Biała Piska

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Biała Piska
Coat of arms of Biała Piska
Biała Piska (Poland)
Biała Piska
Biała Piska
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Pisz
Area : 3.24  km²
Geographic location : 53 ° 37 '  N , 22 ° 4'  E Coordinates: 53 ° 37 '0 "  N , 22 ° 4' 0"  E
Residents : 4024
(June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 12-230
Telephone code : (+48) 87
License plate : NPI
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 58 : Olsztynek - Szczytno - Pisz - Szczuczyn
Ext. 667 : ( Ełk -) Nowa Wieś Ełcka - Bajtkowo - Drygały → Biała Piska
Milewo-Gałązki - Kowalewo → Biała Piska
Rail route : Olsztyn – Ełk railway line
Next international airport : Warsaw
Danzig
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Gmina structure: 65 localities
48 school authorities
Surface: 420.14 km²
Residents: 11,699
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 28 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2816013
Administration (as of 2015)
Mayor : Wojciech Stępniak
Address: pl. Mickiewicza 25
12-230 Biała Piska
Website : bip.bialapiska.pl



Biała Piska [ˈbʲawa ˈpʲiska] ? / i ( German Bialla ; 1938–1945 Gehlenburg ) is a town and seat of the urban and rural municipality Biała Piska in the Polish Warmia-Masurian Voivodeship . Audio file / audio sample

Geographical location

Bialla, a resort in the Masurian Lake District , is located in the east of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and is about 20 km from the east bank of Lake Spirding (Śniardwy), the largest Lake Masuria. The Johannisburger Heide (Puszcza Piska) with its extensive forests begins in the south .

Biała Piska (Bialla / Gehlenburg)

history

The place was mentioned in 1334 as Gailen and is derived from the Prussian "gailis" (white). The Polish name Biała is a translation of the Prussian original. In 1428 the German interest farming village "Auf der Gaylen" was founded near a Prussian castle, whose inhabitants built a church around 1480. Due to its proximity to Poland, brisk border trade developed in the 16th century, and the place grew rapidly. By the middle of the century there were 38 farmers and three millers. From 1595 large ox markets were held and 28 Kruger ran their trade. In 1645 Bialla was given the right to hold four annual fairs. When the Tatars invaded the country in 1656 , they also haunted Bialla, plundered and pillaged it. Many residents were killed or abducted.

Gehlenburg Church

Another decimation brought the Great Plague (Prussia) with it. 315 people died of the disease in Bialla. Nevertheless, the economic power of the place was able to drive the further development, so that the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I elevated Bialla to the city in 1722. The royal settlement program also ensured that new residents, mainly craftsmen, moved in. After a new church building had already been built between 1756 and 1763, after the city was founded, a 1.65 hectare market square and a grid-shaped road network were set up, as well as a new town hall. During the Seven Years' War Bialla was occupied by Russian troops from 1758 to 1762. Bialla was a Prussian garrison town from 1764 to 1800.

In 1807, during the war against Napoleon , the Russian army made Bialla their headquarters for nine days. After the Battle of Friedland , French and Polish troops occupied the city in June 1807 and imposed the high costs of stationing it. In addition, the soldiers brought in many diseases from which numerous residents died. After the victory over Napoleon, Prussia reorganized its territorial administration. Bialla was assigned to the Johannisburg district in the Gumbinnen administrative district in 1818 and received the seat of a district court. In 1885 it was connected to the railway line from Johannisburg to Lyck. There were now around 1,700 residents in the city, including around 700 Polish speakers.

Old water tower from German times

During the First World War , a battle between German and Russian troops broke out near the city. Then the Russians invaded the city and looted the population. In the referendum required by the Versailles Treaty in the Allenstein voting area on July 11, 1920, the 1,440 inhabitants spoke out in favor of belonging to Germany; Poland did not cast any vote. In 1927 and 1928 a new district court building and a waterworks were built. In the course of the National Socialist Germanization program, which also included the renaming of place names that did not sound German enough, Bialla was renamed Gehlenburg in 1938 . For the 1939 census , 2,623 inhabitants were determined. Almost all of them left their city before the approaching Soviet front, which was captured by the Red Army on January 23, 1945 . Since this happened without a fight, there was no destruction. Then, however, Poles attacked the almost empty city, set it on fire and killed the few Germans who remained.

A few weeks after the occupation by the Soviet armed forces, Gehlenburg and the southern half of East Prussia were placed under Polish administration. Poles now migrated from areas east of the Curzon Line , which had fallen to the Soviet Union as part of the “ westward displacement of Poland ” .

Population numbers

year Residents Remarks
1782 795 without the garrison (a squadron of hussars )
1818 935
1831 1,120 predominantly Polish population
1885 1,819 (approx. 700 with Polish mother tongue)
1925 2,228
1933 2,448
1939 2,623
June 30, 2019 4.124

religion

The former Protestant, now Catholic parish church in Biała Piska

Bialla was already a church village in the pre-Reformation period. Up until the middle of the 18th century there was a wooden house of God that had to be demolished.

Protestant church

The Reformation found its way into Bialla very early on. Before 1531 a Lutheran pastor was already serving here . In the years 1756 to 1763, under Pastor Ephraim Ebel, the church, which is still preserved today, was built as a plastered field stone building with a tower designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in 1832. Pulpit and altar - made around 1630 - were combined to form a pulpit altar in 1765 . In the same year the church received an organ . In 1921 three bells were purchased.

Until 1715, the parish of Bialla belonged to the Lyck Inspection (now in Polish: Ełk), after which it was part of the Johannisburg (Pisz) parish in the church province of East Prussia of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union until 1945 . In 1925, 5911 parishioners belonged to the parish of Bialla, the area of ​​which extended over 19 towns and villages. The last German clergyman was Pastor Heinrich Heldt. He was a prominent opponent of National Socialism and a member of the Confessing Church . Despite several stays in prison, he was able to look after his community until the Red Army marched in in 1945. He and his wife perished in the turmoil of war. The Heinrich-Heldt-Haus, the parish hall with a built-in chapel of the current Evangelical-Lutheran parish in Biała Piska, directly behind the town hall in the city center, reminds of him. The former Protestant parish church was transferred to the Catholic Church immediately after the war. Biała Piska is today - like Ełk (Lyck) and Wejsuny (Weissuhnen) - a branch parish of the parish in Pisz (Johannisburg) in the Masuria diocese of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland .

Catholic Church

Parish of Biała Piska

The majority of the population of Biała Piska is now Catholic . The church building was expropriated in favor of the Catholic Church and is now dedicated to Andreas Bobola . The old interior was lost except for a crucifix. In 2006 the facade of the building was renovated.

Deanery Biała Piska

Biała Piska is today the center of the deanery of the same name in the diocese of Ełk (Lyck) of the Catholic Church in Poland .

Eight parishes belong to the deanery: St. Andreas Bobola Church Biała Piska , Church of Our Lady of Częstochowa Drygały (Drygallen , 1938–1945 Drigelsdorf) , Church of the Birth of the Virgin Mary Kumielsk (Kumilsko , 1938–1945 Morgen) , St. Mary's Church Okartowo ( Eckersberg) , Herz-Jesu-Kirche Orzysz (Arys) , Marienkirche Orzysz , St. Stephen's Church Rożyńsk Wielki (Groß Rosinsko , 1938–1945 Großrosen) and Christkönigskirche Skarżyn (Skarzinnen , 1938–1945 Richtenberg) .

Attractions

Biała Piska Town Hall

Personalities

Biała Piska municipality

The urban and rural community of Biała Piska covers an area of ​​420.14 km², which makes up 23.65% of the total area of ​​the Powiat Piski ( Johannisburg district ). 50% of the area is used for agriculture, 40% for forestry.

Neighboring communities

Urban and rural communities or rural communities in the vicinity of Gmina Biała Piska are:

Residents

Population numbers

On June 30, 2019, Gmina Biała Piska had a total of 11,699 inhabitants, around a third of whom live in the city.

year number Remarks
2012 12,312
2015 12,049
2016 11,928

age structure

The age pyramid from 2014 provides information about the age structure of the community: Piramida wieku Gmina Biala Piska.png

Community structure

Schulzenämter

In addition to the village of Biała Piska, the following school authorities also belong to the urban and rural municipality of Biała Piska :

Polish name German name
(until 1945)		 Polish name German name
(until 1945)		 Polish name German name
(until 1945)
Bełcząc Belzonzen
1938–1945 Großdorf 		Kożuchy Kosuchen
1938–1945 Kölmerfelde 		Pogorzel Wielka Groß Pogorzellen
1907–1930 Groß Brennen
1930–1945 Brennen
Bemowo Piskie Whipped jug Kruszewo Krussewen
1938–1945 Erztal 		Radysy Radishöh
Cibory Czyborren
1938–1945 stones 		Kumielsk Kumilsko
1938–1945 mornings 		Rakowo Małe Köllmisch Rakowen
1938–1945 Köllmisch Rakau
Cwaliny (Large) Zwalinnen
1938–1945 Schwallen 		Lipińskie Lipinsken
1938–1945 Eschenried 		Rogale Wielkie Great Rogallen
Danowo Dannowen
1938–1945 Siegenau 		Lisy Lissen
1938–1945 dunes 		Ruda Calm
Dmusy Dmussen
1938-1945 Dimussen 		Łodygowo Lodigowen
1938–1945 Ludwigshagen 		Skarżyn Skarzinnen
1938–1945 Richtenberg
Drygały Drygallen
1938–1945 Drigelsdorf 		Mikuty Mykutten
1938–1945 Mikutten 		Sokoły Jeziorne Sokollen (S), Ksp. Skarzinnen
1938–1945 Rosensee
Giętkie Gentken Monety Monethen Sulimy Sulimmen
Gruzy Gruhsen Myśliki Happy ones Świdry Schwiddern
Guzki Gusken Myszki Mysken
1938–1945 Misken 		Świdry Kościelne
Kaliszki Kallischken
1938–1945 Flockau 		Nitki Nittken Szkody Skodden
1938–1945 Schoden
Kolonia Kawałek Nowe Drygały New Drygallen
1938–1945 Neudrigelsdorf 		Szymki Symken
1938-1945 Simken
Komorovo Kommorowen
1938–1945 Ebhardtshof 		Oblewo Oblewen
1938–1945 Kolbitzbruch 		Włosty Wlosten
1938–45 Flosten
Konopki Konopken
1938–1945 Mühlengrund 		Orłowo Orlowen
1930–1945 Siegmunden 		Wojny Woynen
1938–1945 Woinen
Kowalewo Kowalewen
1938–1945 Richtwalde 		Pawłocin Pawlozinnen
1938–1945 Paulshagen 		Zabielne Sabielnen
1938–1945 Freundlingen
Kózki Kosken Pogorzel Mała Klein Pogorzellen
1938–1945 Brandau 		Zalesie Salleschen
1938–1945 Offenau

Other localities

Other localities without a seat of a Schulzenamt are: Cwalinki (Klein Zwalinnen , 1938–1945 Kleinschwallen) , Dąbrówka Drygalska (Dombrowken , 1938–1945 Altweiden) , Długi Kąt (Klarheim , until 1903 Dlugikont) , Grodzisko (Grodzisko , 1932–1945 Burgdorf) , Iłki (Annafelde) , Jakuby (Jakubben) , Klarewo (Klarashof) , Kolonia Konopki , Kożuchowski Młyn (Watermill Kosuchen , 1938–1945 Mühle Kölmerfelde) , Kukły (Kuckeln) , Oblewo (Kolonia) , Rolki (Rollken) , Sokoły (Sokollen ( K), Ksp. Kumilsko, 1935–1945 Falkendorf (Ostpr.)) , Szkody-Kolonia , Zaskwierki (Jurgasdorf) and Zatorze .

Lost places

traffic

Streets

The national road 58 , which is important in terms of traffic and runs through the municipality, runs in a west-east direction from Olsztynek (Hohenstein) through the municipality to Szczuczyn in the Podlaskie Voivodeship . The provincial road 667 coming from Ełk (Lyck) crosses the municipality in a north-south direction and ends in Biała Piska. In addition, numerous side roads and country roads connect the villages of the municipality with each other and with the surrounding area.

rails

The Olsztyn – Ełk railway line runs through the municipality with stations in Biała Piska, Kaliszki (Kallischken / Flockau) , Drygały (Drygallen / Drigelsdorf) and Pogorzel Wielka (Groß Pogorzellen / (Groß) Brennen) .

air

The closest airports are those in Gdansk and Warsaw , which are connected to international air traffic.

literature

Web links

Commons : Biała Piska (City)  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Biała Piska (Gmina)  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ^ Website of the municipality (BIP), Ogólne informarcje o urzędzie , accessed on April 11, 2015
  3. ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : Self-determination for East Germany - A documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Editor: Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 73.
  4. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Marienwerder 1785, p. 39, No. 4.
  5. ↑ Alexander August Mützell: New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 1, Halle 1821, p. 105, no.2187.
  6. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, p. 455, no.66.
  7. ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. East Prussia, Johannisburg district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  8. ^ Max Meyhöfer: Bialla . In: Erich Weise (Hrsg.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , p. 17.
  9. ↑ a b Biała Piska - Bialla / Gehlenburg at ostpreussen.net
  10. ↑ a b Friedwald Moeller: Old Prussian Evangelical Pastors' Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945. Hamburg 1968, p. 22.
  11. ↑ Walther Hubatsch : History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia , Volume 2: Images of East Prussian churches. Göttingen 1968, p. 119, figs. 547 and 548.
  12. ↑ Walther Hubatsch: History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia , Volume 3: Documents. Göttingen 1968, p. 491.
  13. ↑ Rainer Stahl: God's word put into practice. How ten communities in the diaspora of northern Poland work. In: Lutheran Service. Journal of the Martin Luther Association, 49th volume, 2013, issue 3, pp. 3–6.
  14. ↑ Kobiety = women, Mężczyźni = men
  15. ^ Sołectwa Gminy Biała Piska