Felipe Calderón

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This article is about the current President of Mexico. For the Filipino politician and historical figure, see Felipe Calderón y Roca.
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa
File:Felipe Calderon foto oficial.jpg
President of Mexico
Assumed office
December 1 2006
Preceded byVicente Fox
Personal details
Born (1962-08-18) August 18, 1962 (age 61)[1]
Mexico Morelia, Michoacán
NationalityMexican
Political party( PAN) National Action Party
SpouseMargarita Zavala

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (b. August 18 1962)[1] is the President of Mexico. He assumed office on December 1, 2006, and was elected for one six-year term that will end in 2012 without possibility for re-election. He is affiliated to the National Action Party (PAN), a right-of-center organization with liberal ideals. His official residence is Los Pinos.

Calderón was elected in the contested 2006 Presidential Elections. The results were controversial and contested by opponent Andrés Manuel López Obrador, but they were validated by the electoral courts in September of 2006. Elected at age 43, Calderon is one of the youngest persons to be elected president of Mexico. [2]

Prior to the Presidency, Calderón participated actively in PAN politics. He has served as National President of the Party, Federal Deputy, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox's cabinet.

Background and family life

Felipe Calderón Hinojosa was born in Morelia, Michoacán, the first son of Luis Calderón and María del Carmen Hinojosa González. He has a younger brother who is a government official in Michoacán, and two younger sisters, one of them, Luisa María Calderón, is a former Senator. Calderón spent his childhood in Morelia, where he began his studies in Catholic schools.

His father was a co-founder of the National Action Party and an important political figure. He occupied state posts and served a term as Federal Deputy. Calderón spent most of his life working within the party and spent most of his free time promoting the PAN.

After growing up in Morelia, Calderón moved to Mexico City where he received a bachelor's degree in law from the Escuela Libre de Derecho. Later on, he received a master's degree in economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a Master of Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.[3]

Following his father's example, he joined the PAN. His father had quit in 1981, admitting it had deviated from its principles and its founders' objectives.

It was in the National Action Party where Calderón met his wife Margarita Zavala, who served in the Mexican Congress as a Federal Deputy. They have three children (María, Luis Felipe and Juan Pablo). Even though he was very busy with his campaign, and now his presidency, Calderón has said that he will give his children as much time as he can possibly spare, and that he did during his campaign.

Political career

Calderón was president of the PAN's youth movement in his early twenties.

He was a local representative in the Legislative Assembly, and on two different occasions in the federal Chamber of Deputies. He ran for the governorship of Michoacán in 1995 and served as national president of the PAN from 1996 to 1999. During his tenure, his party maintained control of 14 state capitals but also lost presence in the federal Chamber of Deputies.

Soon after Vicente Fox took office as president, Calderón was appointed director of Banobras, a national development bank. Later on he joined the presidential cabinet as Secretary of Energy, replacing Ernesto Martens. He left the post in May 2004 as a protest against Vicente Fox's criticizing his presidential ambitions while supporting those of Santiago Creel.

2006 presidential campaign

Main article: Mexican general election, 2006

Members of his party chose him as the PAN presidential candidate in a series of three primary elections at the end of 2005. In these elections he defeated former Interior Secretary Santiago Creel and former Governor of Jalisco, Alberto Cárdenas, by a comfortable margin.

Santiago Creel was said to be, at the time, the preferred candidate of President Vicente Fox, and thus the election of Calderón as party candidate surprised many analysts. The PAN pointed to this primary election as a signal of "internal democracy", contrasted by the election processes of the other parties: the PRD had only one pre-candidate, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, and the PRI, while having a nationwide primary open to anyone, even non-party members, eliminated all strong candidates that opposed Roberto Madrazo. Indeed, the only pre-candidate that opposed Madrazo only managed to get less than 5% of the internal vote.

Calderón accepted his party's nomination on December 4, 2005. He began his campaign on January 1, 2006.

Calderón's campaign gained momentum after the first presidential debate. Subsequent poll numbers showed a steady increase in his popularity and put him ahead of López Obrador from March to May; some polls favored him by as much as nine percentage points. This trend ceased after the second presidential debate. Final poll numbers indicated a very close election; some gave López Obrador the lead, while others either favored Calderón or indicated a technical tie.

Political and social views

A devout Roman Catholic, Calderón opposes abortion, euthanasia, contraception and gay marriage.[4] His proposed economic policies are liberal; he supports balanced fiscal policies, flat taxes, and lower taxes[5][6] [7] and free trade.

Calderón has also stated that the challenge is not between the political left or right, but a choice between "the past and the future". In his interpretation, moving "towards the past" would mean nationalizations, expropriations, state control of the economy, and authoritarianism while "the future" would represent the contrary: privatizations, liberalization, market control of the economy, and political freedoms.[8] His motto has been to "drive Mexico to the future", which is a signal of his liberal tendencies, both politically and economically.

Criticism

Criticism of Calderón surfaced during the presidential campaign, some of it originating from the PRD, and also from columnists and editorialists. His performance as Banobras director, the Fobaproa rescue, and the Hildebrando case have all been subjects of criticism.

Banobras

Felipe Calderón has been accused of illegally borrowing and later repaying 3 million pesos (US$300,000) from Banobras, a state-owned development bank, during his tenure as the bank's director.[9]

Fobaproa
Main article: Fobaproa

The Fobaproa was a government-sponsored financial rescue of the Mexican financial system, including many private banks, after the 1994-95 Mexican financial crisis, also known as "the December mistake". The Fobaproa is a controversial issue, in which supporters claim that it helped save the economy of Mexico and prevent a worsening of the crisis, while detractors claim that this "rescue" was used to commit corruption.

During the presidential campaign of 2006, the PRD accused Felipe Calderón of "being complicit" in the Fobaproa, implying that the alleged crimes committed in its execution were orchestrated by Calderón. However, the Fobaproa was carried out by the Executive Branch, headed by then President Ernesto Zedillo, of the PRI, while Felipe Calderón merely participated from the legislative branch (congress) by proposing an alternate financial system rescue project to that presented by the PRI (FOBAPROA).

It is notable that during those times, the legislative branch of government did not have the power it has today. Calderón voted for the adoption of the Fobaproa rescue package at that time, but did not sign the actual document as his detractors once said.

The Fobaproa continues to be a heated issue.

Hildebrando

In the presidential candidate debate of June 6, 2006, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, presidential candidate for the PRD, accused Felipe Calderón of granting contracts to a software company named Hildebrando,[10] which Calderón's brother-in-law, Diego Zavala, founded and in which he has minority stock, during Calderón's eight-month tenure as Secretary of Energy. López Obrador also accused the company of tax evasion. Investigations are still being conducted, without any outcome yet.[11]

Post-election controversy

Felipe Calderón and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil.
Main article: Mexican general election 2006 controversies

On July 2, 2006, the day of the election, the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) announced that the race was too close to call and chose not to make public a large and well-designed exit poll. However, as the preliminary results of the unofficial PREP database made clear the next morning, Felipe Calderón had a small lead of 1.04%.[12]

The IFE called the candidates to abstain from pronouncing themselves as winner, president-elect or president. Both candidates disobeyed this call. Just after López Obrador declared that he had won the election Calderón proclaimed victory as well stating that, according to the initial figures of the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE), he had won the election.[13]

On July 6 2006 the Federal Electoral Institute announced the official vote count in the 2006 presidential election, resulting in a narrow margin of 0.58% for Calderón over his closest contender, PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador. However, López Obrador and his coalition alleged irregularities in a large number of polling stations and demanded a national recount. Ultimately the Federal Electoral Tribunal, in a unanimous vote, declared such recount to be groundless and unfeasible, and ordered a recount of about 9.07% of the 130,477 polling stations.[14]

On September 5, 2006, Calderón was unanimously (after the change of the votes of two of the magistrates[15]) declared President-elect by the Tribunal with a lead of 233,831 votes or 0.56% over López Obrador. The electoral court concluded that there were minor irregularities before and during the election, but these were not enough to invalidate the election. The ruling was mandatory, final, and could not be appealed.[16]

Presidency

Inauguration

The PRD opposition had threatened not to allow Calderón to take the oath of office and be inaugurated as President. In a surprising move, the PAN took control of Congress's main floor three days before the inauguration was scheduled. This led to days of fist fighting in the congressional floor and plenty of uncertainty as to what would happen and whether or not Calderón would assume Mexico's Presidency. The Mexican Constitution states that the President must be inaugurated by taking the Oath of Office in front of Congress and next to the President of the Chamber of Deputies.

On November 30, ten minutes to midnight, in an unprecedented event,[17] outgoing President Vicente Fox Quesada and still President-Elect Felipe Calderón Hinojosa stood side by side, on national television, as Mr. Fox turned over the Presidential Band to a cadet, who handed it to Mr. Calderón. Afterwards, Mr. Fox read a short speech indicating that he had concluded his mandate by receiving the flag "that had accompanied him during the last six years which he had devoted himself completely to the service of Mexico and had the utmost honor of being the President of the Republic".[18] Then Mr. Calderón read a speech to the people of Mexico, indicating that he would attend to the inauguration ceremony at the Chamber of Deputies. He made a call to unity using words from his presidential campaign. Though it was debated at the time whether or not the action had been constitutional, it gave Calderón the right of protection by the Presidential Guard, which proved crucial on the next day.

On December 1, despite the PRD's plans to prevent Calderón from taking office, the inauguration in front of Congress was able to proceed. Hours before Calderón's arrival, lawmakers from the PRD and PAN parties, began a brawl[19] where some representatives threw punches and pushed while others shouted at each other. PRD representatives shouted "Fuera Fox" ("out with (President) Fox") and blew whistles, while PAN representatives responded back with "Mexico, Mexico". At 9:45am CST, all Mexican media cut to the official National Broadcast, where commentators discussed the situation, and showed scenes inside the Palace of the Chamber of Deputies, Palacio de San Lazaro. At 9:50am CST, Calderón entered the chamber through a protected entrance in the back of the Palace and approached the podium where he took the oath as required by the Constitution.[20] After the anthem the shouts continued with the opposition yelling "Felipe will fall", and PAN representatives shouting "sí se pudo" (it was possible).[21][22] Calderón stood in Congress for less than five minutes and walked out. At 10:00am CST the official broadcast ended and most other stations resumed their programming.

As the inaugural ceremony was transpiring in Congress, López Obrador led a rally of supporters in the Zocalo, which some estimates place attendance at over 100,000 people, some then marched down Reforma Avenue, toward Auditorio Nacional, where Calderón would address an audience of supporters after his inauguration.[23][24] At the sight of Federal Police protecting the auditorium, the rally disbanded to avoid a confrontation.

Cabinet Appointments

Main article: Mexican Executive Cabinet
OFFICE NAME TERM
President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa 2006–
Interior Francisco Ramírez Acuña 2006–
Foreign Affairs Patricia Espinoza 2006–
Public Safety Genaro García Luna 2006–
Attorney General Eduardo Medina-Mora 2006–
Health José Ángel Córdoba 2006–
Education Josefina Vázquez Mota 2006–
Economy Eduardo Sojo 2006–
Labor Javier Lozano Alarcón 2006–
Agriculture Alberto Cárdenas Jiménez 2006–
Energy Georgina Kessel 2006–
Finance Agustín Carstens 2006–
Communications Luis Tellez 2006–
Defense Guillermo Galván Galván 2006–
Navy Mariano Saynez Mendoza 2006–
Presidential Guard Jesus Javier Castillo Cabrera 2006–
Social Development Beatriz Zavala 2006–
Environment Juan Rafael Elvira Quezada 2006–
Tourism Rodoflo Elizondo Torres 2006–
Public Function Germán Martínez 2006–

Domestic Policy

During the first months of government, President Calderón has taken several actions that have impacted his image in Mexico, and beyond its borders, particularly in Europe and in the United States. Some of these actions, like the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact, and a cap on the salaries of public servants have been interpreted by some as actions "seeking to fulfill a campaign promise to incorporate the agenda of election rival Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador into his government".[25]

The Wall Street Journal has said that Calderón has risked the possibility of reforms in Mexico by "reaching out to traditional power brokers, forging alliances with everyone from union bosses to billionaire television moguls", in a strategy that "has bolstered the president's otherwise weak political position" but, "may prevent him from making the deep political and economic changes Mexico needs to modernize".[26][27]

Foreign Policy

It is expected that Calderón will continue with the foreign policy started during Fox's term[28], known as the Castañeda Doctrine, in abandoment of the Estrada Doctrine. He has been expected to mediate with liberal Latin American countries.[29]

Calderón has been a proponent of the Puebla-Panama Plan (PPP)[30], started during Fox. However, more than a simple continuation, Calderón has expanded the PPP, now including Colombia[31], and an agreement of cooperation against organized crime[32]. Jorge G. Castañeda, Secretary of Foreign Affairs during Fox, and proponent of the "Castañeda Doctrine", has suggested that Calderón's leadership and the PPP should be used as a counter-part to Hugo Chávez's leadership of left-wing policies in Latin America[33]. Calderón has stated that "the challenge (of the PPP) is to foster democratic practices with solid foundation in the region"[34].

Position on Immigration Reform

Felipe Calderón has made immigration reform one of his main priorities.[35] Like his predecessor, President Vicente Fox, Calderón’s goal is to achieve a comprehensive immigration reform before President George W. Bush leaves office.[35]

Before meeting with President Bush in March 2007, Calderon openly expressed his disapproval of building a wall between the two nations.[36]

Economic Policy

Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact

The international price of corn rose dramatically throughout 2006, leading to the inflation of tortilla prices in the first month of Calderón's term. Because tortilla is the main food product consumed by the country's poorest[37], national concern over the rising prices immediately generated political pressures for Calderón's administration.

The President opted for using price ceilings for tortillas that protect local producers of corn.[38] This price control came in the form of a Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact between the government and many of the main tortilla producing companies, including Grupo Maseca and Bimbo, to put a price ceiling at $8.50 pesos per kilogram of tortilla. The idea of the agreement is that having these producers ceiling their prices would incentive the market to lower the prices nationally.

The Pact has been heavily criticized by both the right and the left. Critics argue that the Pact was both non-binding and a de facto acceptance of a 30% increase in the price of that product (from $5.95 pesos per kilogram to $8.50 pesos per kilogram).[39][40][41] Many tortillerias ignored the agreement, leading to price increases in well in excess of the $8.50.[42] Government opposition see this as an indication of the failure to protect the economy of poor consumers. In response to this, PROFECO, a consumer protection government organization, has also threatened with jail those tortilla producers who charge "excessive" prices.

Three months after the pact was signed, the Secretariat of Economy has informed that the price of Tortillas was reduced in most of the 53 main cities of Mexico. However, in 27 cities and 15 States the price is above the agreed $8.50 pesos. In fact, in Tijuana, Morelia, San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Victoria, and Nuevo Laredo the price of the tortilla has risen, this is despite the fact that the average price of maize has dropped from $3,500 pesos per ton to $2,500 pesos per ton. However, the Director of the Maize Industry Council has defended the pact by minimizing the price increments in those cities, claiming that the pact was only intended for the Valley of Mexico, and not the whole country.[43]

However, some major supermarkets such as Soriana, or Comercial Mexicana sell the tortillas at a lower price than the one in the agreement,and even 14% lower than the original price, reaching even $5.10 pesos per kilogram.[44] Which is interpreted by liberals as evidence that price controls, and the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact, were unnecessary.

Guillermo Ortiz, Chairman of Mexico's Central Bank, labeled the agreement "a success" for consumers, and urged for it to continue as means to combat rising inflation.[45]

First Employment Program

Fulfilling an electoral promise, President Calderón launched a National First Employment Program that aims to create new opportunities for people who are entering the job market in Mexico. The program will give cash incentives to companies for hiring first-time job holders, including young people graduating from higher education, and millions of women who have never worked.[46]

The program has been interpreted as an effort to stop immigration into the United States.[47]

Reactions to this program have been mixed. The President of the Mexican Association of Directors in Human Relations, Luis García, has anticipated a positive effect, and even showed Nextel's subsidiary in Mexico as an example for hiring 14% of its new workforce in 2006 as people in their "first employment".[48]

However, other groups have criticized this program for being insufficient. Secretary of Labor Javier Lozano Alarcón has admitted that the program will be insufficient to create as many new jobs as needed, and has called for deeper reforms to allow further investment.[49]

Public Servants Salary Cap

President Calderón announced, on his first day as President, a Presidential Decree limiting the President's salary and that of cabinet ministers. The measure only affects a few high-ranking officials, but excludes most of the bureaucracy, or public servants in the legislative or judicial branches. According to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by Reforma, the Decree will affect 546 high-level government officials, and save the government about US$ 13 million dollars[50] The opposition has stated that the 10% reduction in salary as not being comprehensive enough.[51][52]

Calderón later launched a proposal for a constitutional amendment that, if passed, would significantly lower salaries for all public servants in all three branches of government, and impose a cap on compensation.[53] The proposal also includes measures to make the remuneration of public servants more transparent, and subject to fiscalization.[54]

Security Policy

File:Calderón-Bush.jpg
President Calderón and President George W. Bush in Mérida, Yucatán, March 14, 2007.

Despite imposing a cap on salaries of high-ranking public servants, Calderón ordered a raise on the salaries of the Federal Police and the Mexican Armed forces, on his first day as President.

Calderón's government also ordered massive raids on drug cartels upon assuming office in December 2006.

On January 19, 2007 Mexican authorities captured alleged drug cartel leader Pedro Diaz Parada. It was the first major drug arrest during the Calderón administration.

The next day, in a controversial move, the government announced the extradition to the United States of several drug gang leaders.[55]

The Mexican government has also ordered Mexican soldiers, and Federal Police into several cities, most notably, Tijuana and Monterrey. In Tijuana, the Army ordered that all local Police officers surrender their weapons, as it is suspected that a few officers have ties with drug cartels. Other states where actions have been taken include Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Tabasco and Guerrero

In an interview to the Financial Times, Calderón said that "we have received very encouraging results. In the state of Michoacán, for example, the murder rate has fallen almost 40 per cent compared with the average over the last six months. People’s support in the regions where we are operating has grown, and that has been very important. Opinion polls have confirmed that, and I think we have made it clear to everyone that this issue is a priority for us".[56]

On April 9, 2007, the Secretariat of Defense announced in a report the results of the first four months, from December 1 2006 to April 5 2007, of actions since Calderón took power. These results include the capture of 1,102 drug dealers, the detention of about $500 million pesos, 556 kilograms of marihuana, 1,419 military grade weapons, two airplanes, 630 automoviles, and 15 sea ships that transported drugs, and the destruction of 285 clandestine runways, 777 drug camps, 52,842 marihuana farms and 33,019 Opium poppy farms. The report claims that these results "stopped the distribution of 1,428,124 dosis of marihuana, 17,728,000 dosis of cocaine, 193,922,000 dosis of heroin, and 6,996,000 toxic pills" stopping the intoxication of "647,771,000 people, a lot of them with irreversible damage to their health".[57]

Despite the government's reported success in detaining drug-lords, drug-related violence continues to increase. Milenio reported a 41% increase in drug-related deaths during the first quarter of this year, compared to the corresponding period last year, as the number of deaths increased to 677 from 480.[58]In the state of Michoacan, Excelsior reported 80 drug-related deaths during the first two months of the year, just three shy of the figure during the corresponding period last year. [59] Reforma has reported that drug-related deaths averaged 4 per day during the first half of March, "despite the heavy presence of military police in the states of Michoacán, Baja California, Guerrero and the so-called Golden Triangle, comprising the states of Sinaloa, Durango and Chihuahua. [60] In Monterrey there has been such a surge in violence that 300 local law enforcement officers have quit their posts.[61][62][63]

Approval ratings

Demonstrators have met Calderón during his tours of Europe and Central America, protesting alleged human rights abuses in the 2006 Oaxaca protests and supposed electoral fraud in the controversial Presidential Election of 2006.[64][65][66][67]

According to a Parametria poll conducted from January 27 to 30, Calderón's approval rating was 48%. The director of the polling firm, Francisco Abundis, attributed the decrease in Calderon's rating from an earlier 70% principally to the increase in the price of the tortilla.[68][69]

However, according to a poll by Grupo Reforma taken from February 16 to 18, Calderón's current approval rating is of 58%. In this poll, Mexicans interviewed give President Calderón and his actions a score of 6.6 out of 10. He is best rated in his actions on issues related to health and reducing drug trafficking (60% and 59% approval respectively), and worse rated on domestic and foreign policy (33% approval, each). Sixty per cent of the interviewed judged that honesty was Calderón's best attribute during these first months of government. Reforma, however, makes a breakdown of Calderóns approval rating: the 54% of the interviewed who thought the 2006 election was legitimate gave the President a 77% approval rating, while the 34% who said they did not think the 2006 election was legitimate gave the President an approval rating of only 34%.[70]

According to a poll published on El Universal[71], Calderón's approval score increased from 6.5 (from 0 to 10) in January to 7.0 (from 0 to 10) in April. The poll took place from April 26 to May 1, the figures have a confidence level of 95%. Individuals affiliated to the PAN and PRI gave the highest scores (8.2 and 6.9 respectively) and the biggest increases where seen in the members affiliated to the PRI and PRD (1.0 and 0.9 respectively).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Felipe Calderón". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/06/world/americas/06calderon.html?ex=1315195200&en=9301b32c2c6c53bd&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
  3. ^ "Alum is Apparent Winner of Presidential Election in Mexico". Harvard KSG. 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
  4. ^ Daily Mass Catholic pro-lifer wins Mexico presidential elections over abortion supporter
  5. ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/10/01/008n2pol.php
  6. ^ http://www.noticias-oax.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=5&id_art=34628&id_ejemplar=876
  7. ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/329902.html
  8. ^ Mexico's Calderon Urges Region to Reject Turn to Failed Past "Many countries in Latin America have chosen a move toward the past, and among their most harmful decisions are seeking nationalizations, expropriations, state control of the economy and authoritarianism," Calderón said in an interview in Davos. "Mexicans have decided to look to the future and to strengthen democracy, markets and investment."
  9. ^ Piden investigar 'autopréstamo' de Felipe Calderón
  10. ^ http://www.hildebrando.com.mx/phImagenesSector.jsp?nombreSector=GOBIERNO
  11. ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/139247.html
  12. ^ Calderón leads in Preliminary Results with 1.04%
  13. ^ http://www.felipe-calderon.org/felipeCalderon/Sala+de+Prensa/Discursos/2006/Julio/dis_02_07_06.htm
  14. ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/366854.html
  15. ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/144340.html
  16. ^ Felipe Calderon Declared President-Elect of Mexico
  17. ^ Mexican Inauguration Erupts into Fistfight
  18. ^ En Acto Castrense, Calderón asume el Poder Ejecutivo
  19. ^ Tough inauguration for controversial new Mexican President
  20. ^ http://www.kcra.com/politics/10442963/detail.html
  21. ^ Calderon becomes president amid heckling from opposition
  22. ^ http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico2dec02,1,2007839.story?page=1&cset=true&ctrack=1&track=crosspromo&coll=la-headlines-world
  23. ^ http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/01/news/mexico.php
  24. ^ http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-ed-televisa16dec16,0,4158778.story?coll=la-opinion-leftrail
  25. ^ Calderon Proposes Cap on Mexican Government Salaries "Calderón's bill, which seeks to apply uniform criteria for determining government salaries, signals he is seeking to fulfill a campaign promise to incorporate the agenda of election rival Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador into his government."
  26. ^ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB116952451481584641.html
  27. ^ http://www.lanacion.com.ar/Herramientas/SoloTexto/Nota.asp?nota_id=877597
  28. ^ Mexican Rivals Have Different World Views "Harvard-educated Felipe Calderon, says he'll follow the globe-trotting path of President Vicente Fox, who catapulted Mexico onto the world scene six years ago, eager to show off the country's invigorated democracy after his victory ended 71 years of rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party."
  29. ^ Calderon's foreign policy looks south
  30. ^ Mexican summit set to relaunch Puebla-Panama Plan
  31. ^ Mexico’s Calderon gives life to Puebla-Panama Plan
  32. ^ Se comprometen países del PPP a enfrentar juntos el crimen organizado by Milenio Diario
  33. ^ Plan Puebla-Panama by Jorge G. Castañeda as published in El Norte
  34. ^ El gran reto para la región es cimentar las prácticas democráticas, dice Calderón by Milenio Diario
  35. ^ a b CALDERON'S PLANS FOR U.S. IMMIGRATION as published in The Conservative
  36. ^ http://cbs2chicago.com/national/topstories_story_072061210.html
  37. ^ [http://www.laprensa-sandiego.org/archieve/2007/february02-07/tortilla.htm La tortilla: golpe a los pobres en México ]
  38. ^ Calderon signs accord to contain tortilla prices "The accord limits tortilla prices to 8.50 pesos ($0.78) per kilogram and threatens prison sentences of up to 10 years for companies found hoarding corn."
  39. ^ http://www.proceso.com.mx/noticia.html?sec=0&nta=47675
  40. ^ http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=108600
  41. ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/01/20/index.php?section=capital&article=034n1cap
  42. ^ http://mx.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200701291845_INV_30357057
  43. ^ Falla pacto tortillero by El Norte
  44. ^ PROFECO, "Quien es quien en los precios / Tortilla" Soriana $5.10 (pesos per kilogram of Tortilla), Comercial Mexicana $5.80 (pesos per kilogram of tortilla), Chedraui $5.90 (pesos per kilogram of tortilla).
  45. ^ Mexico central bank urges renewal of tortilla pact, on Yahoo! News
  46. ^ President kicks off job initiative "The National First Job Program will give cash incentives to companies for hiring first-time job holders" ... "Calderón said that in addition to young people, the program is aimed at helping millions of women who have never worked."
  47. ^ Mexico starts effort to slow immigration
  48. ^ Prevén impacto positivo con Programa del Primer Empleo, El Universal, "El Programa del Primer Empleo tendrá un impacto positivo en la generación de nuevas plazas laborales porque es un incentivo para las empresas, aseguró el presidente de la Asociación Mexicana de Dirección de Recursos Humanos (Amedirh), Luis García.", and, "Ejemplificó que Nextel contrató casi mil 300 personas durante 2006, de las cuales alrededor de 14 por ciento fue de nuevo ingreso y "tenemos pensado un crecimiento similar para este año pero con este beneficio", se podría incluso duplicar el número de personas en su primer empleo."
  49. ^ Insuficiente, el programa del primer empleo, reconoce titular del Trabajo La Jornada, "El titular de la Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social (STPS), Javier Lozano, admitió que el programa del primer empleo es insuficiente para satisfacer la demanda laboral del país", and "el funcionario agregó que lo que se requiere es elevar los niveles de competitividad del país y atraer más inversiones..., por lo que hizo un llamado a todos los actores para ir a favor de las modificaciones a la ley laboral vigente que no sufre cambios desde 1980."
  50. ^ http://mx.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200701301901_INF_30358916&idtel=
  51. ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/12/04/index.php?section=politica&article=008n2pol
  52. ^ http://www.revistafortuna.com.mx/opciones/archivo/2006/diciembre/htm/tendencioso.htm
  53. ^ Calderon Proposes Cap on Mexican Government Salaries "Mexican President Felipe Calderon asked Congress to cap salaries for government officials after issuing an executive order cutting his own pay."
  54. ^ Initiative to Reform Articles 73 and 127 of the Constitution of Mexico (In Spanish)
  55. ^ Mexico vows to keep fighting drug trade "A day after Mexico extradited four top drug kingpins to the U.S., Mexico's top security officials denied that the extraditions were a result of U.S. pressure"
  56. ^ Financial Times Interview transcript: Felipe Calderón
  57. ^ Sedena: cayeron mil 102 narcos en cuatro meses Milenio Diario, April 9, 2007.
  58. ^ http://www.milenio.com/mexico/milenio/nota.asp?id=496907
  59. ^ http://www.nuevoexcelsior.com.mx/27_1607.htm
  60. ^ http://www.reforma.com/libre/online/envialo/Envia_Amigo.asp?pagina=http://www.reforma.com/nacional/articulo/748636/default.asp&md5=4d1cd2ab690b6fc69a5e2ab46a760c8f
  61. ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2007/03/18/aumentan-asesinatos-en-nuevo-leon-pese-a-operativo-conjunto-de-seguridad/
  62. ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/149281.html
  63. ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/primera/28588.html
  64. ^ http://www.eldiariodechihuahua.com.mx/notas.php?IDNOTA=52764&IDSECCION=El%20Pa%C3%ADs&IDREPORTERO=Associated%20Press
  65. ^ http://srv2.vanguardia.com.mx/hub.cfm/FuseAction.Detalle/Nota.598890/SecID.16/index.sal
  66. ^ http://www.proceso.com.mx/noticia.html?sec=0&nta=47827
  67. ^ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/147983.html
  68. ^ http://www.terra.com.mx/formato.aspx?ref=0&articuloid=215217&paginaid=1&formatoId=2&canal=noticias
  69. ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/02/14/index.php?section=politica&article=024n1pol
  70. ^ Template:Es Primera Evaluación al Presidente Felipe Calderón (requires subscription), by Grupo Reforma
  71. ^ El Universal, Sube 10 puntos aprobación de Calderón.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Felipe Calderón.

Political offices

Political offices

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Preceded by Secretary of Energy
2003 – 2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the National Action Party
1996 – 1999 		Succeeded by
Preceded by PAN presidential candidate
2006 (won) 		Succeeded by
Most recent


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