Chenghai, Shantou: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 23°28′0″N 116°46′0″E / 23.46667°N 116.76667°E / 23.46667; 116.76667
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{{redirect|Chenghai|the lake|Chenghai Lake}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|name ={{raise|0.2em|Chenghai}}
|name =Chenghai
|native_name ={{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|澄海区}}}}
|other_name =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
|official_name =
|native_name ={{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|澄海区}}}}}}
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|settlement_type = [[District (PRC)|District]]
|settlement_type = [[District (PRC)|District]]
|image_skyline = Former residence of Chen Ci-Hong.jpg
|image_skyline = Former residence of Chen Ci-Hong.jpg
Line 20: Line 19:
|subdivision_type2 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Shantou]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Shantou]]
|area_total_km2 =
|area_total_km2 = 345.23
|population =
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|coordinates_region = CN-44
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|latNS = N
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|longEW = E
|longd = 116
|longm = 46
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|website =
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}}
}}
'''Chenghai''' ([[Chinese Postal Map Romanisation]]: '''Tenghai'''; {{zh|c=澄海}}; [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: Chénghǎi; [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]]: Thěng Hài) is a [[District of China|district]] of the [[prefecture-level city|city]] of [[Shantou]], [[Guangdong]] [[Province of China|Province]], [[People's Republic of China]].
'''Chenghai''' ({{zh|c=澄海 |p=Chénghǎi}}; [[Chinese postal romanization|postal]]: Tenghai; [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]]: Thěng Hài) is a [[District of China|district]] of the [[prefecture-level city|city]] of [[Shantou]], [[Guangdong]] [[Province of China|Province]], China.


Located at the [[Han River (Guangdong)|Han River]] Delta in the southeast part of Guangdong Province, Chenghai spans from 116°41' to 116°54' E longitude and 23°23' to 23°38' N latitude. Chenghai is an important transportation hub of the area around east Guangdong, the southeast part of [[Fujian]] and south [[Jiangxi]] Province, which is known as the "Gateway of East Guangdong". The total area of this district is 345.23 square kilometres.<ref name="自然地理">[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?wMcms_ArticleID=973 "自然地理"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113232430/http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?wMcms_ArticleID=973 |date=January 13, 2015 }} Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref>
It is the birthplace of [[Qin Mu]], and Zheng Yong, the father of [[Taksin]] who was a [[Thai people|Thai]] king.


== History ==
It is located in the southeast part of Guangdong Province. Chenghai was a town founded since 1563 AD, under Teochew jurisdiction, controlled by Shantou City from 1983 to 1994. From 1994 onward, Chenghai was upgraded to a county-level city and was administrated by the Provincial Government directly. When in 2005, Chenghai was absorbed as a district by Shantou City, it had established its reputation as a world-class toy manufacturing hub.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
[[File:澄海县图1.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Map of Chenghai County in Ming dynasty.]]
Chenghai was known as one of "Eight Counties of [[Chaozhou]]" ({{zh|潮州八邑}}) in [[Qing Dynasty]] and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] period. It was founded as a county in 1563 AD, combining by the coastal lands separated from [[Chao'an District|Haiyang County]], [[Jieyang|Jieyang County]] and [[Raoping County]], and under [[Chaozhou|Chao Prefecture]] (Teochew)'s jurisdiction. The name '''Chenghai''', meaning "clear [the ''[[Wokou]]'' of] the sea" ({{zh|'''澄'''清'''海'''氛}}), was used as the county name due to the [[Jiajing wokou raids]], which also indicated the reason of Chenghai's establishment.<ref>[http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-FYZA199402004.htm 广东省澄海方言同音字汇] Retrieved March 14, 2016.</ref> Chenghai was dissolved in 1666 when [[Kangxi Emperor]] [[Great Clearance|banned on foreign trade]] but re-founded seven years later.


In 1860, [[Shantou]], which lay in the southwest of Chenghai, was opened for foreigners and became a trading port according to [[Treaty of Tientsin]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160822193935/http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2013-06/26/c_116302388.htm 汕头开埠 潮商崛起]</ref> Shantou separated from Chenghai and became a city in 1921. Then Chenghai County was administered by Shantou conversely. On 21 June 1939, [[Swatow Operation|Japanese troops invaded]] the county town of Chenghai.<ref>[http://www.step.com.cn/stwb/20090619/gb/stwb%5E3603%5E6%5ETQ061007.htm 日军入侵 汕头沦陷] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030107/http://www.step.com.cn/stwb/20090619/gb/stwb%5E3603%5E6%5ETQ061007.htm |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Japanese force occupied Chenghai until 15 August 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dahuawang.com/localnews/showlocal.asp?no=63735 |title=侵汕日军投降日 汕头人民欢天喜地庆祝胜利 |access-date=2017-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212340/http://www.dahuawang.com/localnews/showlocal.asp?no=63735 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Communist [[People's Liberation Army]] captured Chenghai on 24 October 1949, 23 days after the People's Republic of China was founded.
Major industries: toys, handicrafts, clothing.


From 1994 onward, Chenghai was upgraded to a county-level city and was administered by the Provincial Government directly (custody by Shantou). On 19 May 2003, Chenghai was absorbed as a district by Shantou.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.gd.sina.com.cn/local/2003-05-20/50558.html |title=著名侨乡澄海撤市设区 |access-date=2016-07-26 |archive-date=2017-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110065634/http://news.gd.sina.com.cn/local/2003-05-20/50558.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chenghai became a part of [[Special Economic Zones of China|Shantou Special Economic Zone]] on 1 May 2011.<ref>[http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20110406/23569646956.shtml 汕头经济特区扩至全市]</ref>
Located in the southeast part of Guangdong Province, Chenghai spans from 116°41' to 116°54' E longitude and 23°23' to 23°38' N latitude. Chenghai is an important transportation hub of the area around east Guangdong, the southeast part of [[Fujian]] and south [[Jiangxi]] Province, which is known as the "Gateway of East Guangdong". The total area of this district is 345.23 square kilometres.<ref name="自然地理">[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?wMcms_ArticleID=973 "自然地理"] 澄海区人民政府网站. Retrieved January 7 2015. </ref>

== History ==
Chenghai was a town founded since 1563 AD, under Teochew([[Chaozhou]]) jurisdiction, controlled by Shantou City from 1983 to 1994. From 1994 onward, Chenghai was upgraded to a county-level city and was administrated by the Provincial Government directly. When in 2005, Chenghai was absorbed as a district by Shantou City.<ref name="Chenghai District"></ref>


== Climate ==
== Climate ==
Chenghai has a sunny climate, with plenty of rainfall, belonging to south subtropical monsoon climate. Controlled by cold high atmospheric pressure from the polar, winters are dry. Summers are rainy with high temperatures. The annual average temperature ranges from 21.2°C to 21.7℃. July is the hottest, the coldest in January<ref name="自然地理"></ref>
Chenghai has a sunny climate, with plenty of rainfall, belonging to south subtropical monsoon climate. Controlled by cold high atmospheric pressure from the polar, winters are dry. Summers are rainy with high temperatures.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Chenghai (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 18.4
|Feb high C = 18.8
|Mar high C = 21.0
|Apr high C = 24.8
|May high C = 28.2
|Jun high C = 30.6
|Jul high C = 32.3
|Aug high C = 32.2
|Sep high C = 31.3
|Oct high C = 28.5
|Nov high C = 24.9
|Dec high C = 20.6
|Jan mean C = 14.5
|Feb mean C = 15.0
|Mar mean C = 17.2
|Apr mean C = 21.2
|May mean C = 25.0
|Jun mean C = 27.6
|Jul mean C = 28.8
|Aug mean C = 28.6
|Sep mean C = 27.7
|Oct mean C = 24.6
|Nov mean C = 20.8
|Dec mean C = 16.5
|Jan low C = 11.6
|Feb low C = 12.4
|Mar low C = 14.7
|Apr low C = 18.7
|May low C = 22.6
|Jun low C = 25.3
|Jul low C = 26.2
|Aug low C = 26.0
|Sep low C = 24.9
|Oct low C = 21.6
|Nov low C = 17.7
|Dec low C = 13.4
|Jan record high C = 29.4 |Jan record low C = 2.2
|Feb record high C = 30.9 |Feb record low C = 4.2
|Mar record high C = 31.3 |Mar record low C = 3.1
|Apr record high C = 33.9 |Apr record low C = 8.7
|May record high C = 35.0 |May record low C = 15.0
|Jun record high C = 36.7 |Jun record low C = 18.6
|Jul record high C = 39.8 |Jul record low C = 20.9
|Aug record high C = 37.1 |Aug record low C = 22.2
|Sep record high C = 36.7 |Sep record low C = 18.0
|Oct record high C = 34.9 |Oct record low C = 12.5
|Nov record high C = 32.6 |Nov record low C = 7.2
|Dec record high C = 29.9 |Dec record low C = 0.1
|year high C= |year low C=
|year high F = |year low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 37.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 49.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 87.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 139.4
|May precipitation mm = 186.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 272.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 226.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 259.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 141.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 32.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 41.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 39.1
|Jan humidity = 77
|Feb humidity = 80
|Mar humidity = 81
|Apr humidity = 82
|May humidity = 84
|Jun humidity = 86
|Jul humidity = 83
|Aug humidity = 83
|Sep humidity = 79
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 75
|Dec humidity = 74
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6.4
|Feb precipitation days = 8.7
|Mar precipitation days = 11.0
|Apr precipitation days = 12.1
|May precipitation days = 14.5
|Jun precipitation days = 16.0
|Jul precipitation days = 13.2
|Aug precipitation days = 13.3
|Sep precipitation days = 9.4
|Oct precipitation days = 3.5
|Nov precipitation days = 4.5
|Dec precipitation days = 6.1
|year precipitation days =
|Jan sun = 157.1
|Feb sun = 122.2
|Mar sun = 124.9
|Apr sun = 140.4
|May sun = 169.2
|Jun sun = 188.6
|Jul sun = 257.2
|Aug sun = 232.6
|Sep sun = 219.8
|Oct sun = 222.2
|Nov sun = 185.1
|Dec sun = 167.9
|year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 47
| Feb percentsun = 38
| Mar percentsun = 34
| Apr percentsun = 37
| May percentsun = 41
| Jun percentsun = 47
| Jul percentsun = 62
| Aug percentsun = 58
| Sep percentsun = 60
| Oct percentsun = 62
| Nov percentsun = 56
| Dec percentsun = 51
| year percentsun =
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =28 May 2023}}</ref>
}}


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
Chenghai, with a　profound cultural tradition, is one of the most dynamic economic areas in East Guangdong. Its characteristic industries and local brands take the leading position in [[China]] and enjoy high reputation in the world market. Chenghai is successively titled as China Toys & Gifts City(in April, 2003<ref name="特色产业">[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?/1592.html "特色产业"] 澄海区人民政府网站. Retrieved January 7 2015. </ref>), China's Famous City of Woolen Sweaters（ in January, 2014<ref name="特色产业"> </ref>）, Model Base on Transformation and Upgrading of National Foreign Trade, National Advanced Culture Area, National Science Demonstration Area, State Torch Program Feature Industry Base, Guangdong Animation(Toys) Creative Industrial Cluster, China Export Base of Toys and Gifts and so on.<ref name="CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI">[http://www.ccitf.com/en/p/ch "CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI"] China Chenghai International Toys & Gifts Fair(CCITF). Retrieved January 7 2015.</ref>
Chenghai, with a deep cultural tradition, is one of the most dynamic economic areas in East Guangdong. Its characteristic industries and local brands take the leading position in China and enjoy high reputation in the world market. Chenghai is successively titled as China Toys & Gifts City (in April 2003<ref name="特色产业">[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?/1592.html "特色产业"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113232437/http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?%2F1592.html |date=January 13, 2015 }} Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref>), China's Famous City of Woolen Sweaters( in January, 2014<ref name="特色产业"/>), Model Base on Transformation and Upgrading of National Foreign Trade, National Advanced Culture Area, National Science Demonstration Area, State Torch Program Feature Industry Base, Guangdong Animation (Toys) Creative Industrial Cluster, China Export Base of Toys and Gifts and so on.<ref name="CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI">[http://www.ccitf.com/en/p/ch "China Toys & Gifts City — Chenghai"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113170412/http://www.ccitf.com/en/p/ch |date=2015-01-13 }} China Chenghai International Toys & Gifts Fair. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref>


=== Toy Industry ===
=== Toy industry ===
The crafts and toys industry in Shantou is one of the three major production bases of its kind in China. Chenghai District is the only "China Toys and Gifts City" awarded by China Light Industry Union, and has won the title of "Chenghai Industrial Base of Creative Design and Manufacture of Intelligent Toys in the National Torch Program" awarded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.<ref>[http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=18"Industry Overview"] Website of shantou government. Retrieved January 7 2015. </ref>
The crafts and toys industry in Shantou is one of the three major production bases of its kind in China. Chenghai District is the only "China Toys and Gifts City" awarded by China Light Industry Union, and has won the title of "Chenghai Industrial Base of Creative Design and Manufacture of Intelligent Toys in the National Torch Program" awarded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.<ref>[http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=18 "Industry Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111164936/http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=18 |date=January 11, 2015 }} Website of shantou government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref>
It now has more than 4,000 local toy, gift and anime manufacturers, franchisers and service providers. In 2013, the output value of Chenghai toys, gifts and animation was up 14% over the past year and reached more than 31 billion yuan, 70% of which were export earnings. It is worth noting that, in 2013, the output value of Chenghai's anime industry was 5.8 billion yuan, up 61% from a year ago. Now four listed companies have sprung up in this area. They are Guangdong Alpha Animation And Culture, Huawei Technology, Qunxing Toys, Rastar Group.<ref name="CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI"></ref>
It now has more than 4,000 local toy, gift and anime manufacturers, franchisers and service providers. In 2013, the output value of Chenghai toys, gifts and animation was up 14% over the past year and reached more than 31 billion yuan, 70% of which were export earnings. It is worth noting that, in 2013, the output value of Chenghai's anime industry was 5.8 billion yuan, up 61% from a year ago. Now four listed companies have sprung up in this area. They are [[Guangdong Alpha Animation and Culture]], Huawei Technology, Qunxing Toys, Rastar Group.<ref name="CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI"/>
Chenghai now has formed a complete toy industrial chain, which includes toy design and development, mould making, producing and processing, printing and packaging, exhibition and trade promotion, logistics distribution and so forth.<ref name="CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI"></ref>
Chenghai now has formed a complete toy industrial chain, which includes toy design and development, mould making, producing and processing, printing and packaging, exhibition and trade promotion, logistics distribution and so forth.<ref name="CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI"/>
Eight advantages of its toy manufacturing industry: industrial clusters, trade facilitation, vast diversity of types, attractive designs, quality assurance, constellation of brands, appropriate prices and high added value.<ref name="CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI"></ref>
Eight advantages of its toy manufacturing industry: industrial clusters, trade facilitation, vast diversity of types, attractive designs, quality assurance, constellation of brands, appropriate prices and high added value.<ref name="CHINA TOYS & GIFTS CITY— CHENGHAI"/> The district was listed in the 2021 [[List of notorious markets|Notorious Markets List]] due to the prevalence of counterfeit toy factories.<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy |url=https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/IssueAreas/IP/2021%20Notorious%20Markets%20List.pdf |website=United States Trade Representative |access-date=30 March 2022 |page= 42}}</ref>
* China Chenghai International Toys & Gifts Fair(CCITF): Every year there are toys fair in Chenghai. The 17th CCITF will be hold from April 20th to 23rd in 2005 at Chenghai Exhibition Center. <ref>[http://www.ccitf.com/en/p/wbh "China Chenghai International Toys & Gifts Fair2015"] China Chenghai International Toys & Gifts Fair(CCITF). Retrieved January 7 2015.</ref>


== Education ==
== Education ==

=== Known Senior High Schools ===
=== Known senior high schools ===
There are four key senior high schools in Chenghai, including Chenghai Middle School, Subei Middle School, Experimental Middle School and Overseas Chinese High School. Chenghai Middle School is the most famous one.
There are four key senior high schools in Chenghai, including Chenghai Middle School, Subei Middle School, Experimental Middle School and Overseas Chinese High School. Chenghai Middle School is the most famous one.
* Chenghai Middle School
* Chenghai Middle School
Located in No. 16 Cultural(''Wenhua'') Road, it is set up in September 1915, which is the first county middle school in east Guangdong. It was rated as the first class school of Guangdong Province in 1994. Outstanding alumnus of this school includes Qin Mu(a famous modern writer), Zheng Songhui(the deputy chief designer of Shenzhou V Spacecraft), ect.<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%84%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6 "澄海中学"] 维基百科 Retrieved January 7, 2015. </ref>
Located in No. 16 Cultural (''Wenhua'') Road, it is set up in September 1915, which is the first county middle school in east Guangdong. It was rated as the first class school of Guangdong Province in 1994. Outstanding alumnus of this school includes Qin Mu (a famous modern writer), Zheng Songhui (the deputy chief designer of Shenzhou V Spacecraft), etc.<ref>[[:zh-tw:澄海中学|"澄海中学"]] Wikipedia. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref>


== Tourist Attractions ==
== Tourist attractions ==
[[File:Taksin tomb.JPG|thumb|250px|Entrance of King [[Taksin]]'s tomb]]
There are 25 attractions open to the public.<ref>[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?wMcms_ArticleID=1547 "资源物产"] 澄海区人民政府网站. Retrieved January 7 2015. </ref>
There are 25 attractions open to the public.<ref>[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?wMcms_ArticleID=1547 "资源物产"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113232426/http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?wMcms_ArticleID=1547 |date=January 13, 2015 }} Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref>
*Chen Cihong's Residence(Nice Breeze in Cihong's Residence, one of Shantou's Eight Sights)
*Chen Cihong's Residence (Nice Breeze in Cihong's Residence, one of Shantou's Eight Sights)
[[File:Former residence of Chen Ci-Hong.jpg|thumbnail|220px|Chen Cihong's Residence]]
Known as the best overseas Chinese residence in [[Lingnan]] and a key protected cultural relics in Guangdong Province, Chen Cihong's Former Residence was built by the famous Chen Hongli family in Qianmei Village, Longdu Town, Chenghai District. The construction of the residence started in 1910, lasted almost 30 years and was not finished until 1939. The 25,400-sqm residence consists of 506 rooms in 4 complex houses where the traditional Chaoshan architectural style of "4-horse-drawn chariot" goes well with western villas. The 4 complex houses are Langzhong Mansion, Shoukang Dwelling, Shanju Chamber and Sanlu Study, and strewed between them are pavilions, terraces, corridors and overpasses, forming a giant courtyard. The residence is basically built with brick and timber and decorated with Chaoshan wood carvings, stone carvings, plaster sculptures, porcelain and glass. Galleries for puppet shows, local operas, folk customs and handicrafts are opened here and local Shuangyao'e (geese fight) square dance and tea performance are staged in the residence. It is actually a museum for the overseas Chinese culture in Chaoshan area.<ref>[http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=47&nid=1483 "Chen Cihong's Residence(Nice Breeze in Cihong's Residence, one of Shantou's Eight Sights)"] Website of Shantou Government. Retrieved 3 December 2014. </ref>.
Known as the best overseas Chinese residence in [[Lingnan]] and a key protected cultural relics in Guangdong Province, Chen Cihong's Former Residence was built by the famous Chen Hongli family in Qianmei Village, Longdu Town, Chenghai District. The construction of the residence started in 1910, lasted almost 30 years and was not finished until 1939. The 25,400-sqm residence consists of 506 rooms in 4 complex houses where the traditional Chaoshan architectural style of "4-horse-drawn chariot" goes well with western villas. The 4 complex houses are Langzhong Mansion, Shoukang Dwelling, Shanju Chamber and Sanlu Study, and strewed between them are pavilions, terraces, corridors and overpasses, forming a giant courtyard. The residence is basically built with brick and timber and decorated with Chaoshan wood carvings, stone carvings, plaster sculptures, porcelain and glass. Galleries for puppet shows, local operas, folk customs and handicrafts are opened here and local Shuangyao'e (geese fight) square dance and tea performance are staged in the residence. It is actually a museum for the overseas Chinese culture in [[Chaoshan]] area.<ref>[http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=47&nid=1483 "Chen Cihong's Residence (Nice Breeze in Cihong's Residence, one of Shantou's Eight Sights)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113175223/http://english.shantou.gov.cn/News.aspx?tid=47&nid=1483 |date=2015-01-13 }} Website of Shantou Government. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</ref>


*Lianhua Scenery Area: one of AAAA National [[Tourist Attraction]]s, a characteristic tourism town and Eco-Demonstration Town in Guangdong.
*Lianhua Scenery Area: one of AAAA National [[Tourist Attraction]]s, a characteristic tourism town and Eco-Demonstration Town in Guangdong.
It was located in Lianhua Town, Chenghai District. There are a series of attractions, including Xipu Village(patriotism education base and art sketch base), the Lotus Temple(a protected cultural relics in Chenghai District and a religious culture area), the Sheng'an ancient village with the style of Hakka circular house, Lotus Mountain Hot-Spring Holiday Resort, Nature Leisure Farm and Yuandong Chinese orchid co., LTD(place of planting orchids).<ref>[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?/962.html "莲华4A景区"] 澄海区人民政府网站. Retrieved January 7 2015. </ref>
It was located in Lianhua Town, Chenghai District. There are a series of attractions, including Xipu Village (patriotism education base and art sketch base), the Lotus Temple (a protected cultural relics in Chenghai District and a religious culture area), the Sheng'an ancient village with the style of Hakka circular house, Lotus Mountain Hot-Spring Holiday Resort, Nature Leisure Farm and Yuandong Chinese orchid Co. (place of planting orchids).<ref>[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?/962.html "莲华4A景区"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113232442/http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?%2F962.html |date=January 13, 2015 }} Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref>


* Cultural Revolution Museum:
* [[Shantou Cultural Revolution Museum|Cultural Revolution Museum]]:
First Museum of Cultural Revolution
First Museum of Cultural Revolution
[[Image:Chenghai02.JPG|thumb|Mountain Hexiang (河象山) situated in Chenghai District]]
[[File:澄海莲花山2.jpg|thumb|250px|Mountain Lianhua, highest mountain of Chenghai District]]
As the writer [[Ba Jin]] dreamt of, this maybe the first non-official museum in China mainland dedicated to the [[Cultural revolution]].<ref>[http://www.ezilon.com/information/article_16076.shtml China's first Cultural Revolution museum exposes Mao's war on 'bourgeois culture']</ref>{{clarify|post-text=Meaning unclear|date=February 2014}}
As the writer [[Ba Jin]] dreamed of, this may be the first non-official museum in China mainland dedicated to the [[Cultural Revolution]].<ref name="China's first Cultural Revolution museum exposes Mao's war on 'bourgeois culture'">[http://slashnews.co.uk/news/2006/02/21/3365/Chinas-first-Cultural-Revolution-museum-exposes-Maos-war-on-bourgeois-culture "China's first Cultural Revolution museum exposes Mao's war on 'bourgeois culture'"] Slashnews.co.uk. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref>


Some of the funding came from the Hong Kong businessman Li Ka-shing, originally from Shantou, who also funded [[Shantou University]].
Some of the funding came from the [[Hong Kong]] businessman [[Li Ka-shing]], originally from Shantou, who also funded [[Shantou University]].
Located at Mountain Ta in Lianshang Town of Chenghai District, the Cultural Revolution Museum was finished building and open on January 1, 2005. It is the first non-official museum in China built for memorizing [[Cultural Revolution]]. <ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/7063256.htm?fr=aladdin "Cultural Revolution Museum"]Baidu Baike. Retrieved January 7 2015. </ref>
Located at Mountain Ta in Lianshang Town of Chenghai District, the Cultural Revolution Museum was finished building and open on January 1, 2005. It is the first non-official museum in China built for memorizing [[Cultural Revolution]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The museum is housed in a classical Pagoda-style building. In the museum, the hundreds of engravings come from a 1995 book called Cultural Revolution Museum, published by Yang Kelin in Hong Kong. There are shocking images of teachers and intellectuals in dunce hats being led out by farmers, of children and their dead parents and of zealots attaching revolutionary messages to large Buddha statues.<ref name="China's first Cultural Revolution museum exposes Mao's war on 'bourgeois culture'" />
The museum is housed in a classical Pagoda-style building. In the museum, the hundreds of engravings come from a 1995 book called Cultural Revolution Museum, published by Yang Kelin in Hong Kong. There are shocking images of teachers and intellectuals in dunce hats being led out by farmers, of children and their dead parents and of zealots attaching revolutionary messages to large Buddha statues. <ref>[http://slashnews.co.uk/news/2006/02/21/3365/Chinas-first-Cultural-Revolution-museum-exposes-Maos-war-on-bourgeois-culture "China's first Cultural Revolution museum exposes Mao's war on 'bourgeois culture'"] Slashnews.co.uk. Retrieved January 7 2015. </ref>


* ''Laiwu'' Island:
* ''Laiwu'' Island:
Laiwu is the name of a town belonging to Chenghai District. Located in Laiwu Tourist Resort(one of AAA National Tourist Attractions) at east Chenghai, facing Nao'ao Island across the sea, Laiwu Island has an area of 6 square kilometers, which is known for its charming natural scenery, the historical sites and the legend of goddess ''Laiwu''.<ref>[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?/961.html "莱芜美景"] 澄海区人民政府网站. Retrieved January 7 2015. </ref> Seaweed is the famous products in Laiwu.
Laiwu is the name of a town belonging to Chenghai District. Located in Laiwu Tourist Resort (one of AAA National Tourist Attractions) at East Chenghai, facing Nao'ao Island across the sea, Laiwu Island has an area of 6 square kilometers, which is known for its charming natural scenery, the historical sites and the legend of goddess ''Laiwu''.<ref>[http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?/961.html "莱芜美景"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113232434/http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ShowArticle.asp?%2F961.html |date=January 13, 2015 }} Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref> Seaweed is the famous products in Laiwu.


== Notable individuals ==
== Notable individuals ==


* Qin Mu: a famous modern writer
* [[Qin Mu]]: a famous modern writer


The ancestors of the following people were born in the Chenghai District:
The ancestors of the following people were born in Chenghai:
*[[Chatichai Choonhavan]] ({{lang-th|ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ}}): former [[prime minister|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]].
*[[Chatichai Choonhavan]] ({{lang-th|ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ}}): former [[prime minister|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]].
*[[Chen Yulu]] ({{zh|s=陈雨露|p=Chen Yǔlù}}): Chinese economist, educator, author, and politician, deputy governor of [[People's Bank of China]].

*[[Sammi Cheng]] ({{zh|c=鄭秀文}}): Hong Kong Cantopop singer and actress.
*[[Pridi Banomyong]] ({{lang-th|ปรีดี พนมยงค์}}; {{zh|c=陈嘉祥/陈璋茂}}): former [[prime minister|Prime Minister]] and Senior Statesman of [[Thailand]]
*[[Pridi Banomyong]] ({{lang-th|ปรีดี พนมยงค์}}; {{zh|c=陈嘉祥/陈璋茂}}): former [[prime minister|Prime Minister]] and Senior Statesman of [[Thailand]]

[[File:Taksin tomb.JPG|thumb|250px|Entrance of King Taksin's tomb]]
*[[Taksin]] ({{lang-th|สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี}}; {{zh|c=鄭昭|p=Zhèng Zhāo}}; [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]]: Dênchao): the first and only monarch of [[Thonburi kingdom]].
*[[Taksin]] ({{lang-th|สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี}}; {{zh|c=鄭昭|p=Zhèng Zhāo}}; [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]]: Dênchao): the first and only monarch of [[Thonburi kingdom]].


Line 110: Line 221:


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons|Category:Chenghai District|Chenghai District}}
{{Commons category|Chenghai District}}
* [http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ Official site] {{zh icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040401013022/http://www.gdchenghai.gov.cn/ Official site] {{in lang|zh}}


{{County-level divisions of Guangdong}}
{{County-level divisions of Guangdong}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Shantou]]
[[Category:Shantou]]
[[Category:County-level divisions of Guangdong]]
[[Category:County-level divisions of Guangdong]]
[[Category:1563 establishments in China]]

{{Guangdong-geo-stub}}

Latest revision as of 13:37, 30 November 2023

"Chenghai" redirects here. For the lake, see Chenghai Lake.
Chenghai
澄海区
District
Former residence of Chen Cihong
Former residence of Chen Cihong
Location of Chenghai in Shantou
Location of Chenghai in Shantou
Chenghai is located in Guangdong
Chenghai
Chenghai
Location in Guangdong
Coordinates: 23°28′0″N 116°46′0″E / 23.46667°N 116.76667°E / 23.46667; 116.76667
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceGuangdong
Prefecture-level cityShantou
Area
 • Total345.23 km2 (133.29 sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)

Chenghai (Chinese: 澄海; pinyin: Chénghǎi; postal: Tenghai; Teochew: Thěng Hài) is a district of the city of Shantou, Guangdong Province, China.

Located at the Han River Delta in the southeast part of Guangdong Province, Chenghai spans from 116°41' to 116°54' E longitude and 23°23' to 23°38' N latitude. Chenghai is an important transportation hub of the area around east Guangdong, the southeast part of Fujian and south Jiangxi Province, which is known as the "Gateway of East Guangdong". The total area of this district is 345.23 square kilometres.[1]

History[edit]

Map of Chenghai County in Ming dynasty.

Chenghai was known as one of "Eight Counties of Chaozhou" (Chinese: 潮州八邑) in Qing Dynasty and Republic of China period. It was founded as a county in 1563 AD, combining by the coastal lands separated from Haiyang County, Jieyang County and Raoping County, and under Chao Prefecture (Teochew)'s jurisdiction. The name Chenghai, meaning "clear [the Wokou of] the sea" (Chinese: 澄清海氛), was used as the county name due to the Jiajing wokou raids, which also indicated the reason of Chenghai's establishment.[2] Chenghai was dissolved in 1666 when Kangxi Emperor banned on foreign trade but re-founded seven years later.

In 1860, Shantou, which lay in the southwest of Chenghai, was opened for foreigners and became a trading port according to Treaty of Tientsin.[3] Shantou separated from Chenghai and became a city in 1921. Then Chenghai County was administered by Shantou conversely. On 21 June 1939, Japanese troops invaded the county town of Chenghai.[4] Japanese force occupied Chenghai until 15 August 1945.[5] The Communist People's Liberation Army captured Chenghai on 24 October 1949, 23 days after the People's Republic of China was founded.

From 1994 onward, Chenghai was upgraded to a county-level city and was administered by the Provincial Government directly (custody by Shantou). On 19 May 2003, Chenghai was absorbed as a district by Shantou.[6] Chenghai became a part of Shantou Special Economic Zone on 1 May 2011.[7]

Climate[edit]

Chenghai has a sunny climate, with plenty of rainfall, belonging to south subtropical monsoon climate. Controlled by cold high atmospheric pressure from the polar, winters are dry. Summers are rainy with high temperatures.

Climate data for Chenghai (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.4
(84.9) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.3
(88.3) 		33.9
(93.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		39.8
(103.6) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.7
(98.1) 		34.9
(94.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		29.9
(85.8) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.6
(87.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.3
(88.3) 		28.5
(83.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		20.6
(69.1) 		26.0
(78.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.2
(70.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.7
(81.9) 		24.6
(76.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		22.3
(72.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.3
(77.5) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		24.9
(76.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		19.6
(67.3)
Record low °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		4.2
(39.6) 		3.1
(37.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.9
(69.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		7.2
(45.0) 		0.1
(32.2) 		0.1
(32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.6
(1.48) 		49.8
(1.96) 		87.6
(3.45) 		139.4
(5.49) 		186.6
(7.35) 		272.9
(10.74) 		226.0
(8.90) 		259.2
(10.20) 		141.5
(5.57) 		32.2
(1.27) 		41.3
(1.63) 		39.1
(1.54) 		1,513.2
(59.58)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.4 8.7 11.0 12.1 14.5 16.0 13.2 13.3 9.4 3.5 4.5 6.1 118.7
Average relative humidity (%) 77 80 81 82 84 86 83 83 79 73 75 74 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 157.1 122.2 124.9 140.4 169.2 188.6 257.2 232.6 219.8 222.2 185.1 167.9 2,187.2
Percent possible sunshine 47 38 34 37 41 47 62 58 60 62 56 51 49
Source: China Meteorological Administration[8][9]

Economy[edit]

Chenghai, with a deep cultural tradition, is one of the most dynamic economic areas in East Guangdong. Its characteristic industries and local brands take the leading position in China and enjoy high reputation in the world market. Chenghai is successively titled as China Toys & Gifts City (in April 2003[10]), China's Famous City of Woolen Sweaters( in January, 2014[10]), Model Base on Transformation and Upgrading of National Foreign Trade, National Advanced Culture Area, National Science Demonstration Area, State Torch Program Feature Industry Base, Guangdong Animation (Toys) Creative Industrial Cluster, China Export Base of Toys and Gifts and so on.[11]

Toy industry[edit]

The crafts and toys industry in Shantou is one of the three major production bases of its kind in China. Chenghai District is the only "China Toys and Gifts City" awarded by China Light Industry Union, and has won the title of "Chenghai Industrial Base of Creative Design and Manufacture of Intelligent Toys in the National Torch Program" awarded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China.[12] It now has more than 4,000 local toy, gift and anime manufacturers, franchisers and service providers. In 2013, the output value of Chenghai toys, gifts and animation was up 14% over the past year and reached more than 31 billion yuan, 70% of which were export earnings. It is worth noting that, in 2013, the output value of Chenghai's anime industry was 5.8 billion yuan, up 61% from a year ago. Now four listed companies have sprung up in this area. They are Guangdong Alpha Animation and Culture, Huawei Technology, Qunxing Toys, Rastar Group.[11] Chenghai now has formed a complete toy industrial chain, which includes toy design and development, mould making, producing and processing, printing and packaging, exhibition and trade promotion, logistics distribution and so forth.[11] Eight advantages of its toy manufacturing industry: industrial clusters, trade facilitation, vast diversity of types, attractive designs, quality assurance, constellation of brands, appropriate prices and high added value.[11] The district was listed in the 2021 Notorious Markets List due to the prevalence of counterfeit toy factories.[13]

Education[edit]

Known senior high schools[edit]

There are four key senior high schools in Chenghai, including Chenghai Middle School, Subei Middle School, Experimental Middle School and Overseas Chinese High School. Chenghai Middle School is the most famous one.

  • Chenghai Middle School

Located in No. 16 Cultural (Wenhua) Road, it is set up in September 1915, which is the first county middle school in east Guangdong. It was rated as the first class school of Guangdong Province in 1994. Outstanding alumnus of this school includes Qin Mu (a famous modern writer), Zheng Songhui (the deputy chief designer of Shenzhou V Spacecraft), etc.[14]

Tourist attractions[edit]

Entrance of King Taksin's tomb

There are 25 attractions open to the public.[15]

  • Chen Cihong's Residence (Nice Breeze in Cihong's Residence, one of Shantou's Eight Sights)

Known as the best overseas Chinese residence in Lingnan and a key protected cultural relics in Guangdong Province, Chen Cihong's Former Residence was built by the famous Chen Hongli family in Qianmei Village, Longdu Town, Chenghai District. The construction of the residence started in 1910, lasted almost 30 years and was not finished until 1939. The 25,400-sqm residence consists of 506 rooms in 4 complex houses where the traditional Chaoshan architectural style of "4-horse-drawn chariot" goes well with western villas. The 4 complex houses are Langzhong Mansion, Shoukang Dwelling, Shanju Chamber and Sanlu Study, and strewed between them are pavilions, terraces, corridors and overpasses, forming a giant courtyard. The residence is basically built with brick and timber and decorated with Chaoshan wood carvings, stone carvings, plaster sculptures, porcelain and glass. Galleries for puppet shows, local operas, folk customs and handicrafts are opened here and local Shuangyao'e (geese fight) square dance and tea performance are staged in the residence. It is actually a museum for the overseas Chinese culture in Chaoshan area.[16]

  • Lianhua Scenery Area: one of AAAA National Tourist Attractions, a characteristic tourism town and Eco-Demonstration Town in Guangdong.

It was located in Lianhua Town, Chenghai District. There are a series of attractions, including Xipu Village (patriotism education base and art sketch base), the Lotus Temple (a protected cultural relics in Chenghai District and a religious culture area), the Sheng'an ancient village with the style of Hakka circular house, Lotus Mountain Hot-Spring Holiday Resort, Nature Leisure Farm and Yuandong Chinese orchid Co. (place of planting orchids).[17]

First Museum of Cultural Revolution

Mountain Lianhua, highest mountain of Chenghai District

As the writer Ba Jin dreamed of, this may be the first non-official museum in China mainland dedicated to the Cultural Revolution.[18]

Some of the funding came from the Hong Kong businessman Li Ka-shing, originally from Shantou, who also funded Shantou University. Located at Mountain Ta in Lianshang Town of Chenghai District, the Cultural Revolution Museum was finished building and open on January 1, 2005. It is the first non-official museum in China built for memorizing Cultural Revolution.[citation needed] The museum is housed in a classical Pagoda-style building. In the museum, the hundreds of engravings come from a 1995 book called Cultural Revolution Museum, published by Yang Kelin in Hong Kong. There are shocking images of teachers and intellectuals in dunce hats being led out by farmers, of children and their dead parents and of zealots attaching revolutionary messages to large Buddha statues.[18]

  • Laiwu Island:

Laiwu is the name of a town belonging to Chenghai District. Located in Laiwu Tourist Resort (one of AAA National Tourist Attractions) at East Chenghai, facing Nao'ao Island across the sea, Laiwu Island has an area of 6 square kilometers, which is known for its charming natural scenery, the historical sites and the legend of goddess Laiwu.[19] Seaweed is the famous products in Laiwu.

Notable individuals[edit]

  • Qin Mu: a famous modern writer

The ancestors of the following people were born in Chenghai:

References[edit]

  1. ^ "自然地理" Archived January 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  2. ^ 广东省澄海方言同音字汇 Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  3. ^ 汕头开埠 潮商崛起
  4. ^ 日军入侵 汕头沦陷 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "侵汕日军投降日 汕头人民欢天喜地庆祝胜利". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
  6. ^ "著名侨乡澄海撤市设区". Archived from the original on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  7. ^ 汕头经济特区扩至全市
  8. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  9. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  10. ^ a b "特色产业" Archived January 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  11. ^ a b c d "China Toys & Gifts City — Chenghai" Archived 2015-01-13 at the Wayback Machine China Chenghai International Toys & Gifts Fair. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  12. ^ "Industry Overview" Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Website of shantou government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  13. ^ "2021 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy" (PDF). United States Trade Representative. p. 42. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  14. ^ "澄海中学" Wikipedia. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  15. ^ "资源物产" Archived January 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  16. ^ "Chen Cihong's Residence (Nice Breeze in Cihong's Residence, one of Shantou's Eight Sights)" Archived 2015-01-13 at the Wayback Machine Website of Shantou Government. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  17. ^ "莲华4A景区" Archived January 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  18. ^ a b "China's first Cultural Revolution museum exposes Mao's war on 'bourgeois culture'" Slashnews.co.uk. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  19. ^ "莱芜美景" Archived January 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Website of Chenghai Government. Retrieved January 7, 2015.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chenghai District.
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