Orzysz

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Orzysz
Orzysz coat of arms
Orzysz (Poland)
Orzysz
Orzysz
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Pisz
Area : 8.16  km²
Geographic location : 53 ° 48 '  N , 21 ° 57'  E Coordinates: 53 ° 48 '20 "  N , 21 ° 56' 45"  E
Residents : 5546
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 12-250
Telephone code : (+48) 87
License plate : NPI
Economy and Transport
Street : DK 16 : Grudziądz - Olsztyn - Mrągowo - Mikołajki ↔ Ełk - Augustów - Ogrodniki (- Lithuania )
DK 63 : ( Russia -) Perły - Węgorzewo - Giżycko ↔ Pisz - Kolno - Sławatycze (- Belarus )
Rail route : Czerwonka – Ełk (freight traffic only)
Lötzen – Johannisburg , closed in 1945
Next international airport : Warsaw
Danzig
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Gmina structure: 27 school authorities
Surface: 363.49 km²
Residents: 8903
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 24 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2816023
Administration (as of 2014)
Mayor : Tomasz Jakub Sulima
Address: ul. Giżycka 15
12-250 Orzysz
Website : www.orzysz.pl



Orzysz [ ˈɔʒɨʃ ] ( German Arys ) is a city with the seat of the urban and rural municipality Orzysz in the powiat Piski ( Johannisburg district ) of the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship .

Geographical location

Orzysz is located in the Masurian Lake District in historic East Prussia between a north-eastern arm of the Śniardwy ( German  Spirdingsee ) and the Jezioro Orzysz ( German  Aryssee ). The district town of Pisz ( German  Johannisburg ) is 18 kilometers to the south-west.

Place name

The name comes from Old Prussian and goes back to Prussian oras: air, weather ( Indo-European : -er / -or ). The spelling of the place name varied in the historical documents: Arisz (1443), Aris (1507), Orsesche (1550), Arys (1790).

In the Masurian language , the place was pronounced "Orsisch". For the Polish nationalism that emerged in the 19th century, the Masurian language represented a watered down mixed Polish language ; similar to the so-called water Polish . Two kinds of demands were derived from this: the connection of Mazury to the Polish Republic and a return to the High Polish . In this sense, the name "Orzysz" was created in Poland for the East Prussian town. As part of the Polonization , the place was renamed accordingly after 1945.

City of Orzysz (Arys)

history

Arys am Spirdingsee southeast of Königsberg and south of the city of Lötzen on a map from 1908
Commercial street

When the Aryssee was lowered in 1867, the remains of a settlement came to light that experts had dated back to the early Bronze and Iron Ages , i.e. 1000 to 300 BC. BC, were classified. The geographer Claudius Ptolemy , who lived in the 2nd century AD, mentions the " Galindae " (Γαλίνδαι) as residents of the area, one of the Prussian tribes . The archaeologist Gaerte assumes that a large part of the Galindians moved with the Goths and that the sparsely populated area was gradually occupied by Mazovians , which led to the fact that Galindians eventually became Masurians . After the conquest by the Teutonic Order , the settlement of the German population began. West of Aryssees the place was Neudorf , the Konrad von Erlichshausen , the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 1443 a Tangible awarded. The locator Lorenz Polun has been handed down as the founder of the place . The place was first mentioned in a document in 1507. In this time, the term of office was Commander of the Rhine , the one with Ordenshof in Arys Vorwerk instituted, belonged to the two mills and a number of ships and barges. One of the mills operated until 1861. The Arys church was also built under the command of the Rhine; Until 1702 it was preached in Masurian only.

After the secularization of the Teutonic Order in 1525 and its conversion into a duchy , the Ordenshof was also converted into an official court and a school was founded for the first time. Arys was now subordinate to the main office of the Rhine , whose archive shows that there was a chamber office in Arys as early as the end of the 16th century , which was one of the oldest in what was later known as Masuria. During the Tatar invasion , the place was set on fire in 1656; the plague years 1709 to 1711 further decimated the population. Favored by its location on the important trade route to Warsaw, Arys was able to recover from these catastrophes, so that on March 3, 1725, the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm I granted him town charter. With almost 1000 inhabitants, Arys was the smallest town in the Masurian region. During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) Arys was occupied by the Russian army for four years . Then a garrison of the Prussian army was stationed in the city . During the Russian campaign of Napoleon I in January and February 1807 16,000 Russian soldiers camped in the city, who had to pay for the stationing costs. In July 1807, French troops demanded large quantities of food and linen from the city. All this was repeated in 1812. A major fire in 1826 brought hardship and misery to the city again, 700 inhabitants lost everything, over 200 left their city, so that afterwards only 900 people lived in Arys.

By the Prussian administrative reforms Arys belonged starting from 1818 to the county Johannesburg in Administrative district Gumbinnen (1905 and 1945 was: administrative district Allenstein ) in East Prussia .

The blows of fate of the early 19th century left their mark on Arys for a long time. The remaining inhabitants lived laboriously from agriculture, fishing, weaving and tanning. Help was given to the farmers when the Aryssee was lowered by two meters in 1861 and 1867 and 3000 hectares of meadows were gained. The construction of new highways, which was driven forward at the same time, finally revitalized the trade again. However, the greatest economic impetus came from the construction of the Arys military training area in 1891.

In 1890 Arys had 1,324 inhabitants, a post office, a telegraph station, a weaving mill and an agricultural area. Arys was connected to the railway network relatively late. First the line to the district town of Johannisburg was opened in 1905 , one year later the connection to Lötzen was completed, and in 1915 the Sensburg – Lyck line was added. Although the city had thus become a rail hub, this had little effect on economic life.

The First World War had disastrous consequences for the city. It was occupied by Russian troops from August 21 to September 8, 1914, it was looted and pillaged, and ten residents were abducted. On September 7th and 8th, 1914, the city was reclaimed by German troops in the battle of Arys (part of the Battle of the Masurian Lakes ). From November 10, 1914 to February 12, 1915, Russian troops occupied the city again. It was not until the winter battle in Masuria that the Prussian troops were finally able to recapture the city. Thanks to the East Prussian Aid initiated by the Reich government , the considerable destruction was removed during the course of the war, with the Prussian province of Saxony taking over the sponsorship. Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty , the population in the Allenstein voting area , to which Arys belonged, voted on July 11, 1920 on whether they would continue to belong to East Prussia (and thus Germany) or join Poland. In Arys, 1,480 residents voted to remain with East Prussia, Poland did not receive any votes. Numerous people moved from the West Prussian territories lost to Poland , so that the population in Arys increased from 2201 in 1910 to 2848 in 1924. The population increased again when the military training area was expanded to 20,000 hectares from 1933. In 1939, 3553 people lived in the city.

Towards the end of the Second World War , Arys fell unscathed into the hands of the Red Army on January 23, 1945 , whose soldiers then set 40 houses on fire. In August 1945 the city and the southern half of East Prussia were placed under Polish administration. As far as the Germans had not fled, they were in the period that followed largely driven .

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1782 nearly 900 without the garrison (a squadron of hussars )
1831 1,150 partly Polish, partly German population
1885 1,324
1910 2,201
1924 2,848
1933 3.132
1939 3,558
2012 9,522

Churches

Church building

The former Protestant parish church and today's Catholic Marienkirche
  • Marienkirche in ul. Giżycka: The church building from the mid-16th century is a plastered field stone building with a five-part east gable. Damaged by a city fire in 1826, it was thoroughly restored between 1832 and 1872. The interior fittings, some of which date from the 16th century, were removed between 1961 and 1976; only the gallery parapets from the middle of the 17th century and two of the three bells (cast years: 1603 and 1648) have been preserved. The church received an organ in 1757. Until 1945 the building was a Protestant parish church . Today it is owned by the Roman Catholic Church , which it dedicated to the "Mother of God of Carmel" ( Kościół Matki Bożej Szklaplerznej / St. Mary's Church ).
Catholic Sacred Heart Church
  • Herz-Jesu-Kirche in ul. Ełcka: The "Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus" ( Kościół Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa ) was the first Catholic church in Arys and was built in 1913 as a branch church of the parish Johannisburg ( Pisz in Polish ). It has been a parish church since 1958 , the second in Orzysz.
  • Garrison Church at ul. Wojska Polskiego: The garrison church of the Orzysz military base is dedicated to St. Casimir consecrated ( Kościół Wojskowa Św. Kazimierza ) and is subordinate to the Catholic military bishop.
St. George Orthodox Church
  • Church of St. George at ul. Ełcka: The Church of St. George ( Cerkiew św. Jerzego ) is housed in a building from the 18th century . It belongs to the Polish Orthodox Church .

Parishes

Evangelical

The church in Arys probably has pre-Reformation roots. The Reformation took hold here as early as the first half of the 16th century , and two Lutheran clergymen were soon serving here. Until 1945 the parish Arys belonged to the church district Johannisburg in the church province of East Prussia of the church of the Old Prussian Union . In 1925 the parish had 6,760 parishioners who lived in a wide-ranging parish.

The flight and expulsion of the local population put an end to the life of the Protestant parish in Orzysz in 1945. The parish church became a Roman Catholic church. The evangelical residents orientate themselves today to the parish in Pisz (Johannisburg) in the diocese Masuria of the Evangelical-Augsburg church in Poland .

Roman Catholic

Before 1945 there were only a few Catholics in the Arys region; in 1925 there were 50. The community belonged to the Deanery of Masuria II (official seat: Johannisburg ) in the Diocese of Warmia . The settlement of new Polish citizens, almost without exception, of the Catholic denomination brought the church in Orzysz to life again. Today there are two parishes and a military parish. The civil parishes are incorporated into the deanery Biała Piska (Bialla , 1938 to 1945 Gehlenburg) in the diocese of Ełk of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland .

Polish Orthodox

A Polish Orthodox community has established itself in Orzysz, which has its own house of worship. It is assigned to the diocese of Białystok and Danzig of the Polish Orthodox Church .

politics

coat of arms

Blazon : "In silver on red pedestal one with the opening querlinkshin lying, golden cornucopia of flowers, covered with a blue cushion on the scepter and sword, crossed, held by the winning, flying Prussian eagle."

Arys was promoted to town in 1725 and should have received and adopted the coat of arms, which was very much in the taste of that time.

Partnerships

The city of Orzysz has partnerships with:

  • the city of Khoroshiv in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine
  • the municipality of Kropp in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
  • of the town of Skuodas ( German  Schoden ) in the Klaipėda district, Lithuania
  • the city of Zgierz (1943–1945 German Görnau ) in the Łódź Voivodeship , Poland

Culture and sights

Personalities

Native of the place

  • Max Simoneit (born October 17, 1896 in Arys, † February 2, 1962 in Cologne), German psychologist, board member of the professional association of German psychologists, holder of the Knight's Cross
  • Heinz Schimmelpfennig (1905–1983), State Councilor in Königsberg, BG director in Mannheim
  • Kurt Sanderling (born September 19, 1912 in Arys, † September 18, 2011 in Berlin), German conductor
  • Walter Plata (born May 13, 1925 in Arys; † March 31, 2005 in Hildesheim), German typographer and typesetter

Connected to the place

  • Waldemar Rösler , German landscape painter and elected Prussian, committed suicide on December 14, 1916 in Arys (* 1882)
  • Michael Kajka , well-known Masurian folk poet, died on September 22, 1940 in Arys (* 1858)

Gmina Orzysz

The Gmina Orzysz covers an area of ​​363.49 km², which makes up 20.46% of the total area of ​​the Powiat Piski . 33% of the area is used for agriculture, 38% for forestry.

Community structure

The urban and rural municipality Orzysz consists of the following 27 localities with the seat of a Schulzenamt ( Sołectwo in Polish ):

Polish name German name
 Polish name German name
Chmielewo Chmielewen
1938–1945 Talau 		Odoje Odoyen
1938–1945 Nickelsberg
Cierzpięty Czierspienten
1905–1945 above sea level 		Ogródek Ogrodtken
1938–1945 Kalgendorf
Czarne Czarnen
1938–1945 Herzogsdorf 		Okartowo Eckersberg
Dąbrówka Dombrowken
1929–1945 Eichendorf 		Osiki Schönwiese
Drozdowo -
- Zastrużne 		Drosdowen–
1938–1945 Drosselwalde
–Sastrosnen
1938–1945 Schlangenfließ 		Pianki Pianken
1938–1945 Altwolfsdorf
Dziubiele Official
1904–1945 Zollerndorf 		Rostki Skomackie Rostken
Gaudynki Poplar home Strzelniki Strzelnicken
1930–1945 Schützenau
Góra Gurra
1938–1945 bailiffs 		Suchy Róg Dry horn
Grądy Gronden
1938–1945 Grunden 		Szwejkówko Mean Schweykowen
1938–1945 Schweiken
Grzegorze Gregersdorf Tuchlin Cloth liners
Klusy Klaussen Ublik Insight
Mikosze Mykossen
1938–1945 Arenswalde 		Wężewo Wensewen
1938–1945 Wensen
Mikosze-Osada Wierzbiny Wiersbinnen
1938–1945 Stollendorf
Nowe Guty Gutten (E)
1938–1945 Seegutten

In addition, 14 other localities belong to the municipality: Aleksandrowo (Kolonia) , Aleksandrowo (Osada) , Buwełno (Buwelno , 1938–1945 Vorwerk Ublick) , Dziubiele Małe (Klein Dziubielle , 1904–1945 Klein Zollerndorf) , Gorzekały (Gorzekallen , 1938–1945 Gortzen ) , Grądy Podmiejskie , Kamieńskie (Kaminsken , 1938-1945 Erlichshausen) , Matyszczyki (Grüneberg) , Nova Wieś (New village) , Okartowo-Przystanek and Okartowo-Tartak , Rzęśniki (Rzesniken , 1938-1945 forestry nickel Berg) and Sumki (Sumken) .

Neighboring communities

Neighboring municipalities of Gmina Orzysz are:

Residents

On June 30, 2019, the total number of inhabitants was 8903. Their age structure can be seen from the example of 2014: Piramida wieku Gmina Orzysz.png

traffic

The Gmina Orzysz is crossed by the two important Polish national roads 16 and 63 . A tight network of secondary roads and country lanes connects the individual villages of the municipality with one another.

The Czerwonka – Ełk ( German  Rothfließ – Lyck ) railway line with the Dąbrówka Gorkło (Dombrowken , 1929 to 1945 Eichendorf) , Tuchlin (Tuchlinnen) , Okartowo (Eckersberg) and railway stations runs through the center of the municipality, which is no longer regularly used Odoje (Odoyen , 1938 to 1945 Nickelsberg) .

The next two airports, Gdansk and Warsaw, are very difficult to reach in terms of traffic and are far away.

literature

Web links

Commons : Orzysz (city)  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Orzysz (Gmina)  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Polish Postal Code Directory 2013, p. 877
  3. ↑ So z. B. on the military maps for Masuria issued by the Geographical Institute of the Polish Army, edition 1932.
  4. ^ Claudius Ptolemy: Geographiae libri octo. Graece et Latine ad codicum manu scriptorum fidem. Fasciculus 3: Librum tertium continens. Baedeker, Essen 1842, p. 201, line 6. ( digitized version of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek).
  5. ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : Self-determination for East Germany - A documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Editor: Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 72.
  6. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Part I: Topography of East Prussia. Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 41, no. 4).
  7. ↑ a b Max Meyhöfer: Arys. In: Erich Weise (Hrsg.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , pp. 6-7.
  8. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore. Königsberg 1835, p. 456, no.67.
  9. ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Province of East Prussia, district of Johannisburg. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  10. ↑ Uli Schubert: Community directory, district of Johannisburg.
  11. ^ A b Walther Hubatsch : History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia. Volume 2: Pictures of East Prussian churches. Göttingen 1968, pp. 118–119, fig. 544.
  12. ↑ a b Churches in Arys at ostpreussen.net
  13. ↑ a b Parafia Matki Bożej Szkaplerznej Orzysz
  14. ↑ a b Parafia Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa Orzysz
  15. ↑ Walther Hubatsch: History of the Protestant Church in East Prussia. Volume 3: Documents. Göttingen 1968, p. 491.
  16. ↑ Erich Keyser : German city book - manual urban history. Volume 1: Northeast Germany. W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1939, p. 25.
  17. ^ Otto Hupp : German coat of arms. Kaffee-Handels-Aktiengesellschaft, Bremen 1925.
  18. ↑ Gmina Orszyz
  19. ↑ Kobiety = women, Mężczyźni = men