Pfyn fort
| Pfyn fort | |
|---|---|
| Alternative name | Ad Fines |
| limes |
Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes (DIRL), Maxima Sequanorum or Raetia prima , backward line, route 3, |
| Dating (occupancy) | Diocletian, late 3rd-5th centuries AD |
| Type | Cohort or cavalry fort |
| unit | unknown |
| size | 1.6 ha |
| Construction | Stone construction |
| State of preservation | Round oval system with protruding horseshoe towers , foundations of the north wall including some towers have been preserved and are partly visible above ground |
| place | Pfyn |
| Geographical location | 714 530 / 272630 |
| height | 401 m above sea level M. |
| Previous | Fort Konstanz (Constantia) (northeast) |
| Subsequently | Fort Winterthur (Vitudurum) (east) |
| Upstream | Fort Eschenz (Tasgetium) (northwest) |
The Pfyn fort was part of the fortress chain of the Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes (DIRL), which was built in late antiquity , and is located in Switzerland , canton Thurgau , district Frauenfeld , political municipality Pfyn .
The fort , presumably founded in the late 4th century AD, was part of the rear fortification line of the DIRL, which was built to protect the long-distance traffic connections of the imperial border, which was taken back to the Rhine-Danube line under Diocletian and Constantine I. The Romans fortified the eastern part of a moraine line that runs parallel to the ridge of the Seerücken and the Thur plain. Some remains of the northern fence are still visible today. Signs of early or mid-imperial settlement on the fort hill were very rare. To this day, no inscriptions from its founding time are known. Based on the series of coins, it is assumed that there were no regular Roman troops here from AD 400. In addition to references to a Roman estate ( Villa Rustica ) in the Heerenziegler corridor, only various individual finds and remains of a larger stone building from Spolia have been discovered. Mainly coins, dishes, jewelry, toys and tools were found in the fort, but only a few weapons. The interior was probably densely built up and does not seem to have been used exclusively by the military.
Surname
The current place name is derived from the Latin ad fines or ad finem (= "located on the border"), as the old borderline between the early imperial provinces of Raetia and Belgica , probably east of Konstanz in the Arbon Forest, ran here. The latter later developed into Germania Superior and, in the course of Diocletian's administrative reforms, into Maxima Sequanorum . The fort could also have been added to the neighboring Raetia I. Ad fines is used in the two main sources for Roman place names, im
- Itinerarium Antonini and in the
- Tabula Peutingeriana ,
mentioned. In both of them, the distances at Pfyn change from the Roman miles customary in the east of the empire to Gallic leagues. The place is listed in the Itinerarium as a stage stop on the long-distance traffic connection Augusta Vindelicum ( Augsburg ) - Ad Fines (Pfyn) - Treveros ( Trier ).
Location and road connections
Pfyn is about six kilometers from the district capital Frauenfeld , on the northern edge of the Thur basin . Its surrounding area is shaped by the remains of the great ice ages. In the north, a range of hills consisting of moraines, the so-called Seerücken , separates the village and the valley of the Thur from the Untersee . The Thur valley itself was formed by primeval glaciers. Due to regulatory measures in the 19th century, the river no longer runs - as it did in ancient Roman times - in the immediate vicinity of the “Städtlihügel”, but around 500 meters further south. The late Roman fort was strategically and conveniently located on the eastern part of an approximately one-kilometer-long, drumlin-like and Wurm-Ice Age lateral moraine ("Bergli"), which runs 500 meters further as a spur of the Adelberg. Today it is almost completely overbuilt by the medieval town center, located approx. 20 meters above the Thur (so-called "Städtli") and the St. Bartholomew's Church.
In antiquity, a Roman military road coming from the west led via Pfyn from Vitudurum ( Oberwinterthur ) to the neighboring fort in Arbor Felix ( Arbon ), another connection via the Seerücken branched off from here to Tasgetium ( Eschenz ). At which point this street crossed the Thur is not known, the Roman bridge was probably located in the area of the so-called "Old Customs House". This river crossing was used until the 19th century. It is very likely that there was a second road route to Arbon, which ran on the southern edge of the Thur basin and through the Lauertal.
Dating and function
Since no relevant inscriptions have been discovered in Pfyn to this day, the date of foundation of the fort can only be estimated; it was probably built between the years 295 and 300. Due to the coin finds (4th to 5th centuries) it is considered certain that it was in the same time period as the neighboring forts of
- Arbor Felix (Arbon),
- Vitudurum (Oberwinterthur) and
- Tasgetium (Eschenz Castle / Stein am Rhein)
was built. Inscriptions found there prove that at least the construction of the latter two can be dated to the year 294. Before that there was probably no significant Roman settlement activity on the "Städtlihügel".
From the position of the fort it can be inferred that its crew was responsible for monitoring a section of the Arbon – Konstanz – Eschenz – Zurzach – Basel line. The camp also covered the rear connection line for the border fortresses along the Rhine line and on the shores of Lake Constance between Arbon and Oberwinterthur.
Research history
Pfyn appears for the first time around 760 - under the name "vina" - in the chronicle of the St. Gallen monk Ratpert, when it came into the possession of Count Warin. The village is mentioned again in the 15th century in the Konstanz chronicles; the fort is said to have been clearly visible until a conflagration that devastated the place in 1476. At the end of the 16th century, Johannes Stumpf reported on remains of the Roman wall, coins and finds from books . In 1811, Ludwig Haller recognized the ruins as a Roman camp and assumed that it originated from the time of Emperor Tiberius . This assumption persisted into the 20th century. A little later, a Roman burial ground was discovered at the “Gasthof Krone” . Roman building remains with hypocaust heating (underfloor heating) in the "Heerenziegler" corridor have also been known since the middle of the 19th century . In 1850 a lead sarcophagus weighing around 118 kilograms was found in the same section, which is no longer preserved today. Around 1860 the founder of modern archeology in Switzerland, Ferdinand Keller , published an initial inventory and Albert Strupler created a map of the fort site. In 1920, with the investigations of Karl Keller-Tarnutzer, a new era in the exploration of the fort began. He was able to partially correct Ferdinand Keller's interpretation of the findings and made a special contribution to the systematic recording of the finds made on the camp area up to 1923. In the years 1928–1929, a small antique burial ground with a total of 18 burials was examined on the Adelberg, around 700 meters east of the fort, and in 1931 eight more burials were observed at the “Gasthof Krone”. In 1935 the remains of an antique kiln were also found in the Heerenziegler.
The fort itself remained completely unexplored until 1976. From that year until 2001, the Office for Archeology of the Canton of Thurgau repeatedly carried out smaller and larger excavations and soundings. However, due to the heavily eroded Roman layers and the limited excavation areas, only a small fraction of the original existing settlement rubble could be examined; the more recent deposits from late antiquity were mostly completely missing. The findings were summarized and published in a two-volume work in 2008 (see section Literature).
development
Prehistoric finds, which were made in the " Peat Bog Breitenloo" west of Pfyn, prove that the place must have been inhabited since prehistoric times. The findings, including remains of pile dwellings from the Neolithic Age , were so specific that an independent “ Pfyner culture ” can be assumed. The fort itself stands directly above the remains of a Celtic settlement from the Latène period . The Romans had established themselves in northeastern Switzerland since the 1st century AD. Up until the 3rd century AD, the Pfyn area was still deep within the imperial territory, as the border with Germania libera (free Germania) ran much further north. From the year 300 on, however, this Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, together with the Dekumatenland, had to be abandoned in the turmoil of the Imperial Crisis of the 3rd century and left to the Alamanni, who were constantly pushing in. The border of the Imperium Romanum (Roman Empire) was therefore taken back to the Rhine-Danube line or to the shores of Lake Constance (lacus Brigantiae) under Emperor Probus and the region again became a border area.
The collapse of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes forced the survivors of the Romanesque population to erect temporary fortifications on inaccessible hills (e.g. the hilltop settlements of Toos -Waldi and Schaan -Krüppel) or to take positions in the larger cities that were easier to defend ( Augusta Raurica castles ). These bases and places of refuge, largely isolated from one another, could not replace an area-wide organized border protection. When the situation stabilized somewhat again between the 260s and 290s, the central Roman government built in, presumably on behalf of Diocletian
- Basel-Münsterberg,
- Kaiseraugst,
- Zurzach,
- Eschenz,
- Constancy
and probably also on the Pfyn “Städtlihügel” a number of new forts, which corresponded to the latest state of the art in Roman fortress construction technology.
For further support was u. a. a flotilla of patrol boats (numerus barcariorum) was established on Lake Constance , which had bases in Brigantium (Bregenz) and Arbor Felix (Arbon). The crews in the forts of the second line such as Pfyn, Oberwinterthur, Kloten, Irgenhausen , Schaan and Zurich-Lindenhof were called in to secure the main connection routes between the border fortresses and the hinterland . In 298 the last great Alemanni invasion took place in the 3rd century, but this was repulsed by a rapid victory of the Romans at Vindonissa . After that, this section of the Limes was relatively calm again for about 50 years. Between the new, 15 or 40 kilometers apart forts were I. Constantine and last time by Valentinian I additionally numerous watch towers ( burg ) built messaging and continuous monitoring.
Inscriptions from the time the camp was built or later periods have not yet been discovered, due to the coin series, which ends with mints from around AD 400, it is assumed that the fort in Pfyn was cleared by the regular army around this time or lost its military function. However, it is not conclusive evidence that the fort has been completely abandoned. The interruption of the flow of bronze coins does not have to mean that the circulation of money collapsed completely. The discovery of some precious metal coins from the 5th century in eastern Switzerland showed that only the composition of the coinage had changed significantly. Coins from Augustus to Valentinian III. suggest that Roman settlement lasted at least into the 5th century. After the Battle of Zülpich in 496, the Alamannia also became part of the Frankish Empire. Christians have probably lived in the fort since the 3rd century. Pfyn is probably one of the oldest Christian communities in the region, and the Bartholomäuskirche is one of the earliest church buildings in Thurgau , which also demonstrates the continuity of settlement during the early Middle Ages.
Fort
With an area of almost 1.6 hectares, the fort is slightly larger than the comparable camps in Arbon (1.0 hectare) and Eschenz (0.8 hectare). Its expansion to the east is still largely unexplored. Some Roman fortifications on the Danube-Iller-Rhine-Limes, such as B. Irgenhausen, were built in the classic rectangular or diamond shape. The Pfyner Fort, on the other hand, had an almost round oval floor plan, which largely conformed to the contours of the moraine hill.
The Roman construction crews probably first erected the fortifications and then prepared the interior of the fort by leveling it for development. The hilltop was dug up and the northern and southern terrain was expanded with the material obtained. The Städtlihügel was later washed away by the Thur and the Dorfbach and reduced in size in the south and east, so that only the north and west sides of the fortifications have been preserved. In the section of the fort wall that is still visible today, the glacis has undergone major changes over the centuries, and the same applies to the hill plateau.
Enclosure
The sections of the double wall with a cast mortar core that have been preserved to this day convey a fairly uniform picture. The Roman walls, which are largely integrated into the current development, are still over five meters high in places. Its original height is unknown. The northern fort wall (with the exception of the eastern corner tower) and a small part of the western wall are visible - over almost its entire length. In its original condition, the north wall was probably around 13 meters longer. The so-called "Trotte" (former press house of the castle) and the castle itself, today a school building, are located directly on the northern fort wall. The southern wall and the fortifications in the east - perhaps in the 14th century - were washed down by the Thur and the Dorfbach and have now completely disappeared.
The north wall was built by the Roman engineers directly into the steep slope, which fell up to 15 degrees against the wall. Both its outer and inner shell have been raised in horizontal positions. River rubble was used as a building material for the outer cladding, the pointed heads of which had been chopped off beforehand, and the cast mortar core was filled with rubble and debris. The foundations were 2.36 meters wide at the examined locations. The lower two to three layers were dry and laid in what is known as an ear cluster ( Opus spicatum ) so that the seepage water could flow unhindered over the slope. Its rising masonry is on average 2.25 meters thick. In the north-west corner there were still visible remains of the former - stone-visible - plastering.
dig
Due to the spur-like shape of the Städtlihügel, it is assumed that the fort was not surrounded by a moat on all four sides. The village stream in the north, 55 meters from the wall, has probably not changed its course significantly since ancient times and could have been included as a natural obstacle to the approach. Only the west side was easily accessible and only here in 1924 traces of a 15 to 20 meter wide and 2.2 to 3 meter deep ditch could be detected. Its backfill contained artifacts from ancient times to the Renaissance. So it must have been visible for a long time. Further to the east, between Mühlen- and Rumpelgasse, further evidence of a ditch came to light during pipeline construction work. The find layer was about 20 meters away from the wall, which corresponded to the average width (10 to 20 meters) of berms built in late antiquity .
Gate systems
There is still a lack of archaeological evidence that could provide clarity about the exact location and nature of the gate systems. In principle, only the wall sections at Südrain (south gate) and south of the Trotte (west gate) would be considered as locations. In the west, on the narrowest side of the fence, the wall crossed a ridge that rose like a ramp on its outside to the hill. Traces of an access road or a gate system could not be discovered there. Another gate in the north wall, also accessible by cart, is unlikely, as the north wall in the area of the way to school was still completely preserved at the time of the archaeological investigations. On Tower III (Mühlgasse), the function of some of its structural details has not yet been fully clarified. It is possible that there were only smaller passages (hatches) in the north and east wall.
Towers
The north wall was reinforced by horseshoe towers projecting the width of the wall, which were built at a distance of 35 to 37 meters. They were numbered from I to VI using the 1983 terminology. The round, hostile-facing walls of the westernmost and easternmost tower (so-called basket arch) were up to 1.48 meters thick. The entrances to the towers were between 103 and 108 centimeters wide. Due to their location on the steep slope, their doorsteps were so deep that you had to climb down to them. Before the leveling was completed, they could only be reached via a specially dug into the slope leading from tower to tower.
Whether all of the towers in Pfyn actually retained the semicircular shape in the rising masonry is unclear due to the poor state of preservation of most of the specimens examined. It is known that at the forts in Eschenz and Konstanz, polygonal defense towers were built over round or square foundations. The towers are made of the same material as the fort wall, bricks, tuff stones and spoilage were only found here and there.
Tower I.
It was particularly well preserved in its lower structures and secured the northwest corner of the camp. Above all, his basket arch on the enemy side was still fully visible with him. However, its center was shifted a little too far to the east. It is possible that the fort was originally planned to be somewhat larger and the tower was only intended to reinforce the north wall. Due to the plan changes, however, the basket arch became too narrow, so that the west wall was in the blind spot and you could not see it. The same abnormality was also observed in Zurich-Lindenhof , but here in several towers.
The radius of the tower front was 3.6 meters. The back wall to the fort wall was, as with all other towers, straight and jumped 96 cm back into the interior of the fort. In front of its entrance gate there was a 2.5 to 4.5 meter wide excavation in the slope, which was supposed to facilitate access. Post holes suggest that the 103 centimeter wide entrance gate was protected from the weather by a small canopy (monopitch roof?). Their threshold was 20 centimeters lower than the floor level of the interior of the fort. A small drainage trench had been dug in front of the threshold to drain the rainwater. Its masonry was erected in the same way as the fort's walls. There were also several spolia (column drums) and terrazzo fragments that were walled up here.
Tower II
It is located approx. 36.7 meters east of Tower I. Its 6.80 meter long rear wall is still clearly visible (including the completely preserved, 108 centimeter wide entrance gate) in the basement of the school building, the SE corner still protrudes up to 65 centimeters into the basement. The shape of the tower front could no longer be clarified.
Tower III
Its location was about 36 meters east of Tower II. The type of construction and dimensions are not known. Only a 1.70 meter wide protrusion of the wall on the eastern front has survived. The back could not be examined. To the east of the tower there was still a gap in the wall, possibly the rest of a hatch .
Tower IV
This tower was probably located in the area of house No. 194, 35 meters from Tower III and 37.3 meters from Tower V. In the house cellar, the fort wall changes direction again. In addition, a wall breakthrough with a width of 4.30 meters was observed here, which presumably marks the inner width of the tower, which is now completely destroyed.
Tower v
In 1976, the remains of the western front of this tower were discovered at Rumpelgasse. Other ancient wall structures in the retaining wall of the cemetery turned out to be part of the fort wall, which continued to the east. Dimensions and shape are unknown; its design was probably comparable with the neighboring Tower VI.
Tower VI
The tower, located in 1976, is next to tower I the best preserved fortification of the fort. It was also a semicircular projecting building on the enemy side that was shifted approx. 60 cm to the east. The rising masonry of the 96 centimeter wide and 7.3 meter long rear wall on the side of the fort protrudes 1.50 meters and up to two meters at the corners. The 108 centimeter wide entrance gate was located exactly in the middle and was later partially reconstructed in the upper area or added later. Scaffolding holes can still be seen to the right and left of the entrance. The remains of a floor screed were also found inside.
Interior constructions
The interior of the fort is now almost completely built over. Little is known about the development of the 15,000 square meter hill plateau. In most cases, the ancient foundations were completely removed or down to the bottom. Most of the uncovered interior structures were wood and clay buildings, but references to stone structures are rarely found. In addition, there were fragments of ledges and hollow bricks (tegulae) , which were probably used to cover the roofs.
A Roman water pipe or aqueduct leading to the fort hill was not found in Pfyn. Only a 12 meter deep well shaft (pit 72) could be discovered and uncovered. It probably dates from the middle of the 4th century AD. However, the shaft collapsed again in the early 5th century. The crew is said to be supplied with fresh water only via such wells or cisterns.
Stone building
Remains of larger Roman stone buildings were only found in the area of the church, at the southwest corner of the sacristy , a pit house (pit 30) and - at the highest elevation of the Städtli hill - Roman wall remains made of mortar-laid, layered rubble and worked tuff stones. The building was oriented to the west-east, the 50 to 70 centimeters high and 80 centimeters wide wall angled in the west to the south and then lost itself in the cemetery area. The small remains were difficult to date, due to its location dominating the hill, the excavators suspected that they belonged to the camp headquarters, the principia .
In the north-west tower (tower I), the foundations of a large, triangular-like building with a floor area of 40 square meters, leaning against the western fort wall, were found. The wall was between 70 and 80 centimeters thick. On its north side there were still five tuff stone steps of a staircase built in later. Presumably it was a two-story building, a stone slab placed in the middle of the interior apparently served as a foundation for a supporting pillar that carried the false floor or the roof. The Roman origin of the building is controversial, it could also come from the Middle Ages. Remnants of plastering on the fort wall, however, indicate a late antique building.
Fragments of hollow bricks (tubuli) and occasional pillar slabs, which were probably once part of a larger hypocaust system (underfloor heating), were scattered over the whole area . However, the associated building has not yet been discovered. It is believed that these fragments come from the camp thermal bath .
Wood and clay building
The wooden structures - mostly based on the fort wall - could be recognized by means of threshold beam negatives and post holes arranged parallel to the fort wall. They are likely to have mainly served commercial purposes (blacksmithing and carving workshops), as suggests finds of cinder remains and antler remains. The findings from 1976 showed that the open spaces on the wall between towers IV and V were probably the first to be built upon after the camp went into operation.
Based on the findings, two of these buildings, which were located on Rumpelgasse, could be reconstructed more precisely. The western one was probably a 2.4 × 6.4 meter long shed with a pent roof and a floor made of thin gravel (rolling). Between these and the wall tower stood an approximately 9 × 4 meter building with a fireplace. The walls were probably made of wickerwork with clay plastering, the floor of rammed earth. In 1987 a second such building on the north wall was examined. In the two excavation campaigns, around two thirds (503 pieces) of the Roman vessel finds made in Pfyn were found on these relatively small areas alone, so that the building was perhaps used as an inn ( taberna ) .
Metal slag residues and hammer chips were also found distributed over the entire plateau, particularly concentrated in the southeast corner, where an emergency excavation was carried out in 1991 when the school was being built. Post holes, swelling beam negatives and fireplaces were found here. There was probably a forge here, which was attached to the southern fort wall. The timber frame construction could not be fully recorded due to the limited excavation area. It was probably up to seven meters long and four meters wide and covered with a simple monopitch roof made of slat tiles. The walls were probably made of wattle and daub. Several circular, multi-phase pits, an average of two meters in diameter, served as food . According to the Lees finds, it was probably created in the early 4th century AD.
garrison
No inscription (gravestones, military diplomas, etc.) is known about the troops stationed in Pfyn, so that only the few militaria finds from the fort area could be used to identify them. These fragments of weapons and equipment (spurs, belt fittings, arrowheads, lintels, shield bosses, darts / plumbata ) suggest that cavalry units ( ala ) could have been located here in addition to infantry . The design of the rivet head spurs of the Leuna type indicate Germanic mercenaries, the arrowheads with shaft spikes were mainly used by archers from the east. The size of the area suggests an infantry camp of the border army ( limitanei ) . Depending on the threat situation, these troops may have been assigned alternately here. In the event of a mixed occupancy, the camp offered space for an estimated 400 infantrymen and 120 horsemen, who were presumably under the command of a Dux provinciae Sequanicae .
Vicus
Since finds from the period between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD were extremely rare in Pfyn, research has largely ruled out the existence of a large civilian settlement in front of the fort.
Burial grounds
In 1928, when a new settlement was being built on the Adelberg, to the east of Pfyn, ancient, but poorly preserved, burials were found that were only 20 to 40 centimeters deep in the ground. However, the progress of the construction work did not allow closer investigation. Karl Keller-Tarnutzer could only see them superficially. A year later, the landowner made longer investigations possible, and more graves came to light. The graves contained only adult bones. Nine graves were left without graves. In the others, the usual range of finds such as B. ceramic crockery, Lavez and glass vessels, elements of costume etc. The coins came from the period between 340 and 350 AD, and the burial ground was probably created around this time. In 1931 Rudolf Rechberger discovered eight cremation graves and one skeleton grave at the "Gasthaus Krone", which contained additions from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Presumably these burials were part of a larger grave field.
Find spectrum
Due to the importance of the site for the Pfyn culture and as a Roman fort site, the pre-Roman epochs got somewhat out of the focus of archaeological research. For example, hatchet finds from the Bronze Age and grave finds from the area around Pfyn have been known for a long time, but only recently have Bronze Age layers of settlements in the village itself been found. Iron Age finds and findings have only come to light today. The density of finds from Roman cultural strata is exceptionally high compared to that from other Swiss castles. For the first time, it was possible to analyze a large number of late antique ceramics from northern Switzerland, which also covered the entire occupation time of the fort. Also worth mentioning are some spolia from the Middle Imperial period (column fragments, altar base). The column debris could have come from a larger temple, the location of which, however, has so far remained unknown.
The find catalog includes up to 10,000 items, including mainly Roman coins from various periods. Reports of coin finds from Pfyn have been known since the early 19th century. The series of coins covers the period when the fort was occupied; it begins with Valerian (258) and ends with an Aes from the period from 388 to 402 AD. Most of the 748 Roman coins found come from the Constantinian and Valentine periods. In addition to a relatively modest number of militaria and numerous fragments of glass, Lavez and ceramic vessels, jewelry made of glass, metal and organic material was found. In the case of the latter, numerous hair and dress pins made of bones stand out, which were probably made in the fort itself. A blacksmith's workshop and antler carving are also archaeologically proven. Particularly noteworthy are the fragments of a simple jointed doll made of cattle bones, which probably once belonged to a little girl from a better-off family. Weapons and other pieces of military equipment, however, are rare.
The finds of jewelry items such as B. an earring made of gold, hair and dress pins as well as bracelets made of silver, bronze and bone, beads made of glass, fibulae and other costume accessories up to toilet utensils. Imports ( terra sigillata ) from the northern provinces of the empire are disproportionately represented among the so-called fine ceramics . In contrast, imports from the Rhone Valley and North Africa are less common. Amphorae in particular indicate extensive trade connections with Spain, Palestine and North Africa. The fort therefore seems to have been used by civilians and not only by members of the military.
Hints
The most important finds from the excavations in the fort are exhibited in the Archaeological Museum in Frauenfeld. The preserved remains of the west wall and tower I (NW corner tower) are located in or outside the so-called Trotte. The visible remains of the north wall also begin at Tower I, then cross the way to school, run through the foundations of the castle or the school building and a row of houses in the Städtli in the direction of Bartholomäuskirche. From here on, a restored section has been made accessible to visitors. The boundary to the cemetery was made visible in Rumpelgasse. On lots 156 and 1135, it forms the back wall of a semi-detached house. The Trotte was converted into an auditorium through professional restoration. A small exhibition shows life in the Neolithic and Roman Pfyn.
Monument protection
The fort area is a historical site within the meaning of the Swiss Federal Law on Nature Conservation and Heritage Protection of July 1, 1966, and is subject to federal protection. Unauthorized investigations and targeted collection of finds constitute a criminal act and are punishable by imprisonment of up to one year or a fine according to Art. 24.
See also
literature
- Office for Archeology of the Canton of Thurgau (ed.): Ad Fines - The late Roman Fort Pfyn, findings and finds, catalog and tables , with contributions by: Luisa Bertolaccini, Tünde Boschetti-Maradi, Hansjörg Brem, Jost Bürgi, Martin Hartmann, Bettina Hedinger , Sylvia Fünfschilling, Stefanie Jacomet, Bettina Janietz, Urs Leuzinger, Josef Riederer, Verena Schaltbrand Obrecht and Olympia Stefani. Volume 8.1 and 8.2, book series “Archeology in Thurgau”, Verlag Departement f. Upbringing Culture d. Canton of Thurgau, Frauenfeld 2008, ISBN 978-3-905405-17-0 .
- Jost Bürgi: The late Roman fort Ad fines (Pfyn). In: Norbert Hasler, Jörg Heiligmann, Markus Höneisen, Urs Leutzinger, Helmut Swozilek: In the protection of mighty walls. Late Roman forts in the Lake Constance area. Edited by the Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Frauenfeld 2005, ISBN 3-9522941-1-X , pp. 81–85.
- Barbara Fatzer, Luisa Bertolaccini, Margrit Lier: Ad Fines - the late Roman fort Pfyn , publications of the Office for Archeology of the Canton of Thurgau, catalog and tables, Volume 2, Verlag Office for Archeology, 2003, ISBN 978-3-905405-11-8 .
- Lothar Bakker: Bulwark against the barbarians, late Roman border defense on the Rhine and Danube. In: Die Alamannen , exhibition catalog, ed. from the Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Verlag K. Theiss, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8062-1302-X , pp. 111-118.
Web links
- Images of the remains of the Roman wall in Pfyn
- Image gallery website of the Thurgau Archeology Office
- Location of the fort on Vici.org
Remarks
- ^ " From Augusta Vindelicorum 136 Roman miles (1.48 km), from Augusta Treverorum 221 Gallic leagues (1.5 RM, 2.22 km) away ".
- ↑ A letter of indulgence dated May 10, 1361 mentions the washing of the cemetery area by the Thur (TUB 6, no. 2569).
- ↑ Itinerarium Antonini 238.1 and Tabula Peutingeriana, Segmentum 2 A5.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2005, p. 81.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2005, p. 81, 2008 p. 22.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, p. 25.
- ↑ Lothar Bakker: 1998, p. 114, Hansjörg Brehm: 2008, p. 87.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, p. 20.
- ↑ Olympia Stefani, Bettina Hedinger, Hansjörg Brehm: 2008, p. 207.
- ↑ Urs Leutzinger: 2008, p. 249.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2005, p. 82.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, pp. 54–55.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, pp. 45 and 54.
- ↑ Urs Leutzinger: 2008, pp. 249–250.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, p. 48.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, pp. 49-50.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, pp. 51–52.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, pp. 52 and 54.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, p. 52.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, p. 53.
- ↑ Urs Leutzinger: 2008, p. 251.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2005, pp. 83–84, 2008, pp. 42 and 70–71.
- ↑ Urs Leutzinger: 2008, p. 250.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, pp. 57-60.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, p. 21. Verena Schaltbrand Olbrecht: 2008, p. 113–114.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, p. 18.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, pp. 25-30.
- ↑ Olympia Stefani, Bettina Hedinger, Hansjörg Brehm: 2008, p. 207.
- ↑ Jost Bürgi: 2008, pp. 42–43 and 62.
- ↑ Bettina Hedinger, Urs Leutzinger: 2005, p. 42.
- ↑ Hansjörg Brehm: 2008, p. 79.
- ↑ Swiss Federal Law on Nature Conservation and Heritage Protection 1966 (PDF; 169 kB).
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