Architecture in Königsberg (1701–1870)

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The architecture in Königsberg (1701-1870) arose from economic and cultural prosperity and political importance. Spared from the Thirty Years' War, Königsberg became the royal capital and residence of Prussia in 1724.

Royal baroque city

On January 18, 1701, Elector Friedrich III was crowned . in the Königsberg Castle Church as Frederick I as king, with which the former Duchy of Prussia was elevated to a kingdom and Königsberg became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. Joachim Ludwig Schultheiß von Unfriedt was summoned to succeed Johann Gregor Memhardt in order to “highlight Königsberg's importance as a coronation city” in order to give the city a “baroque appearance”. Almost all houses have been renewed or rebuilt. The gables of the town houses, from the magnificently decorated three-window façade to the simple, merely curved gables of the simple houses, they all followed typical baroque ideas like the shop front of the town hall. From 1705 to 1713 Unfriedt led the renovation of a side wing of the Königsberg Palace . King Friedrich Wilhelm I appointed Unfriedt on November 18, 1721 as successor to John von Collas as chief rural building director in the Kingdom of Prussia . In addition, Unfriedt was the highest building officer and chamber councilor in the War and Domain Chamber founded in 1723 ( Tapiau , Ragnit , Gumbinnen , Darkehmen , Stallupönen , Schirwindt and Bialla , French Reformed Church (Königsberg) , Schlobitten Castle , Church in Kaukehmen ). In 1724 the three cities of Altstadt, Kneiphof and Löbenicht became part of the Prussian coronation city. In 1753, Frederick the Great granted permission to build the Old Synagogue on Schnürlingsdamm. In the course of the first partition of Poland in 1772, the kingdom was supplemented by West Prussia , so that the Prussian King Friedrich II could now call himself “King of Prussia” instead of “King in Prussia” as before. In 1772, Frederick II ordered that Warmia should come under the administration of the Königsberg War and Domain Chamber . The Warmia area became East Prussia on January 31, 1773 in an administrative act . From 1795 to 1807 New East Prussia became a province of the Kingdom of Prussia , with the proportion of the Jewish population in Prussia increasing by 80%. Around 1800 Königsberg was one of the largest German cities with around 60,000 inhabitants ( Cologne and Frankfurt / Main each had around 50,000 inhabitants).

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Unfriedts castle facade

Joachim Friedrich (Brandenburg) not only expanded his Berlin-Cölln Palace, but also expanded the Königsberg Palace. During his time the large castle fountain with figures by Jacob Oettinger was built. Mathias Czwiczek, who was appointed court painter by Georg Wilhelm (Brandenburg) in 1628, created a number of works for the electoral court to move in in 1638 . In 1647, Friedrich Wilhelm gave the master builder Burck the order to have the Königsberg Palace restored. The painter Gabriel Witzel can also be traced since 1647, who furnished the Königsberg Palace with Dutch-influenced oil paintings, landscapes and mythological depictions, including the Tiled Hall. In 1655 he came to Königsberg with his wife. The work under Friedrich Wilhelm showed that he "not only gave the palace one of the earliest furnishings in the style of the Dutch Baroque in Brandenburg-Prussia [...] but also thought of his eastern residence in the last years of his reign".

Under Elector Friedrich III. Since 1692 the court builders Johann Arnold Nering , Johann Melckstock and Johann Christoph Memhardt worked at the castle. Friedrich III. received the great Russian embassy in his freshly restored Königsberg Palace in 1697, who traveled to Europe for the first time with Tsar Peter I.

After Leopold I (HRR) gave the Elector Friedrich III. the royal crown had granted Prussia for his duchy, the latter set off for Königsberg in December 1700. The coronation should take place in the castle church. The builder Johann Friedrich Eosander decorated the coronation church with red cloth, velvet and gold fabrics. After the coronation, the church was the first area of ​​the castle to be rebuilt in the Baroque style. Unfriedt built two new galleries, the royal box and a new pulpit altar in 1705.

A first draft by the architect Jean Baptiste Broebes from 1700/1701 intended to replace all the wings of the castle. Baroque facades were to be built in their place and large parts of the old Teutonic Order Castle were to be demolished. In 1704, Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt also submitted drafts for a reconstruction of the palace. The death of Friedrich I and the assumption of government of his successor Friedrich Wilhelm I ended the new baroque building. So only the unfinished remained Unfriedtbau of Königsberg Castle . The ruins of the castle were blown up in 1965 on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev .

The French Reformed Church and the Royal Orphanage (1703) on Moskowski Prospekt / Litowski wal 162 in Kaliningrad were built according to plans by Schultheiss .

  • Residence (Unfriedt)

  • Orphanage (unfriedt)

Castle Church

The castle church (Königsberg) was built according to a design by Johann Arnold Nering . The Christian sacred building resembled the Parochialkirche (Berlin) , which was given a slim, obelisk-like spire by Philipp Gerlach . It was a baroque building , the "facade was extremely baroque."

  • Castle Church

Frederician Rococo

Examples of Rococo in Königsberg were the provost church , built from 1765 to 1776 according to designs by the building director Johann Samuel Lilienthal , the Kalneinsche Stift in Landhofmeisterstraße and the chaplaincy. Especially in the arts and crafts work was carried out in the Frederician Rococo . In the doors of the Catholic parish church and in a burial chamber of the Altroßgärter Church (1784). Other sacred buildings were the Löbenichtsche St. Barbarakirche , built in 1776 in the " Rococo style ", also the Sackheimer church , built after the town fire of 1764 in rococo style according to designs by the chief building director Karl Ludwig Bergius, and the Haberberger Trinitatis Church , built after the town fire of 1764 in rococo style.

Braid style

The style came from the Paris of Louis XVI. and the style in architecture and interior design named after him Louis-seize in the 1770s after Königsberg. Festons began in the braid style , threads and garlands were used as facade decorations, including as portal or window crowning . The gables were decorated with urns and the front with medallions.

Examples are the Schindelmeißersche Palais (Großer Domplatz 1), the Dumckesche Haus on the Roßgarten and the house at Koggenstrasse 34.

The Zschocksche Stift (Saturgus'sche Haus, Neuer Graben 6) had a long front with portals and window frames in Louis-size

The house at Koggenstrasse 34 in Altstadt was a house from the end of the 18th century. Century in the Louis-seize. The building had flower festoons on the door and under the windows, similar to Zschock's pen. The house was demolished in 1897.

  • Schindelmeißer Palace

  • Zschock's pen

  • Coggenstrasse No. 34

Classicism after the Wars of Liberation

The period of classicism and late classicism began together with the slow economic recovery after the coalition wars and lasted until the Biedermeier period. The architecture was characterized by “thrift and sobriety”. They reflected on ideal values ​​and in the field of architecture they looked for them in antiquity: for example, the application of antique column arrangements, cornices and decorative forms borrowed from antiquity. According to Walter Franz, the transition to classicism took place “away from the shellwork of the Rococo and towards the simplicity of the classic.” One example is the old stock exchange at the Green Gate , which was built in 1800 in the classicism style.

Neo-renaissance

The New Stock Exchange was built in the years 1870–1875 based on designs by the Bremen architect Heinrich Müller .

The New University was built from 1844 to 1862 in the style of the Northern Italian Renaissance based on designs by Friedrich August Stüler .

The J. Simon Witwe & Sons bank, which was founded on January 1, 1839, was located at Kneiphöfischen Langgasse No. 11–12. The bank building was built "in a style pluralism [...] with a certain emphasis on the neo-renaissance."

The Hotel Bellevue (Belvedere) with its white, lavishly decorated facade showed a mixture of Renaissance elements with Gothic elements. The Café-Restaurant Bellevue was located on the eastern bank of the Schlossteich at the Schlossteichbrücke and opposite the Weißgerberstraße. It was also the pub of the Corps Masovia and the Gothia fraternity .

The building in the neo-renaissance style on Botkin Street (улица Боткина) 4–6 and 19–20 is a listed building.

  • New university

  • Botkin Street

  • New exchange

Neo-Gothic

The castle tower was designed in a neo-Gothic style in 1866/1877 based on a design by Friedrich August Stüler . The spire consisted of helmets placed one on top of the other and had four corner turrets.

The New Old Town Church was built in 1838/1845 according to plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel on Kreytzenschen Platz.

  • Old town church

literature

  • Wulf D. Wagner : The Königsberg Castle - A short building history from the end of the order to the accession of Friedrich Wilhelm I (1525-1713) , in: Bernhart Jähnig (Hrsg.): 750 years of Königsberg: Contributions to the history of a residence town for a time . Elwert, Marburg 2008, OCLC 281162800 , p. 385-416 .
  • Heinrich Lange: Friedrich August Stüler's drafts of the neo-Gothic city gates of Königsberg in the Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage , in: Bernhart Jähnig (Ed.): 750 years of Königsberg: Contributions to the history of a residence town for a time . Elwert, Marburg 2008, OCLC 281162800 , p. 417-462 .
  • Adolf Boetticher (Ed.): The architectural and art monuments of the province of East Prussia . On behalf of the East Prussian Provincial Parliament . Booklet VII. The architectural and art monuments in Königsberg. Bernhardt Teichert, Königsberg 1897, OCLC 312871065 .
  • Baldur Köster = Балдура Кёстера: Königsberg: Architecture from the German era = " Здания Кёнигсберга " . Booklet VII. The architectural and art monuments in Königsberg. Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum 2000, OCLC 237377396 .
  • Markus Podehl: Architektura Kaliningrada: how Königsberg became Kaliningrad. Materials on the art, culture and history of East Central Europe, 1 . Herder Institute, Marburg 2012, OCLC 816472756 .
  • Dimitri Konstantinowitsch Navalichin = Дмитрий Константинович Навалихин: K voprosu re Konstrukcii goroda Kaliningrada [On the question of the reconstruction of the city of Kaliningrad] = К вопроцу реконст . Moscow 1954.
  • Dimitri Konstantinowitsch Navalichin = Дмитрий Константинович Навалихин: K voprosu re Konstrukcii centra goroda Kaliningrada [On the question of the reconstruction of the city of Kaliningrad] = Кикоцру реконсту цикоцрд . Moscow 1958.
  • Walter Franz: History of the city of Königsberg . Unchanged reprint of the 1934 edition as a licensed edition by Graefe and Unzer, Munich. Weidlich, Frankfurt / Main 1979.
  • Karl von Bauriedel: Sung from the bottom of my heart . In: Merian. The monthly issue of cities and landscapes · 8th year · Issue 12 · Königsberg , Hoffmann and Campe, 1955, pp. 3–10.
  • Agnes Miegel : My cathedral . In: Merian. The monthly issue of cities and landscapes · 8th volume · Issue 12 · Königsberg , Hoffmann and Campe, 1955, pp. 11–16.
  • Ulla Stöver: Duke Albrecht's silver library . In: Merian. The monthly issue of cities and landscapes · 8th volume · Issue 12 · Königsberg , Hoffmann and Campe, 1955, pp. 17-18.
  • Josef Nadler : Chronicle of the Albertina . In: Merian. The monthly issue of cities and landscapes · 8th year · Issue 12 · Königsberg , Hoffmann and Campe, 1955, pp. 74–79.
  • Walter Neegeln: Königsberg 1955 . In: Merian. The monthly issue of cities and landscapes · 8th volume · Issue 12 · Königsberg , Hoffmann and Campe, 1955, pp. 88–94.
  • Martin A. Borrmann : The Königsberg castle pond . In: Heinrich Leippe (Ed.): Merian. The monthly issue of cities and landscapes · 6th volume · Issue 3 · OSTPREUSSEN / DIE STÄDTE , Hoffmann and Campe, 1953, pp. 11–13.
  • Hanna Stephan : The Angel of Königsberg . In: Heinrich Leippe (Ed.): Merian. The monthly issue of cities and landscapes · 6th volume · Issue 3 · OSTPREUSSEN / DIE STÄDTE , Hoffmann and Campe, 1953, pp. 65–68.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, the chapter follows castle church rebuilding the work of Wagner, S. 409f: The baroque redesign of the castle church .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c cf. Köster, p. 216
  2. ↑ a b cf. Wagner, pp. 385-416, here p. 410.
  3. ^ Ingrid Lohmann: The Jewish free school in Berlin - an educational theory and school history analysis. Introducing the source book. ( Memento from June 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Series of publications on Jewish history of education in Germany, Volume 1.
  4. ↑ a b cf. Wagner, p. 406.
  5. ^ Wagner, p. 405.
  6. ↑ Wagner, pp. 407-408.
  7. ↑ Wagner, pp. 385-416, here pp. 409-411.
  8. ↑ Wagner, pp. 385-416.
  9. ↑ Podehl, p. 247: The debate about the ruins of the Königsberg castle .
  10. ↑ Mühlpfordt (1970), p. 230.
  11. ↑ Köster, No. 42, p. 109: Royal Orphanage .
  12. ↑ Boetticher, pp. 106-112.
  13. ↑ Boetticher, p. 107.
  14. ↑ a b Franz, p. 180.
  15. ↑ Boetticher, p. 267.
  16. ↑ a b Mühlpfordt (2004), p. 106
  17. ^ Franz, p. 180.
  18. ↑ Boetticher, p. 247: Zschock's pen at Neuer Graben No. 6
  19. ↑ Boetticher, p. 249: Fig- 174, Zschock's pen at Neuer Graben No. 6
  20. ↑ Boetticher, p. 226: Koggenstrasse No. 34 .
  21. ↑ Boetticher, p. 225: Koggenstrasse No. 34 . Figure 161a, Louis XVI.
  22. ↑ Köster, No. 22, pp. 75f.
  23. ↑ Köster, p. 242.
  24. ^ Eduard Loch , Hans Lippold: History of the Corps Masovia 1830–1930 , 3 parts. Koenigsberg i. Pr. 1930/1933.
  25. ↑ лечебный корпус ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Monument protection building at 81 Klinicheskaya Street. Data sheet in the Russian Monument Register. Retrieved November 15, 2015 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / kulturnoe-nasledie.ru
  26. ↑ a b Podehl, p. 390.