kaleidoscope'' went gold,<ref name="bpi-kaleidoscope">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = KELIS , KALEIDOSCOPE , Gold | work = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | publisher = | date = [[March 2]], [[2001]] | url = http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=29467 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> selling over 100,000 copies in the UK, where it reached number forty-three on the [[UK Albums Chart]]. Furthermore, Kelis won the [[BRIT Awards|BRIT Award]] for "International Breakthrough Act" in 2001. Her biggest market was in Europe, where a combination of [[hip hop music|rap]] and R&B intermixed with [[rock and roll]] and other genres were readily accepted. [[Australia]] and [[Asia]] were also easy markets for Kelis.
:The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed.


'''3. Derived Works'''
===''Wanderland'' (2001)===
:The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.
{{main|Wanderland}}
Her second album, ''[[Wanderland]]'', was released two years later exclusively in Europe, Asia, and [[Latin America]], after its lead single, "[[Young, Fresh n' New]]", failed to catch on in the U.S. The video for the song barely registered on American MTV or [[VH1]], but received heavy [[airplay (song)|airplay]] on [[MTV2]] as well as on [[Canada]]'s [[MuchMusic]]. According to Kelis, then-American record company [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] did not understand ''Wanderland''.<ref name="mp3-apr06">{{cite web | last = Rolls | first = Chris | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Exclusive Interview with Kelis | work = [[MP3.com]] | publisher = CNET Networks, Inc. | date = [[April 24]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.mp3.com/features/stories/4233.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> The record executives at Virgin felt the album material did not have strong enough singles. Unlike those of her debut, ''Wanderland'''s sales were mediocre, with just 80,000 copies sold worldwide, and the only single released off the album, "Young, Fresh n' New", only managed to reach number thirty-two in the UK. The album was, however, critically acclaimed.


'''4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code'''
Kelis, who had moved to Europe during her successful period there, began touring with [[U2]] on their European tour, and in the United States with Moby during his [[Area Festival|Area:One Festival]]. It was in the U.S. that she met rapper Nas, and the couple got married on [[January 8]], [[2005]].
:The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software.


'''5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups'''
===''Tasty'' (2003)===
:The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.
{{main|Tasty (Kelis album)}}
Kelis finally found mainstream success in the U.S. in 2003, with her [[Hot Dance Club Play|Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] number-one, [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] top five single, "[[Milkshake (song)|Milkshake]]"; this helped to propel her third album, ''[[Tasty (Kelis album)|Tasty]]'', to sell over 400,000 copies in the U.S in only two months. It also earned her a [[Grammy Award]] nomination in [[46th Grammy Awards|2004]] for "[[Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance|Best Urban/Alternative Performance]]". Although The Neptunes contributed a number of tracks to the album, Kelis began collaborating with other producers, such as [[Dallas Austin]], [[André 3000]], [[Rockwilder]], and [[Raphael Saadiq]], producing an altogether more eclectic, alternative sound. According to Nielsen SoundScan numbers, the album has sold 533,000 copies in the United States<ref name="billboard-oct07">{{cite news |first=Hillary |last=Crosley |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Report: Kelis Splits With Jive |url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003664644 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |date=[[October 29]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2008-06-04 }}</ref> and has gained gold status in the U.S., where "Milkshake" also went gold,<ref name="riaa">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Gold and Platinum - Searchable Database | work = [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]].com | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> selling over 500,000 copies.


'''6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor'''
The single and album immediately found success in Europe. According to the BPI, ''Tasty'' went platinum in the United Kingdom,<ref name="bpi-tasty">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = KELIS , TASTY , Platinum | work = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | publisher = | date = [[October 22]], [[2004]] | url = http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=31783 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> selling over 300,000 copies, and the hit single "Milkshake" went silver,<ref name="bpi-milkshake">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = KELIS , MILKSHAKE , Silver | work = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | publisher = | date = [[February 13]], [[2004]] | url = http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=31470 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> selling over 200,000 units—it was the UK's fourteenth best-selling single in 2004. The album's second single, the Dallas Austin-produced "[[Trick Me]]", also proved successful on radio and music video channels in Europe, and went to the top ten in many European countries during mid-2004. However, the song did not garner success in the U.S.,<ref name="mp3-apr06"/> where its music video barely received airplay. "Trick Me" was important because The Neptunes were, for once, not involved in its production. Kelis' success grew in Australia, where ''Tasty'' went gold with over 35,000 copies sold, and where "Milkshake" and "Trick Me" went platinum (selling over 70,000 copies each).
:The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.


'''7. Distribution of License'''
"[[Not in Love]]", Kelis' collaboration with [[Enrique Iglesias]] from his 2003 seventh studio album, ''[[7 (Enrique Iglesias album)|7]]'', was released as a single the following year, reaching number five in the UK. Although the single failed to chart on the U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100, it topped the U.S. Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. Kelis followed the success of the third ''Tasty'' single, "[[Millionaire (song)|Millionaire]]" (featuring André 3000), with the Rockwilder-produced, sexually suggestive track "[[In Public]]" (featuring Nas). The single reached number seventeen on the UK chart with no video shot. In Australia, the single was her third consecutive top 40 hit.
:The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.


'''8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product'''
During this time, she collaborated with [[Björk]] on a [[remix]] of the first single from ''[[Medúlla]]'', "[[Oceania (song)|Oceania]]", which appeared as a [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] to the album's second single, "[[Who Is It (Björk song)|Who Is It]]". With the success of ''Tasty'', Kelis went on tour as the opening act for [[Britney Spears]]' ''[[The Onyx Hotel Tour]]'' in 2004.
:The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.


'''9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software'''
===''Kelis Was Here'' (2006)===
:The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.
{{main|Kelis Was Here}}
Kelis' fourth studio album, ''[[Kelis Was Here]]'' (originally due to be called ''The Puppeteer''), was released in August 2006, and debuted and peaked at number ten on the ''Billboard'' 200. Despite its top ten debut, the album has sold only 157,000 copies in the United States as of October 2007, according to Nielsen SoundScan.<ref name="billboard-oct07"/> Its lead single, "[[Bossy]]" (featuring [[Too Short]]), achieved frequent airplay on [[urban contemporary|urban]] radio and was a moderate hit in the U.S., peaking at number sixteen. The single "Bossy" also went multi platinum in December 2006 according to the RIAA.<ref name="riaa"/> The album includes production credits by [[Scott Storch]], [[Cee-Lo|Cee-Lo Green]] (from the [[Gnarls Barkley]] fame), Raphael Saadiq, [[will.i.am]], [[Max Martin]] & [[Dr. Luke]], [[Knobody]], [[Polow da Don]], Damon Elliott, [[Cool and Dre]], [[Sean Garrett]], and Bangladesh. Unlike on Kelis' previous efforts, the production duo The Neptunes are not featured at all; Kelis was quoted to say that it was "very important to me", but said it was purely a creative decision and has no ill will towards Williams or Hugo. ''Kelis Was Here'' was nominated for "[[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album|Best Contemporary R&B Album]]" at the [[49th Grammy Awards|2007 Grammy Awards]], but lost out to [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]'s ''[[B'Day (Beyoncé album)|B'Day]]''.


'''10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral'''
The second single from the album, which was pushed by her American label ([[Jive Records|Jive]]), was the collaboration with Nas, "[[Blindfold Me]]". The song missed the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, and reached only number ninety-one on the R&B chart. Afterwards, her European label (Virgin) decided not to release this single and to go instead with the Cee-Lo-featured "[[Lil Star]]", which was another hit for Kelis in the United Kingdom, peaking at number three. In the UK, ''Kelis Was Here'' has shipped 60,000 copies and earned a silver certification from the BPI.<ref name="bpi-keliswashere">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = KELIS , KELIS WAS HERE , Silver
:No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.
| work = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | publisher = | date = [[September 29]], [[2006]] | url = http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32684 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> It charted at number forty-one only, but concurrent to the popularity of "Lil Star", it re-entered the albums chart in February 2007. According to the [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]], ''Kelis Was Here'' went gold, selling 35,000 despite the fact the album had a low debut of only ninety-six on the [[ARIA Charts|Australian Albums Chart]]. The popularity of the album's track "I Don't Think So" increased after its use in promotion for the [[Big Brother Australia 2008|2008 season]] of the reality series ''[[Big Brother Australia]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Pycroft |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Kelis out of the charts? I don't think so! |url=http://music.generationq.net/bm/news/kelis-returns-to-charts-001.shtml |work=GenQ |publisher= |date=[[April 27]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-06-04 }}</ref> The song peaked at number twenty-seven on the ARIA chart and became a top ten urban hit. During the summer of 2007, Kelis toured in Europe, appearing in numerous festivals among the United Kingdom, [[France]], and [[Germany]].
|Open Source Initiative|http://opensource.org/docs/osd}}


==History==
Kelis collaborated with Busta Rhymes and will.i.am on the track "[[I Love My Bitch|I Love My Chick]]", the second single from Rhymes' 2006 seventh studio album, ''[[The Big Bang (album)|The Big Bang]]''. This was the second time Kelis has teamed up with Rhymes, with the first time being on his 2001 song "What It Is". Kelis is also featured on the [[Step Up (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] to the 2006 dance film ''[[Step Up (film)|Step Up]]'' with a song called "80's Joint". [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] chose Kelis to help advertise the 2007 [[Ford Edge]], and she recorded a theme song for the commercial, called "Push It to the Edge", with help from producer Scott Storch.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecarconnection.com/Auto_News/Daily_Auto_News/Ford_Chooses_Kelis_To_Push_Edge.S173.A11606.html |title=Ford Chooses Kelis To Push Edge |accessdate=2007-01-09 |work=TheCarConnection.com |date=[[December 19]], [[2006]]}}</ref> Kelis was set to be working with [[Annie Lennox]] on a duet for the [[Eurythmics]]' new album, due to release in late November. Artists such as [[Pink (singer)|Pink]], [[Mary J. Blige]], and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] were also to appear on the album.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://poolparty.newsvine.com/_news/2007/05/02/697230-annie-lennox-to-collaborate-with-madonna-on-new-album |title=Annie Lennox To Collaborate With Madonna On New Album |accessdate=2007-05-04 |work=[[Newsvine]] |date=[[May 2]], [[2007]]}}</ref>
{{Refimprovesect|date=November 2007}}
{{main|Open source movement}}


The [[free software movement]] was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the term [[free software]] be replaced by open source software (OSS) as an expression which is less ambiguous and more comfortable for the corporate world<ref>{{cite web
In October 2007, Kelis' manager told ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' that the singer was working with Cee-Lo Green on an indie [[dance music|dance]] album and would be shopping a [[pop music|pop]] album produced by songwriter [[Guy Chambers]], who co-wrote hits such as [[Robbie Williams]]' "[[Angels (song)|Angel]]".<ref name="ew-oct07"/> [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[electronic music|electronic]] producer [[Calvin Harris]] was also said to be collaborating with her.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pr-inside.com/entertainment-blog/2007/05/14/kelis-to-work-with-calvin-harris/ |title=Kelis To Work With Calvin Harris? |accessdate=2007-11-25 |work=PR-inside.com |date=[[May 14]], [[2007]]}}</ref>
|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html
|title=Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source"
|first=Eric S.
|last=Raymond
|authorlink=Eric S. Raymond
|date=[[1998-02-08]]
|accessdate=2008-08-13
}}</ref>. Software developers may want to publish their software with an [[open source license]], so that anybody may also develop the same software or understand how it works. Open source software generally allows anyone to make a new version of the software, port it to new operating systems and processor architectures, share it with others or market it. The aim of open source is to let the product be more understandable, modifiable, duplicatable,reliable or simply accessible, while it is still marketable.


The [[Open Source Definition]], notably, presents an open source philosophy, and further defines a boundary on the usage, modification and redistribution of open source software. [[Software license]]s grant rights to users which would otherwise be prohibited by [[copyright]]. These include rights on usage, modification and redistribution. Several open source software licenses have qualified within the boundary of the Open Source Definition. The most prominent example is the popular [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL). While open source presents a way to broadly make the sources of a product publicly accessible, the open source licenses allow the authors to fine tune such access.
===''The Hits'' (2008)===
{{main|The Hits (Kelis album)}}
A fourteen-track greatest hits album entitled ''[[The Hits (Kelis album)|The Hits]]'' (previously due to be titled ''Good Stuff - The Best of Kelis'') was released in March 2008 in the United Kingdom. The album does not contain any previously unreleased songs, although [[Ol' Dirty Bastard]]'s "[[Got Your Money]]", [[N.E.R.D]]'s "Truth or Dare", and [[Richard X]]'s "Finest Dreams" appear on the album, which is unusual for a hits collection album as she was a featured not headlining artist on these tracks. ''The Hits'' includes every charted Kelis single to that date with the exception of "Blindfold Me" (featuring Nas).


The "open source" label came out of a strategy session held in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]] in reaction to [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape's]] January 1998 announcement of a source code release for [[Netscape Navigator|Navigator]] (as [[Mozilla]]). A group of individuals at the session included Todd Anderson, Larry Augustin, John Hall, Sam Ockman, Christine Peterson and [[Eric S. Raymond]]. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the word "free" in [[English language|English]]. The 'open source' movement is generally thought to have begun with this strategy session. Many people, nevertheless, claimed that the birth of the [[Internet]], since [[1969]], started the open source movement, while others do not distinguish between open source and free software movements.
==Other projects==
Kelis is writing a [[cookbook]] and designing her own line of [[fashion]] accessories, called Cake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://concreteloop.com/2006/09/kelis-to-launch-clothing-line-cook-book |title=KELIS TO LAUNCH CLOTHING LINE & COOK BOOK |accessdate=2007-01-12 |work=ConcreteLoop.com |date=[[September 26]], [[2006]]}}</ref> She is also working with [[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]] on a [[high-heeled shoe]]s line called KeShany Heels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://community.livejournal.com/ohnotheydidnt/10217609.html |title=Exclusive Kelis interview |accessdate=2007-02-18 |work=[[LiveJournal]] |date=[[January 9]], [[2007]]}}</ref>


The [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF), started in 1985, intended the word 'free' to mean "free as in free speech" and not "free as in free beer" with emphasis on the positive ''freedom to'' distribute rather than a negative ''freedom from'' cost. Since a great deal of free software already was (and still is) free of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-commercial.
Kelis is in talks to host a ''[[Project Runway]]''-esque show for [[VH1]], and is auditioning for various film and TV roles.<ref name="ew-oct07">{{cite web |url=http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2007/10/jive-records-dr.html |title=Jive Records drops Kelis |accessdate=2007-10-28 |last=Halperin |first=Shirley |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=[[October 26]], [[2007]]}}</ref><ref name="billboard-oct07"/>


The [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI) was formed in February 1998 by Eric S. Raymond and [[Bruce Perens]]. With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed development versus open development already provided by the Internet, the OSI presented the 'open source' case to commercial businesses, like Netscape. The OSI hoped that the usage of the label "open source," a term suggested by Peterson of the [[Foresight Institute]] at the strategy session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free software" as anti-commercial. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to register "open source" as a [[service mark]] for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical by [[trademark]] standards. Meanwhile, thanks to the presentation of Raymond's paper to the upper management at Netscape (Raymond only discovered when he read the [http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease558.html Press Release], and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale's PA later in the day), Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favorable results.
==Arrest==
In March 2007, Kelis was detained by police in Miami Beach, Florida, and charged with disorderly conduct for allegedly rushing toward and screaming profanities at undercover police officers posing as prostitutes. She was sent to [[Miami-Dade County]] Jail, and was later released on a $1,500 bond.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,256359,00.html |title=Cops: Singer Kelis Arrested for Screaming Profanities at Florida Police|accessdate=2007-09-15 |work=[[FOXNews]] |date=[[March 3]], [[2007]]}}</ref>


==Philosophy==
On September 12th, 2008 Kelis was acquitted on charges of resisting arrest, and disorderly conduct stemming back to the 2007 arrest. "I'm thrilled that justice prevailed in the end," Kelis said in a statement. A spokesperson for Kelis further commented that the artist will still be moving forward with a lawsuit against the Miami Beach Police, claiming unlawful arrest, and the violation of her civil rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1594700/20080912/nas.jhtml |title=Kelis Acquitted On Charges Of Disorderly Conduct, Resisting Arrest|accessdate=2008-09-13 |work=[[MTV News]] |date=[[September]], 12 [[2008]]}}</ref>
<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Cathedral-and-the-Bazaar-book-cover.jpg|thumb|[[The Cathedral and the Bazaar]] book cover]] -->


In his 1997 essay [[The Cathedral and the Bazaar]]<ref name="ray2000">{{cite web
==Discography==
|last=Raymond
{{main|Kelis discography}}
|first=Eric S.
|authorlink=Eric S. Raymond
|date=[[2000-09-11]]
|title=The Cathedral and the Bazaar
|accessdate=2004-09-19
|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/index.html
}}</ref>, [[open source evangelist]] [[Eric S. Raymond]] suggests a model for developing OSS known as the Bazaar model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, "''carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation''".<ref name="ray2000"/> He suggests that all software should be developed using the bazaar style, which he described as "''a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches''."


In the Cathedral model, development takes place in a centralized way.
===Albums===
Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing (the architects), people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the Cathedral model. [[Fred Brooks|Fred P. Brooks]] in his book ''[[The Mythical Man-Month]]'' advocates this sort of model. He goes further to say that in order to preserve the architectural integrity of a system, the system design should be done by as few architects as possible.
*1999: ''[[Kaleidoscope (Kelis album)|Kaleidoscope]]''
*2001: ''[[Wanderland]]''
*2003: ''[[Tasty (Kelis album)|Tasty]]''
*2006: ''[[Kelis Was Here]]''


The Bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Gregorio Robles<ref>{{cite book
==References==
|last=Robles
{{reflist}}
|first=Gregorio
|year=2004
|chapter=A Software Engineering Approach to Libre Software
|chapterurl=http://www.opensourcejahrbuch.de/2004/pdfs/III-3-Robles.pdf
|format=PDF
|title=Open Source Jahrbuch 2004
|editor=Robert A. Gehring, Bernd Lutterbeck
|location=Berlin
|publisher=[[Technical University of Berlin]]
|url=http://www.opensourcejahrbuch.de
|accessdate=2005-04-20
}}</ref> suggests that software developed using the Bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:

; Users should be treated as co-developers: The users are treated like co-developers and so they should have access to the source code of the software. Furthermore users are encouraged to submit additions to the software, code fixes for the software, bug reports, documentation etc. Having more co-developers increases the rate at which the software evolves. [[Linus's law]] states that, "Given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow." This means that if many users view the source code they will eventually find all bugs and suggest how to fix them. Note that some users have advanced programming skills, and furthermore, each user's machine provides an additional testing environment. This new testing environment offers that ability to find and fix a new bug.
; Early releases: The first version of the software should be released as early as possible so as to increase one's chances of finding co-developers early.
; Frequent integration: New code should be integrated as often as possible so as to avoid the overhead of fixing a large number of bugs at the end of the project life cycle. Some open source projects have nightly builds where integration is done automatically on a daily basis.
; Several versions: There should be at least two versions of the software. There should be a buggier version with more features and a more stable version with fewer features. The buggy version (also called the development version) is for users who want the immediate use of the latest features, and are willing to accept the risk of using code that is not yet thoroughly tested. The users can then act as co-developers, reporting bugs and providing bug fixes.
; High modularization: The general structure of the software should be modular allowing for parallel development.
; Dynamic decision making structure: There is a need for a decision making structure, whether formal or informal, that makes strategic decisions depending on changing user requirements and other factors. Cf. [[Extreme programming]].

Most well known OSS products follow the Bazaar model as suggested by Eric Raymond. These include projects such as [[Linux]], [[Firefox]], [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]], the [[GNU Compiler Collection]], and [[Perl]] to mention a few.

==Licensing==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=November 2007}}
{{main|Open source license}}

Open source licenses define the privileges and restrictions a licensor must follow in order to use, modify or redistribute the open source software. Open source software includes software with source code in the [[public domain]] and software distributed under an open source license.

Examples of open source licenses include [[Apache License]], [[BSD license]], [[GNU General Public License]], [[GNU Lesser General Public License]], [[MIT License]], [[Eclipse Public License]] and [[Mozilla Public License]].

The proliferation of open source licenses is one of the few negative aspects of the open source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal implications of the differences between licenses.

An important legal milestone for the open source movement was passed in 2008, when the US federal appeals court ruled that free software licences definitely do set legally binding conditions on the use of copyrighted work, and they are therefore enforceable under existing copyright law. As a result, if end-users do violate the licensing conditions, their licence disappears, meaning they are infringing copyright<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7561943.stm
|title=Legal milestone for open source
|first=Maggie
|last=Shiels
|date=[[2008-08-14]]
|publisher=[[BBC News]]
|accessdate=2008-08-15
}}</ref>.

==Funding==
{{See also|Commercial open source applications}}
Given the basic fact that OSS can be given away free, a number of alternative models for funding its development other than from the basic profit from selling a software license, have emerged. Independent developers or companies may benefit from consultancy fees or charging for services related to the end use of the software, such as training. Several free OSS packages may have 'professional' versions which have enhanced capabilities and are sold commercially. Several governments and public authorities have chosen to fund open source development companies for their software needs, rather than pay for commercial licenses. Many [[commercial open source applications]] are developed and distributed by companies as a combination of both open and closed source components. In this case, the company benefits from the availability of OSS, and thus in turn may end up funding OSS maintenance and upgrades when it benefits their application as a whole. There is some funding in the UK [http://www.icthubknowledgebase.org.uk/fundingict]

==Open source versus closed source==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=November 2007}}
{{main|Comparison of open source and closed source}}

The debate over ''open source'' vs. ''[[closed source]]'' (alternatively called [[proprietary software]]) is sometimes heated.

One source of conflict is related to economics: Making money through traditional methods, such as sale of the use of individual copies and patent royalty payment (generally called ''licensing''), is more difficult and in many ways against the very concept of open source software.

Some closed-source advocates see open source software as damaging to the market of commercial software. This is one of the many reasons, as mentioned above, that the term ''free software'' was replaced with ''open source'' — because many company executives could not believe in a product that did not participate economically in a free-market or mixed-market economy. In addition, if something goes wrong there is the difficult question of who is liable.

The counter to this argument is the use of open source software to fuel the market for a separate product or service. For example:
* Providing support and installation services; similar to IT Security groups, Linux Distributions, and Systems companies.
* Using the software as a stepping stone to sell a higher-end product or service; e.g., [[OpenOffice.org]] vs. [[StarOffice]].
* Cost avoidance / cost sharing: many developers need a product, so it makes sense to share development costs ([[X Window System]] and the Apache web server)

Another major argument is software defects and security:
This is an argument that applies to all open products not just open source software.

Since Open Source software is open, all of the defects and security flaws are easily found. Closed-source advocates argue that this makes it easier for a malicious person to discover security flaws. Further, that there is no incentive for an open-source product to be patched. Open-source advocates argue that this makes it easier also for a patch to be found and that the closed-source argument is [[security through obscurity]], which this form of security will eventually fail, often without anyone knowing of the failure. Further, that just because there is not an immediate financial incentive to patch a product, does not mean there is not any incentive to patch a product. Further, if the patch is that significant to the user, having the source code, the user can technically patch the problem themselves. These arguments are hard to prove. However, most studies show that open-source software does have a higher flaw discovery, quicker flaw discovery, and quicker turn around on patches.

==Open source software versus free software==
{{Refimprovesect|date=July 2007}}

{{main|Alternative terms for free software}}

Critics have said that the term “open source” fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. Developers have used the [[alternative terms for free software|alternative terms]] ''Free/open source Software'' (FOSS), or ''Free/Libre/open source Software'' (FLOSS), consequently, to describe open source software which is also free software.

The term “Open Source” was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://opensource.org/docs/certification_mark.html
|title=Certification Mark
|last=Nelson
|first=Russell
|authorlink=Russ Nelson
|date=2007-03-26
|publisher=[[Open Source Initiative]]
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080206050627/http://www.opensource.org/docs/certification_mark.html
|archivedate=2008-02-06
|accessdate=2007-07-22
}}</ref>. The OSI would prefer that people treat Open Source as if it were a trademark, and use it only to describe software licensed under an OSI approved license.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.opensource.org/pressreleases/osi-launch.php
|title=OSI Launch Announcement
|last=Raymond
|first=Eric S.
|authorlink=Eric S. Raymond
|date=[[1998-11-22]]
|publisher=[[Open Source Initiative]]
|accessdate=2007-07-22
}}</ref>.

There have been instances where software vendors have labeled [[proprietary software]] as “open source” because it interfaces with popular OSS (such as Linux).{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Open source advocates consider this to be both confusing and incorrect. '''OSI Certified''' is a trademark licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed on the [[Open Source Initiative]]'s list<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://opensource.org/licenses
|title=Open Source Licenses by Category
|last=Nelson
|first=Russell
|authorlink=Russ Nelson
|date=[[2006-09-19]]
|publisher=[[Open Source Initiative]]
|accessdate=2007-07-22
}}</ref>.

Open source software and free software are different terms for software which comes with certain rights, or freedoms, for the user. They describe two approaches and [[philosophy|philosophies]] towards free software. ''Open source'' and ''free software'' (or ''software libre'') both describe software which is free from onerous licensing restrictions. It may be used, copied, studied, modified and redistributed without restriction. Free software is not the same as [[freeware]], software available at zero price.

The definition of open source software was written to be almost identical to the [[free software definition]]<ref name="Stallman20070616">{{cite web
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html
|title=Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software
|last=Stallman
|first=Richard
|authorlink =Richard Stallman
|date=[[2007-06-16]]
|work=Philosophy of the GNU Project
|publisher=[[GNU Project]]
|accessdate=2007-07-23
}}</ref>. There are very few cases of software that is free software but is not open source software, and vice versa. The difference in the terms is where they place the emphasis. “Free software” is defined in terms of giving the user freedom. This reflects the goal of the [[free software movement]]. “Open source” highlights that the source code is viewable to all and proponents of the term usually emphasize the quality of the software and how this is caused by the development models which are possible and popular among free and open source software projects.

Free software licenses are not written exclusively by the FSF. The FSF and the OSI both list licenses which meet their respective definitions of free software. open source software and free software share an almost identical set of licenses.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} One exception is an early version of the [[Apple Public Source License]], which was accepted by the OSI but rejected by the FSF because it did not allow private modified versions; this restriction was removed in later version of the license.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} There are now new versions that are approved by both the OSI and the FSF.

The Open Source Initiative believes that more people will be convinced by the experience of freedom.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The FSF believes that more people will be convinced by the concept of freedom. The FSF believes that knowledge of the concept is an essential requirement<ref name="Stallman20070619">{{cite web
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html
|title=Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"
|last=Stallman
|first=Richard
|authorlink=Richard Stallman
|date=[[2007-06-19]]
|work=Philosophy of the GNU Project
|publisher=[[GNU Project]]
|accessdate=2007-07-23
}}</ref><ref name="Stallman20070616"/>, insists on the use of the term ''free''<ref name="Stallman20070619"/><ref name="Stallman20070616"/>, and separates itself from the open source movement<ref name="Stallman20070619"/><ref name="Stallman20070616"/>. The Open Source Initiative believes that ''free'' has three meanings: free as in beer, free as in freedom, and free as in unsellable.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The problem with the term “open source” is it says nothing about the freedom to modify and redistribute, so it is used by people who think that source access without freedom is a sufficient definition. This possibility for misuse is the case for most of the licences that make up Microsoft's “[[shared source]]” initiative.

== Open source versus source-available ==

Although the OSI definition of "open source software" is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed. Such software is more often referred to as ''source-available'', or as ''[[shared source]]'', a term coined by Microsoft in opposition to open source.

[[Michael Tiemann]], president of OSI, had criticized<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.opensource.org/node/163
|title=Will The Real Open Source CRM Please Stand Up?
|first=Michael
|last=Tiemann
|authorlink=Michael Tiemann
|date=[[2007-06-21]]
|publisher=[[Open Source Initiative]]
|accessdate=2008-01-04
}}</ref> companies such as [[SugarCRM]] for promoting their software as "open source" when in fact it did not have an OSI-approved license. In [[SugarCRM]]'s case, it was because the software is so-called "[[badgeware]]"<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/index.php?p=3430
|date=[[2006-11-21]]
|title=Are SugarCRM, Socialtext, Zimbra, Scalix and others abusing the term "open source?"
|first=David
|last=Berlind
|publisher=[[ZDNet]]
|accessdate=2008-01-04
}}</ref> since it specified a "badge" that must be displayed in the user interface ([[SugarCRM]] has since switched to [[GPLv3]]<ref>{{cite news
|last=Vance
|first=Ashlee
|authorlink=Ashlee Vance
|date=[[2007-07-25]]
|title=SugarCRM trades badgeware for GPL 3
|publiser=[[The Register]]
|url=http://www.regdeveloper.co.uk/2007/07/25/sugarcrm_gpl3/
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>). Another example is [[Scilab]], which calls itself "the open source platform for numerical computation"<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.scilab.org
|title=The open source platform for numerical computation
|publisher=[[Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique|INRIA]]
|accessdate=2008-01-04
}}</ref> but has a license<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.scilab.org/legal/license.html
|title=SCILAB License
|publisher=[[Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique|INRIA]]
|accessdate=2008-01-04
}}</ref> that forbids commercial redistribution of modified versions. Because OSI does not have a registered [[trademark]] for the term "open source", its legal ability to prevent such usage of the term is limited, but Tiemann advocates using public opinion from OSI, customers, and community members to pressure such organizations to change their license or to use a different term.

Other software that has source code available, but which is not open source, includes the [[pine]] email client, and the [[Microsoft Windows]] Operating System.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

== Pros and cons of open source software ==
Software experts and researchers on open source software have identified several advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage for business is that open source is a good way for business to achieve greater penetration of the market. Companies that offer open source software are able to establish an industry standard and, thus, gain competitive advantage. It has also helped build developer loyalty as developers feel empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product<ref name="Sharma2002">{{cite journal
|first=Srinarayan
|last=Sharma
|coauthors=Vijayan Sugumaran and Balaji Rajagopalan
|title=A framework for creating hybrid-open source software communities
|journal=Info Systems Journal
|volume=12
|year=2002
|pages=7–25
|url=http://www.cin.ufpe.br/~in953/lectures/papers/ISJAFrameworkForCreatingHybrid-OpenSourceSoftwareCommunities.pdf
|format=PDF
|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00116.x
}}</ref>. Moreover less costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS. It also helps companies to keep abreast of all technology developments. It is a good tool to promote a companies’ image, including its commercial products<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Profiting from Open Source
|first=John
|last=Landry
|coauthors=Rajiv Gupta
|journal=[[Harvard Business Review]]
|month=September
|year=2000
|doi=10.1225/F00503
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>. The OSS development approach has helped produce reliable, high quality software quickly and inexpensively. Besides, it offers the potential for a more flexible technology and quicker innovation. It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal goals speeds up innovation<ref>{{cite journal
|first=Hal
|last=Plotkin
|title=What (and Why) you should know about open-source software
|journal=Harvard Management Update
|month=December
|year=1998
|pages=8-9
|doi=10.1225/U9812D
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>. Moreover free software can be developed in accord with purely technical requirements. It does not require to think about commercial pressure that often degrades the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer<ref>{{cite journal
|first=Christian
|last=Payne
|title=On the Security of Open Source Software
|journal=Info Systems Journal
|month=February
|year=2002
|volume=12
|issue=1
|pages=61–78
|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00118.x
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>.

It is sometimes said that the open source development process may not be well defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and documentation may be ignored. However this is only true for small (mostly single programmer) projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some rules as they need them to make the teamwork possible<ref>http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/docs/hacking.html</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://jgap.sourceforge.net/doc/codestyle.html
|title=Brief summary of coding style and practice used in JGAP
|first=Klaus
|last=Meffert
|coauthors=Neil Rotstan
|year=2007
|publisher=Java Genetic Algorithms Package
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>. In the most complex projects these rules may be as strict as reviewing even minor change by two independent developers<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.javalobby.org/java/forums/t98834.html
|title=Classpath hackers frustrated with slow OpenJDK process
|date=[[2007-07-16]]
|first=Andy
|last=Tripp
|publisher=Javalobby
}}</ref>.

Not all OSS initiatives have been successful, for example, SourceXchange and Eazel<ref name="Sharma2002"/>. Software experts and researchers who are not convinced by open source’s ability to produce quality systems identify the unclear process, the late defect discovery and the lack of any empirical evidence as the most important problems (collected data concerning productivity and quality)<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal
|first=Ioannis
|last=Stamelos
|coauthors=Lefteris Angelis, Apostolos Oikonomou and Georgios L. Bleris
|title=Code Quality Analysis in Open Source Software Development
|url=http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/mags/so/&toc=comp/mags/so/2007/01/s1toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/MS.2007.2
|format=PDF
|journal=Info Systems Journal
|volume=12
|year=2002
|pages=43–60
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>. It is also difficult to design a commercially sound business model around the open source paradigm. Consequently, only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market<ref name="autogenerated1"/>. In terms of security, open source may allow hackers to know about the weaknesses or loopholes of the software more easily than closed-source software. It is depended of control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations<ref>{{cite journal
|first=Michael J.
|last=Gallivan
|title=Striking a Balance Between Trust and Control in a Virtual Organization: A Content Analysis of Open Source Software Case Studies
|journal=Info Systems Journal
|volume=11
|issue=4
|year=2001
|pages=277–304
|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2575.2001.00108.x
|accessdate=2008-09-08
}}</ref>.

==Development tools==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=January 2008}}
In OSS development the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed amongst different geographic regions so there is need for tools to aid participants to collaborate in source code development. Often these tools are also available as OSS.

[[Revision control]] systems such as [[Concurrent Versions System]] (CVS) and later [[Subversion (software)|Subversion]] (svn) are examples of tools that help centrally manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project.

Utilities that automate testing, compiling and bug reporting help preserve stability and support of software projects that have numerous developers but no managers, quality controller or technical support. Building systems that report compilation errors among different platforms include [[Tinderbox (software)|Tinderbox]]. Commonly used [[bugtracker]]s include [[Bugzilla]] and [[GNATS]].

Tools such as [[mailing lists]], [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]], and [[instant messaging]] provide means of Internet communications between developers. The Web is also a core feature of all of the above systems. Some sites centralize all the features of these tools as a [[software development management system]], including [[GNU Savannah]], [[SourceForge]], and [[BountySource]].

==Projects and organizations==
Some of the more prominent organizations involved in OSS development include the [[Apache Software Foundation]], creators of the [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] web server; a loose affialiation of developers headed by [[Linus Torvalds]], creators of the [[Linux kernel|Linux]] operating system kernel; the [[Eclipse Foundation]], home of the [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] software development platform; the [[Debian|Debian Project]], creators of the influential Debian Linux distribution; and
the [[Mozilla Foundation]], home of the [[Mozilla Firefox|Firefox]] web browser.

Several Open Source programs have become defining entries in their space, including the [[GIMP]] image editing system; [[Sun Microsystems|Sun's]] [[Java (programming language)|Java]] programming language and environment; the [[MySQL]] database system; the [[FreeBSD]] Unix operating system; [[Sun Microsystems|Sun's]] 2 [[OpenOffice.org]] office productivity suite; the [[POV-Ray]] [[Ray tracing (graphics)|3D image creation]] tool; and the [[Wireshark]] network [[packet sniffer]] and protocol analyser

Open Source development is often performed "live and in public", using services provided for free on the Internet, such as the [[CodePlex]] and [[SourceForge.net|SourceForge]] web sites, and using tools that are themselves Open Source, including the [[Concurrent Versions System|CVS]] and [[Subversion (software)|Subversion]] source control systems, and the [[GNU Compiler Collection]].

== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}
{{wikibooks|Open Source}}

* [[:Category:Free and open source software organizations]]
* [[Free software]]
* [[List of open source software packages]]
* [[Open source advocacy]]
* [[Open Source Initiative]]
* [[Open source software security]]
* [[Open source video games]]

== References ==
{{refs|2}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book |last=Lui |first=K.M. |coauthors=Chan, K.C.C. |year=2008 |title=Software Development Rhythms: Harmonizing Agile Practices for Synergy |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-07386-5}}

===Legal and economic aspects===
*[http://www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.PDF Benkler, Yochai (2002), “Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm." Yale Law Journal 112.3 (Dec 2002): p367(78)] (in Adobe [[Portable Document Format|pdf]] format)
*{{cite book |last=v. Engelhardt |first=Sebastian |year=2008| |url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/jrp/jrpwrp/2008-045.html |title="The Economic Properties of Software", Jena Economic Research Papers, Volume 2 (2008), Number 2008-045 |format=PDF}}
*Lerner, J. & Tirole, J. (2002): ‘Some simple economics on open source’, Journal Of Industrial Economics 50(2), p 197–234
*{{cite book |first=Mikko |last=Välimäki |title=The Rise of Open Source Licensing: A Challenge to the Use of Intellectual Property in the Software Industry |publisher=Turre Publishing |year=2005 |url=http://pub.turre.com/openbook_valimaki.pdf |format=PDF}}
*{{cite paper |last=Polley |first=Barry |date=[[2007-12-11]] |url=http://nzoss.org.nz/system/files/moj_oss_strategy_1.0.pdf |title=Open Source Discussion Paper – version 1.0 |publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Justice |accessdate=2007-12-12 |format=PDF}}
*Rossi, M. A. (2006): Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions, in J. Bitzer P. Schröder, eds, ‘The Economics of Open Source Software Development’, p 15–55. [http://ideas.repec.org/p/usi/wpaper/424.html, (download an online version)]


==External links==
==External links==
* [[Computerworld]] article: [http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=development&articleId=9066615&taxonomyId=11&intsrc=kc_top Does the open-source development model work for business users?]
*[http://www.ultimatekelis.com Official website]
* The [[Open Source Initiative|Open Source Initiative's]] [http://opensource.org/docs/definition.php definition of open source]
* {{myspace|kelis}}
* [http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/toc.html Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution] &mdash; an online book containing essays from prominent members of the open source community
*{{allmusicguide|id=11:7gd8vwmua9rk|label=Kelis}}
* [http://opensource.mit.edu/online_papers.php Free / Open Source Research Community] &mdash; Many online research papers about Open Source
*{{imdb name|id=1085754|name=Kelis}}
* [[KDE]] developer Aaron Siego's presentation [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1755108258049541143&q=duration%3Along "How OSS Improves Society"] at the 2nd Trans-Pacific Open Source Software Conference in Honolulu, Hawaii, January 2006.
*[http://www.thestudentpocketguide.com/interviews/Kelis Kelis Exclusive Interview]
* [[David Wheeler|David Wheeler's]] [http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers!] quantitative studies of Open Source
* ''[http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/opensource/news/scoville_0399.html Whence The Source: Untangling the Open Source/Free Software Debate]'', essay on the differences between Free Software and Open Source, by [[Thomas Scoville]]
*[http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2006/11/09/degrees-of-openness.html Degrees of Openness] article explaining the different aspects of openness in computer systems, written by Adrien Lamothe, on the O'Reilly Network.
* [http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/berry1.pdf Berry, D M (2004). The Contestation of Code: A Preliminary Investigation into the Discourse of the Free Software and Open Software Movement, Critical Discourse Studies, Volume 1(1).]
* [http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ict/policy/doc/2006-11-20-flossimpact.pdf EU study on adopting FLOSS]
* [http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~bcfoss/DL Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open
Source Software] by Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter
* [http://www.osutils.com Open Source Utils] Open Source Utils
*[http://software.intel.com/sites/oss/ Open Source Software] at [[Intel]]


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{{Kelis}}
{{FOSS}}


[[Category:Digital Revolution]]
{{Persondata
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[[Category:Free software]]
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[[Category:Software licenses]]
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American singer and songwriter
[[Category:Libre]]
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[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:African American female singers]]
[[Category:African American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American female singers]]
[[Category:American hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Arista Records artists]]
[[Category:Asian Americans in music]]
[[Category:BRIT Award winners]]
[[Category:Chinese Americans]]
[[Category:English-language singers]]
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[[Category:People of mixed Asian-Black African ethnicity]]
[[Category:Multiracial musicians]]
[[Category:Neo soul singers]]
[[Category:New York City musicians]]
[[Category:People from Manhattan]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican-American singers]]
[[Category:Star Trak Entertainment artists]]


[[bg:Келис]]
[[af:Oopbron]]
[[da:Kelis]]
[[bs:Otvoreni softver]]
[[bg:Софтуер с отворен код]]
[[de:Kelis]]
[[cs:Open source software]]
[[es:Kelis]]
[[el:Λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα]]
[[fr:Kelis]]
[[fa:نرم‌افزار بازمتن]]
[[it:Kelis]]
[[hi:ओपन सोर्स सॉफ्टवेयर]]
[[nl:Kelis]]
[[id:Perangkat lunak sumber terbuka]]
[[ja:ケリス]]
[[lt:Atvirojo kodo programa]]
[[pl:Kelis]]
[[nl:Opensourcesoftware]]
[[ru:Келис]]
[[ru:Открытое программное обеспечение]]
[[fi:Kelis]]
[[sl:Odprtokodna programska oprema]]
[[sv:Kelis]]
[[sr:Софтвер отвореног кода]]
[[tr:Kelis]]
[[vi:Phần mềm nguồn mở]]

Revision as of 05:52, 13 October 2008

The logo of the Open Source Initiative
For other uses, see open source.

Open source software (OSS) began as a marketing campaign for free software[1]. OSS can be defined as computer software for which the human-readable source code is made available under a copyright license (or arrangement such as the public domain) that meets the Open Source Definition. This permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. It is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source software is the most prominent example of open source development and often compared to user generated content[2]. A report by Standish Group says that adoption of open source has caused a drop in revenue to the proprietary software industry by about $60 billion per year[3][4].

Open Source Definition

The Open Source Definition is used by the Open Source Initiative to determine whether or not a software license can be considered open source.

The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines, written and adapted primarily by Bruce Perens.

Introduction

Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code.
The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following criteria:

1. Free Redistribution

The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.

2. Source Code

The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed.

3. Derived Works

The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code

The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software.

5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups

The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor

The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.

7. Distribution of License

The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product

The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.

9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software

The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.

10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral

No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.
— Open Source Initiative, http://opensource.org/docs/osd

History

Main article: Open source movement

The free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the term free software be replaced by open source software (OSS) as an expression which is less ambiguous and more comfortable for the corporate world[5]. Software developers may want to publish their software with an open source license, so that anybody may also develop the same software or understand how it works. Open source software generally allows anyone to make a new version of the software, port it to new operating systems and processor architectures, share it with others or market it. The aim of open source is to let the product be more understandable, modifiable, duplicatable,reliable or simply accessible, while it is still marketable.

The Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open source philosophy, and further defines a boundary on the usage, modification and redistribution of open source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be prohibited by copyright. These include rights on usage, modification and redistribution. Several open source software licenses have qualified within the boundary of the Open Source Definition. The most prominent example is the popular GNU General Public License (GPL). While open source presents a way to broadly make the sources of a product publicly accessible, the open source licenses allow the authors to fine tune such access.

The "open source" label came out of a strategy session held in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator (as Mozilla). A group of individuals at the session included Todd Anderson, Larry Augustin, John Hall, Sam Ockman, Christine Peterson and Eric S. Raymond. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the word "free" in English. The 'open source' movement is generally thought to have begun with this strategy session. Many people, nevertheless, claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, while others do not distinguish between open source and free software movements.

The Free Software Foundation (FSF), started in 1985, intended the word 'free' to mean "free as in free speech" and not "free as in free beer" with emphasis on the positive freedom to distribute rather than a negative freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was (and still is) free of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-commercial.

The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was formed in February 1998 by Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens. With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed development versus open development already provided by the Internet, the OSI presented the 'open source' case to commercial businesses, like Netscape. The OSI hoped that the usage of the label "open source," a term suggested by Peterson of the Foresight Institute at the strategy session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free software" as anti-commercial. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to register "open source" as a service mark for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical by trademark standards. Meanwhile, thanks to the presentation of Raymond's paper to the upper management at Netscape (Raymond only discovered when he read the Press Release, and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale's PA later in the day), Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favorable results.

Philosophy

In his 1997 essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar[6], open source evangelist Eric S. Raymond suggests a model for developing OSS known as the Bazaar model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation".[6] He suggests that all software should be developed using the bazaar style, which he described as "a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches."

In the Cathedral model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing (the architects), people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the Cathedral model. Fred P. Brooks in his book The Mythical Man-Month advocates this sort of model. He goes further to say that in order to preserve the architectural integrity of a system, the system design should be done by as few architects as possible.

The Bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Gregorio Robles[7] suggests that software developed using the Bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:

Users should be treated as co-developers
The users are treated like co-developers and so they should have access to the source code of the software. Furthermore users are encouraged to submit additions to the software, code fixes for the software, bug reports, documentation etc. Having more co-developers increases the rate at which the software evolves. Linus's law states that, "Given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow." This means that if many users view the source code they will eventually find all bugs and suggest how to fix them. Note that some users have advanced programming skills, and furthermore, each user's machine provides an additional testing environment. This new testing environment offers that ability to find and fix a new bug.
Early releases
The first version of the software should be released as early as possible so as to increase one's chances of finding co-developers early.
Frequent integration
New code should be integrated as often as possible so as to avoid the overhead of fixing a large number of bugs at the end of the project life cycle. Some open source projects have nightly builds where integration is done automatically on a daily basis.
Several versions
There should be at least two versions of the software. There should be a buggier version with more features and a more stable version with fewer features. The buggy version (also called the development version) is for users who want the immediate use of the latest features, and are willing to accept the risk of using code that is not yet thoroughly tested. The users can then act as co-developers, reporting bugs and providing bug fixes.
High modularization
The general structure of the software should be modular allowing for parallel development.
Dynamic decision making structure
There is a need for a decision making structure, whether formal or informal, that makes strategic decisions depending on changing user requirements and other factors. Cf. Extreme programming.

Most well known OSS products follow the Bazaar model as suggested by Eric Raymond. These include projects such as Linux, Firefox, Apache, the GNU Compiler Collection, and Perl to mention a few.

Licensing

Main article: Open source license

Open source licenses define the privileges and restrictions a licensor must follow in order to use, modify or redistribute the open source software. Open source software includes software with source code in the public domain and software distributed under an open source license.

Examples of open source licenses include Apache License, BSD license, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License, MIT License, Eclipse Public License and Mozilla Public License.

The proliferation of open source licenses is one of the few negative aspects of the open source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal implications of the differences between licenses.

An important legal milestone for the open source movement was passed in 2008, when the US federal appeals court ruled that free software licences definitely do set legally binding conditions on the use of copyrighted work, and they are therefore enforceable under existing copyright law. As a result, if end-users do violate the licensing conditions, their licence disappears, meaning they are infringing copyright[8].

Funding

See also: Commercial open source applications

Given the basic fact that OSS can be given away free, a number of alternative models for funding its development other than from the basic profit from selling a software license, have emerged. Independent developers or companies may benefit from consultancy fees or charging for services related to the end use of the software, such as training. Several free OSS packages may have 'professional' versions which have enhanced capabilities and are sold commercially. Several governments and public authorities have chosen to fund open source development companies for their software needs, rather than pay for commercial licenses. Many commercial open source applications are developed and distributed by companies as a combination of both open and closed source components. In this case, the company benefits from the availability of OSS, and thus in turn may end up funding OSS maintenance and upgrades when it benefits their application as a whole. There is some funding in the UK [1]

Open source versus closed source

Main article: Comparison of open source and closed source

The debate over open source vs. closed source (alternatively called proprietary software) is sometimes heated.

One source of conflict is related to economics: Making money through traditional methods, such as sale of the use of individual copies and patent royalty payment (generally called licensing), is more difficult and in many ways against the very concept of open source software.

Some closed-source advocates see open source software as damaging to the market of commercial software. This is one of the many reasons, as mentioned above, that the term free software was replaced with open source — because many company executives could not believe in a product that did not participate economically in a free-market or mixed-market economy. In addition, if something goes wrong there is the difficult question of who is liable.

The counter to this argument is the use of open source software to fuel the market for a separate product or service. For example:

  • Providing support and installation services; similar to IT Security groups, Linux Distributions, and Systems companies.
  • Using the software as a stepping stone to sell a higher-end product or service; e.g., OpenOffice.org vs. StarOffice.
  • Cost avoidance / cost sharing: many developers need a product, so it makes sense to share development costs (X Window System and the Apache web server)

Another major argument is software defects and security: This is an argument that applies to all open products not just open source software.

Since Open Source software is open, all of the defects and security flaws are easily found. Closed-source advocates argue that this makes it easier for a malicious person to discover security flaws. Further, that there is no incentive for an open-source product to be patched. Open-source advocates argue that this makes it easier also for a patch to be found and that the closed-source argument is security through obscurity, which this form of security will eventually fail, often without anyone knowing of the failure. Further, that just because there is not an immediate financial incentive to patch a product, does not mean there is not any incentive to patch a product. Further, if the patch is that significant to the user, having the source code, the user can technically patch the problem themselves. These arguments are hard to prove. However, most studies show that open-source software does have a higher flaw discovery, quicker flaw discovery, and quicker turn around on patches.

Open source software versus free software

Main article: Alternative terms for free software

Critics have said that the term “open source” fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. Developers have used the alternative terms Free/open source Software (FOSS), or Free/Libre/open source Software (FLOSS), consequently, to describe open source software which is also free software.

The term “Open Source” was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists[9]. The OSI would prefer that people treat Open Source as if it were a trademark, and use it only to describe software licensed under an OSI approved license.[10].

There have been instances where software vendors have labeled proprietary software as “open source” because it interfaces with popular OSS (such as Linux).[citation needed] Open source advocates consider this to be both confusing and incorrect. OSI Certified is a trademark licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed on the Open Source Initiative's list[11].

Open source software and free software are different terms for software which comes with certain rights, or freedoms, for the user. They describe two approaches and philosophies towards free software. Open source and free software (or software libre) both describe software which is free from onerous licensing restrictions. It may be used, copied, studied, modified and redistributed without restriction. Free software is not the same as freeware, software available at zero price.

The definition of open source software was written to be almost identical to the free software definition[12]. There are very few cases of software that is free software but is not open source software, and vice versa. The difference in the terms is where they place the emphasis. “Free software” is defined in terms of giving the user freedom. This reflects the goal of the free software movement. “Open source” highlights that the source code is viewable to all and proponents of the term usually emphasize the quality of the software and how this is caused by the development models which are possible and popular among free and open source software projects.

Free software licenses are not written exclusively by the FSF. The FSF and the OSI both list licenses which meet their respective definitions of free software. open source software and free software share an almost identical set of licenses.[citation needed] One exception is an early version of the Apple Public Source License, which was accepted by the OSI but rejected by the FSF because it did not allow private modified versions; this restriction was removed in later version of the license.[citation needed] There are now new versions that are approved by both the OSI and the FSF.

The Open Source Initiative believes that more people will be convinced by the experience of freedom.[citation needed] The FSF believes that more people will be convinced by the concept of freedom. The FSF believes that knowledge of the concept is an essential requirement[13][12], insists on the use of the term free[13][12], and separates itself from the open source movement[13][12]. The Open Source Initiative believes that free has three meanings: free as in beer, free as in freedom, and free as in unsellable.[citation needed] The problem with the term “open source” is it says nothing about the freedom to modify and redistribute, so it is used by people who think that source access without freedom is a sufficient definition. This possibility for misuse is the case for most of the licences that make up Microsoft's “shared source” initiative.

Open source versus source-available

Although the OSI definition of "open source software" is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed. Such software is more often referred to as source-available, or as shared source, a term coined by Microsoft in opposition to open source.

Michael Tiemann, president of OSI, had criticized[14] companies such as SugarCRM for promoting their software as "open source" when in fact it did not have an OSI-approved license. In SugarCRM's case, it was because the software is so-called "badgeware"[15] since it specified a "badge" that must be displayed in the user interface (SugarCRM has since switched to GPLv3[16]). Another example is Scilab, which calls itself "the open source platform for numerical computation"[17] but has a license[18] that forbids commercial redistribution of modified versions. Because OSI does not have a registered trademark for the term "open source", its legal ability to prevent such usage of the term is limited, but Tiemann advocates using public opinion from OSI, customers, and community members to pressure such organizations to change their license or to use a different term.

Other software that has source code available, but which is not open source, includes the pine email client, and the Microsoft Windows Operating System.[citation needed]

Pros and cons of open source software

Software experts and researchers on open source software have identified several advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage for business is that open source is a good way for business to achieve greater penetration of the market. Companies that offer open source software are able to establish an industry standard and, thus, gain competitive advantage. It has also helped build developer loyalty as developers feel empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product[19]. Moreover less costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS. It also helps companies to keep abreast of all technology developments. It is a good tool to promote a companies’ image, including its commercial products[20]. The OSS development approach has helped produce reliable, high quality software quickly and inexpensively. Besides, it offers the potential for a more flexible technology and quicker innovation. It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal goals speeds up innovation[21]. Moreover free software can be developed in accord with purely technical requirements. It does not require to think about commercial pressure that often degrades the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer[22].

It is sometimes said that the open source development process may not be well defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and documentation may be ignored. However this is only true for small (mostly single programmer) projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some rules as they need them to make the teamwork possible[23][24]. In the most complex projects these rules may be as strict as reviewing even minor change by two independent developers[25].

Not all OSS initiatives have been successful, for example, SourceXchange and Eazel[19]. Software experts and researchers who are not convinced by open source’s ability to produce quality systems identify the unclear process, the late defect discovery and the lack of any empirical evidence as the most important problems (collected data concerning productivity and quality)[26]. It is also difficult to design a commercially sound business model around the open source paradigm. Consequently, only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market[26]. In terms of security, open source may allow hackers to know about the weaknesses or loopholes of the software more easily than closed-source software. It is depended of control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations[27].

Development tools

In OSS development the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed amongst different geographic regions so there is need for tools to aid participants to collaborate in source code development. Often these tools are also available as OSS.

Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and later Subversion (svn) are examples of tools that help centrally manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project.

Utilities that automate testing, compiling and bug reporting help preserve stability and support of software projects that have numerous developers but no managers, quality controller or technical support. Building systems that report compilation errors among different platforms include Tinderbox. Commonly used bugtrackers include Bugzilla and GNATS.

Tools such as mailing lists, IRC, and instant messaging provide means of Internet communications between developers. The Web is also a core feature of all of the above systems. Some sites centralize all the features of these tools as a software development management system, including GNU Savannah, SourceForge, and BountySource.

Projects and organizations

Some of the more prominent organizations involved in OSS development include the Apache Software Foundation, creators of the Apache web server; a loose affialiation of developers headed by Linus Torvalds, creators of the Linux operating system kernel; the Eclipse Foundation, home of the Eclipse software development platform; the Debian Project, creators of the influential Debian Linux distribution; and the Mozilla Foundation, home of the Firefox web browser.

Several Open Source programs have become defining entries in their space, including the GIMP image editing system; Sun's Java programming language and environment; the MySQL database system; the FreeBSD Unix operating system; Sun's 2 OpenOffice.org office productivity suite; the POV-Ray 3D image creation tool; and the Wireshark network packet sniffer and protocol analyser

Open Source development is often performed "live and in public", using services provided for free on the Internet, such as the CodePlex and SourceForge web sites, and using tools that are themselves Open Source, including the CVS and Subversion source control systems, and the GNU Compiler Collection.

See also

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Open Source

References

  1. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Open Source Initiative. Archived from [www.opensource.org/advocacy/faq.html the original] on 2006-04-23. Retrieved 2008-09-08. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  2. ^ Verts, William T. (2008-01-13). "Open source software". World Book Online Reference Center. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Rothwell, Richard (2008-08-05). "Creating wealth with free software". Free Software Magazine. Retrieved 2008-09-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ "Standish Newsroom - Open Source" (Press release). Boston. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-09-08. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Raymond, Eric S. (1998-02-08). "Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source"". Retrieved 2008-08-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ a b Raymond, Eric S. (2000-09-11). "The Cathedral and the Bazaar". Retrieved 2004-09-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Robles, Gregorio (2004). "A Software Engineering Approach to Libre Software". In Robert A. Gehring, Bernd Lutterbeck (ed.). Open Source Jahrbuch 2004 (PDF). Berlin: Technical University of Berlin. Retrieved 2005-04-20. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Shiels, Maggie (2008-08-14). "Legal milestone for open source". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-08-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Nelson, Russell (2007-03-26). "Certification Mark". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  10. ^ Raymond, Eric S. (1998-11-22). "OSI Launch Announcement". Open Source Initiative. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Nelson, Russell (2006-09-19). "Open Source Licenses by Category". Open Source Initiative. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ a b c d Stallman, Richard (2007-06-16). "Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software". Philosophy of the GNU Project. GNU Project. Retrieved 2007-07-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ a b c Stallman, Richard (2007-06-19). "Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"". Philosophy of the GNU Project. GNU Project. Retrieved 2007-07-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Tiemann, Michael (2007-06-21). "Will The Real Open Source CRM Please Stand Up?". Open Source Initiative. Retrieved 2008-01-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Berlind, David (2006-11-21). "Are SugarCRM, Socialtext, Zimbra, Scalix and others abusing the term "open source?"". ZDNet. Retrieved 2008-01-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Vance, Ashlee (2007-07-25). "SugarCRM trades badgeware for GPL 3". Retrieved 2008-09-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |publiser= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "The open source platform for numerical computation". INRIA. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  18. ^ "SCILAB License". INRIA. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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  20. ^ Landry, John (2000). "Profiting from Open Source". Harvard Business Review. doi:10.1225/F00503. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  23. ^ http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/docs/hacking.html
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Further reading

Legal and economic aspects

External links

Source Software] by Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter

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