Lake Superior agate and Mobile device: Difference between pages

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{{Prose|date=August 2008}}
The '''Lake Superior agate''' is a type of [[agate]] stained by iron and found on the shores of [[Lake Superior]]. Its wide distribution and iron-rich bands of color reflect the gemstone's geologic history in Minnesota. In 1969 the Lake Superior agate was designated by the [[Minnesota]] Legislature as the official state gemstone.
[[Image:Mobile handheld device.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A mobile handheld device.]]


A '''mobile device''' (also known as '''cellphone device''', '''handheld device''', '''handheld computer''', "Palmtop" or simply '''handheld''') is a pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display screen with [[touch down|touch]] input or a miniature keyboard. In the case of the [[Personal digital assistant|personal digital assistant (PDA)]] the input and output are combined into a touch-screen [[interface (computer science)|interface]]. [[Smartphones]] and [[PDA]]s are popular amongst those who require the assistance and convenience of a conventional computer, in environments where carrying one would not be practical. [[Enterprise digital assistant]]s can further extend the available functionality for the business user by offering integrated data capture devices like Bar Code, [[RFID]] and Smart Card readers.
The Lake Superior agate was selected because the agate reflects many aspects of Minnesota. It was formed during lava eruptions that occurred in Minnesota about a billion years ago. The stone's predominant red color comes from iron, a major Minnesota industrial mineral found extensively throughout the [[Iron Range]] region. Finally, the Lake Superior agate can be found in many regions of Minnesota as it was distributed by [[Wisconsin glaciation|glacial movement]] across Minnesota 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.


==Types of mobile devices==
==Geologic history==
====[[Smart phone]]s====
More than a billion years ago, the North American continent began to split apart along [[Plate tectonics|plate boundaries]]. Molten lava upwelled into iron-rich lava flows throughout the [[Midcontinent Rift System]], including what is now the Minnesota [[Iron Range]] region. These flows are now exposed along the north and south shores of Lake Superior. The [[tectonic]] forces that attempted to pull the continent apart, and which left behind the lava flows, also created the Superior trough, a depressed region that became the basin of Lake Superior.


====[[Mobile computing| Mobile computers]]====
The lava flows formed the conditions for creation of Lake Superior agates. As the lava solidified, water vapor and carbon dioxide trapped within the solidified flows formed a [[vesicular texture]] (literally millions of small bubbles). Later, groundwater transported ferric iron, silica, and other dissolved minerals passed through the trapped gas vesicles. These quartz-rich groundwater solutions deposited concentric bands of fine-grained [[quartz]] called [[chalcedony]], or embedded agates.
*[[Notebook PC]]
*[[Ultra-Mobile PC]]
*[[Handheld PC]]
*[[Personal digital assistant]]/[[Enterprise digital assistant]]
*[[Graphing calculator]]
*[[Pocket computer]] (largely obsolete)


====[[Handheld game console]]s====
Over the next billion years, erosion exposed a number of the quartz-filled, banded vesicles -- agates -- were freed by running water and chemical disintegration of the lavas, since these vesicles were now harder than the lava rocks that contained them. The vast majority, however, remained lodged in the lava flows until the next major geologic event that changed them and Minnesota.
* [[Nintendo DS]] (NDS)
* [[Game Boy]], [[Game Boy Color]]
* [[Game Boy Advance]]
* [[Sega Game Gear]]
* [[TurboExpress| PC Engine GT]]
* [[Pokémon Mini]]
* [[NeoGeo Pocket]], [[NeoGeo Pocket| NeoGeo Color]]
* [[Atari Lynx]]
* [[Pandora (console)| Pandora]]
* [[GP2X]]/[[GP32]]
* [[Gizmondo]]
* [[PlayStation Portable]] (PSP)
* [[N-Gage]]
* [[WonderSwan]]


====Media recorders====
During the [[Wisconsin glaciation#Wisconsin glaciation.2C in North America|ensuing ice ages]] a lobe of glacial ice, the Superior lobe, moved into Minnesota through the agate-filled Superior trough. The glacier picked up surface agates and transported them south. Its crushing action and cycle of freezing and thawing at its base also freed many agates from within the lava flows and transported them, too. The advancing glacier acted like an enormous rock tumbler, abrading, fracturing, and rough-polishing the agates.
*[[Digital still camera]] (DSC)
*[[Digital video camera]] (DVC or digital [[Camcorder]])
*Digital audio recorders


====Media players/displayers====
==Description==
* [[Portable media player]]
The Lake Superior agate is noted for its rich red, orange, and yellow coloring. This color scheme is caused by the oxidation of iron. Iron leached from rocks provided the pigment that gives the gemstone its beautiful array of color. The concentration of iron and the amount of oxidation determine the color within or between an agate's bands.
* [[e-book device| e-book reader]]


====Communication devices====
The gemstone comes in various sizes. The gas pockets in which the agates formed were primarily small, about 1 cm in diameter. A few Lake Superior agates have been found that are 22 cm in diameter with a mass exceeding 10 kilograms. Very large agates are extremely rare.
* [[Mobile phone]]
* [[Cordless phone]]
* [[Pager]]
* [[Pogo Mobile and nVoy| Pogo Mobile]]


====[[Personal navigation device|Personal navigation devices (PNDs)]]====
The most common type of Lake Superior agate is the ''fortification agate'' with its eye-catching banding patterns. Each band, when traced around an exposed pattern or "face," connects with itself like the walls of a fort, hence the name fortification agate.
====Accessories====
* [[Bluetooth| Bluetooth headset]]


==Operating Systems==
A common subtype of the fortification agate is the parallel-banded, onyx-fortification or water-level agate. Perfectly straight, parallel bands occur over all or part of these stones. The straight bands were produced by puddles of quartz-rich solutions that crystallized inside the gas pocket under very low fluid pressure. The parallel nature of the bands also indicates the agate's position inside the lava flow.


There are currently many different operating systems for '''mobile devices''' available. A list of the main handheld operating systems is given below.
Probably the most popular Lake Superior agate is also one of the rarest. The highly treasured eye agate has perfectly round bands or "eyes" dotting the surface of the stone.


==Handhelds at work==
Occasionally, collectors find a gemstone with an almost perfectly smooth natural surface. These rare agates are believed to have spent a long time tumbling back and forth in the waves along some long-vanished, wave-battered rocky beach. They are called, appropriately enough, "water-washed" agates.
{{external links}}


Handheld devices have become [[Rugged computer|ruggedized]] for use in Handheld [[computers]] used at work have molded over time into a variety of form factors, including SmartPhones on the low end, handheld [[PDA]]s, Ultra Mobile [[PC]]s, Tablet [[PC]]s, and even [[notebook computers]].
==Cutting and polishing==
A [[gemstone]] can be used as a jewel when cut and polished. Only a fraction of the Lake Superior agate are of the quality needed for [[lapidary]]. Three lapidary techniques are used on Lake Superior agates:
* Tumbling—Small gemstones are rotated in drums with progressively finer polishing grit for several days until they are smooth and reflective.
* Saw-cut and polish—Stones up to 1/2 kg are cut with diamond saws into thin slabs, which then are cut into various shapes. One side of the shaped slab is polished producing fine jewelry pieces and collectible gems called [[cabochon]]s.
* Face polishing—Polishing a curved surface on a portion of the stone and leaving the major portion in its natural state is called face polishing.


Major manufacturers of handheld devices for the work environment include:
==Distribution of Lake Superior agate==
* [http://www.gd-itronix.com/ General Dynamics] Itronix Rugged Notebooks
One of the most appealing reasons for naming the Lake Superior agate as the Minnesota state gemstone is its general availability. Glacial activity spread agates throughout northeastern and central Minnesota, extreme northwestern Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula in the [[United States]] and the area around [[Thunder Bay, Ontario|Thunder Bay]] in [[Northwestern Ontario]], [[Canada]].
* [http://www.handheld.com/Site.aspx/na/en/products/categories/?cat=10 Hand Held Products] Rugged Handhelds
* [http://www.intermec.com/products/computers/handheld_computers/ Intermec] Rugged Handhelds
* [http://www.ruggedtabletpc.com/ MobileDemand] xTablet Rugged Tablet PC
* [http://www.mptwo.com/ MP2 Solutions] MRT300 Series Handhelds
* [http://www.nordicid.com/ Nordic ID] Rugged handhelds
* [http://www.panasonic.com/business/toughbook/products.asp Panasonic] Toughbook Rugged Notebooks
* [http://www.psionteklogix.com/ Psion] Teklogix Rugged
* [http://www.tdsway.com/handhelds TDS] Rugged Handheld Computers
* [http://www.trimble.com/outdoorhandheld.shtml Trimble] ([[Trimble Navigation]]) Rugged Handheld Computers
==Internet faxing with handhelds==


* Most handhelds can be used to send and receive [[faxes]] by [[email]] using an [[Internet fax]] service. Internet faxing also enables handheld users to print documents by sending them to a nearby [[fax machine]]. This service is available through most [[internet fax providers]].
==Finding the gem==
Typically the richly colored banding pattern is not well exposed and prospectors must look for other clues to the presence of agates.


==Mobile Device Security==
The following characteristics are used to identify agates in the field.
Mobile devices have wireless capability to connect to the Internet and office/home computer systems. However wireless capability poses a number of security risks<ref>[http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/wireless/18.php Wireless Computing] </ref>. Managing the risks to mobile assets requires a knowledge of the threats posed to mobile devices and the vulnerabilities that may allow those threats to be realized<ref>[http://www.sans.org/resources/glossary.php Glossary of Terms Used in Security and Intrusion Detection] </ref>. The Mobile Device Vulnerability Database (MDVD)<ref>[http://mdvd.if.uidaho.edu/ Mobile Device Vulnerability Database] </ref> is an online database for collecting vulnerability and countermeasure information on mobile computing devices and their technologies ([[Smart phone]], [[Personal digital assistant|personal digital assistant (PDA)]], [[Wi-Fi]], [[Bluetooth]], [[WiMAX]], [[VOIP]], etc.) with references to all vulnerability and countermeasure information. View all information in the database as well as add vulnerability and countermeasure information on mobile computing hardware and software technologies.
* Band planes along which the agate has broken are sometimes visible, giving the rock a peeled texture. It appears as though the bands were partially peeled off like a banana skin.
*Iron-oxide staining is found on nearly all agates to some degree, and generally covers much of the rock. Such staining can be many different colors, but the most common are shades of rust-red and yellow.
* Translucence is an optical feature produced by chalcedony quartz, the principal constituent of agates. The quartz allows light to penetrate, producing a glow. Sunny days are best for observing translucence.
* A glossy, waxy appearance, especially on a chipped or broken surface, is another clue.
* A pitted texture often covers the rock surface. The pits are the result of knobs or projections from an initial layer of softer mineral matter deposited on the wall of the cavity in which the agate formed. Later, when the quartz that formed the agate was deposited in the cavity, these projections left impressions on the exterior.


==References==
==References==
<references/>
* [http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/education/geology/digging/agate.html Minnesota's State Gem: The Lake Superior Agate]


==See also==
{{Silica minerals}}
*[[BlackBerry]]
*[[Converged device]]
*[[Digital dictation software]]
*[[Mobile web]]
*[[Mobile games]]
*[[Multiplayer mobile games]]
*[[Symbian OS]]
*[[Palm OS]]
*[[Technological convergence]]
*[[Windows Mobile]]
*[[Personal digital assistant]]
*[[Mobile software]]
*[[Mobile development]]
*[[Mobile computing]]


{{Table mobile operating systems}}
[[Category:Quartz varieties]]
{{Computer sizes}}

[[Category:Personal digital assistants]]
[[Category:Mobile computers]]

[[ur:محمولی اِختراعات]]
[[de:Handheld]]
[[et:Pihuarvuti]]
[[es:Dispositivo móvil]]
[[nl:Handheld computer]]
[[pl:Urządzenie mobilne]]
[[pt:Dispositivo móvel]]
[[simple:Handheld]]
[[uk:Кишеньковий комп'ютер]]
[[zh:手持设备]]

Revision as of 00:49, 11 October 2008

A mobile handheld device.

A mobile device (also known as cellphone device, handheld device, handheld computer, "Palmtop" or simply handheld) is a pocket-sized computing device, typically having a display screen with touch input or a miniature keyboard. In the case of the personal digital assistant (PDA) the input and output are combined into a touch-screen interface. Smartphones and PDAs are popular amongst those who require the assistance and convenience of a conventional computer, in environments where carrying one would not be practical. Enterprise digital assistants can further extend the available functionality for the business user by offering integrated data capture devices like Bar Code, RFID and Smart Card readers.

Types of mobile devices

Smart phones

Mobile computers

Handheld game consoles

Media recorders

Media players/displayers

Communication devices

Personal navigation devices (PNDs)

Accessories

Operating Systems

There are currently many different operating systems for mobile devices available. A list of the main handheld operating systems is given below.

Handhelds at work

Handheld devices have become ruggedized for use in Handheld computers used at work have molded over time into a variety of form factors, including SmartPhones on the low end, handheld PDAs, Ultra Mobile PCs, Tablet PCs, and even notebook computers.

Major manufacturers of handheld devices for the work environment include:

Internet faxing with handhelds

Mobile Device Security

Mobile devices have wireless capability to connect to the Internet and office/home computer systems. However wireless capability poses a number of security risks[1]. Managing the risks to mobile assets requires a knowledge of the threats posed to mobile devices and the vulnerabilities that may allow those threats to be realized[2]. The Mobile Device Vulnerability Database (MDVD)[3] is an online database for collecting vulnerability and countermeasure information on mobile computing devices and their technologies (Smart phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, WiMAX, VOIP, etc.) with references to all vulnerability and countermeasure information. View all information in the database as well as add vulnerability and countermeasure information on mobile computing hardware and software technologies.

References

  1. ^ Wireless Computing
  2. ^ Glossary of Terms Used in Security and Intrusion Detection
  3. ^ Mobile Device Vulnerability Database

See also

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