Armand's jaw

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Armand's jaw
Pine forest with Armand's pine in Diancang Shan

Pine forest with Armand's pine in Diancang Shan

Systematics
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Pine family (Pinaceae)
Subfamily : Pinoideae
Genre : Pine ( Pinus )
Subgenus : Strobus
Type : Armand's jaw
Scientific name
Pinus armandii
Franch.

Armand's pine ( Pinus armandii ) is a large, evergreen conifer from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ) with five, rarely up to seven, usually 8 to 14 centimeters long needles. The seed cones also reach a length of 8 to 14 centimeters. The natural range is in China, Taiwan and northern Myanmar. A distinction is usually made between three varieties , one of which is also described as a separate species. Other authors include two other species as varieties of the species. Armand's jaw is classified as not endangered on the IUCN Red List . The wood is hardly used, but the species is a popular ornamental plant in China.

description

illustration

Appearance

Armand's pine grows as an evergreen tree that reaches a height of 30 to 35 meters. The trunk reaches a breast height diameter of up to 100 centimeters. The trunk bark is gray or purple-gray, initially smooth and breaks into large, more or less rectangular plates in older trees. The branches of young trees grow in false whorls and form a conical crown; in older trees it widens to a round and open crown. The needled branches are smooth. Young shoots are glabrous, initially green, gray-green or gray-brown and sometimes blue-green pruned. They later turn brown.

Buds and needles

The vegetative buds are cylindrical and somewhat resinous. Terminal buds are 10 to 15 millimeters long, the lateral ones are smaller and more ovate. The needles usually grow in groups of five, rarely in groups of six or seven in an early sloping, 2 to 7 millimeter long, basal needle sheath made of delicate scales. The needles are dark green, protruding or pendulous, thin and pliable, with a thickening at the base and often curved near the base. They are sometimes from 5, usually 8 to 14 centimeters long and 1.0 to 1.5 millimeters wide with a triangular cross-section. Only the two adaxial sides show thin stomata lines . Usually three, more rarely only two or up to seven resin canals are formed. The needles stay on the tree for two to three years.

Cones and seeds

The pollen cones grow spirally arranged in elongated groups at the base of young shoots. They are greenish-white with a reddish tip, cylindrical to ovate-ellipsoidal, usually 1.5 to 2.5, rarely to 3 centimeters long, thin or thick.

The seed cones grow singly or in pairs. They are initially green and erect, later they grow more or less hanging on strong, 2 to 3 centimeters long, curved, sturdy stems. The cones are often resinous, conical-cylindrical and 8 to 14 centimeters long. When opened, they are 5 to 8 centimeters in diameter and then color in different shades of brown. The 70 to 100 seed scales are woody and stiff, 3 to 4 centimeters long, 2.5 to 3.0 centimeters wide and, with the exception of the scales near the base of the cones, slightly curved inwards. They have two indentations on the adaxial base which contain the seeds. The apophysis is rhombic or triangular, often thick woody, light yellowish-brown or dark red-brown and has a straight or slightly bent back edge. The umbo lies at the end of the apophysis and is inconspicuous and blunt.

The seeds are light or dark brown to black, obovate, 10 to 15 millimeters long and 6 to 10 millimeters wide. The seeds are wingless or have a narrow crest on the abaxial edge. A rudimentary, 1 to 4 rarely up to 7 millimeter long seed wing is rarely formed.

  • Branches with needles and cones

  • Seed cones

  • Peeled seeds

Distribution, ecology and endangerment

Saint Hua Shan in Shaanxi Province , on the right a specimen of Armand's jaw

The natural range of Armand's pine is in China in the Anhui province , in Chongqing , in the south of the Gansu province , in central and in the northwest of Guizhou , in Guangxi and Hainan , in the southwest of Henan , in the west of Hubei , in the south of Shaanxi and from Shanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan and the extreme southeast of Tibet Autonomous Region , Taiwan and northern Myanmar. The species grows in mountains at altitudes of 900 to 3500 meters. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 7 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −17.7 to −12.3 ° Celsius (0 to 10 ° Fahrenheit ). They are rarely found in pure stands, but often together with other conifers such as representatives of the firs ( Abies ), the spruces ( Picea ) and the Douglas firs ( Pseudotsuga ), in south-west China also with representatives of the larches ( Larix ). However, Armand's pine is found more often than these species on rocky, shallow soils, where other species, including deciduous trees, are less competitive.

In the Red List of the IUCN Armands pine, although two of the three varieties are considered at risk, classified as endangered ( "Least Concern"), the distribution area of the endangered varieties is small. It is unknown whether the size of the total population is constant, whether the population is increasing or decreasing. The main threat is likely to be the felling of the trees in order to use the wood locally. However, the wood is of little economic importance, so the threat is likely to be low. Some of the stocks grow in protected areas.

Systematics and research history

Armand's pine ( Pinus armandii ) is a species from the genus of pines ( Pinus ), in which it is assigned to the subgenus Strobus , Section Quinquefoliae , Subsection Strobus . The species was first described in 1884 by Adrien René Franchet in the Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle . The generic name Pinus was already used by the Romans for several types of pine. The specific epithet armandii is reminiscent of the French missionary and biologist Armand David (1826–1900), who explored the flora of China and also found the type specimen .

There are three varieties :

  • Pinus armandii var. Armandii : Young shoots are green or gray-green. The pollen cones are thick, ovate-ellipsoidal and 1.5 to 2.0 inches long. The apophysis of mature cones is yellowish-brown or light brown, thick-woody, rhombic and either not bent back or only the umbo is slightly bent back. The seeds are dark brown to almost black. The distribution area is in China in the provinces of Chongqing, in the south of Gansu, in Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Yunnan and in the southeast of Tibet and in Myanmar. The variety is listed by the IUCN as not endangered ("Least Concern"). It is widespread and very common in some areas.
  • Pinus armandii var. Dabeshanensis (WCCheng & YWLaw) Silba : The needles are 5 to 14 centimeters long. The apophysis is thick woody. The seeds are light brown and show a rudimentary seed wing. Its natural range is in the Chinese provinces of Anhui (in Jing Zhai and Yuexi counties ), Henan (in Shangcheng counties) and Hubei (in Luotian and Yingshan counties ), so it is endemic to China . They can be found in mountains at altitudes between 900 and 1400 meters, sometimes on exposed rocky outcrops. The variety is listed by the IUCN as endangered ("Vulnerable"). It has also already been listed as “Endangered”, as there have been reports of a decline in stocks of at least 70 percent. This value could not be confirmed, but a decrease of at least 30 percent is assumed. The area of ​​distribution ("extent of occurrence") is less than 20,000 square kilometers, divided into 5 heavily fragmented stocks. Felling trees further reduces the population. The representatives of the variety were described by Cheng and Law in 1975 as a separate species Pinus dabeshanensis in the Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica . John Silba assigned it in 1990 as a variety of the species Pinus armandii . In Flora of China taxon 1999 as a variety Pinus Fenzeliana var. Dabeshanensis (WC Cheng & YW Law) LK Fu & Nan Li the kind Pinus Fenzeliana attributed. Aljos Farjon kept the taxon in 2005 as a variety of Pinus armandii . The thicker seed scales and the rudimentarily developed seed wing are similar to those of the armandii variety , but it could also be an independently developed adaptation to the environmental conditions.
  • Pinus armandii var. Mastersiana (Hayata) Hayata : Young shoots are gray-brown. The pollen cones are also thin, cylindrical and 2 to 3 inches long when fully grown. The apophysis is usually slightly bent back towards the tip and brown to red-brown when the cones are fully developed. The natural range is on Taiwan in the Alishan Mountains and on Yushan , the highest mountain in Taiwan. The variety grows at altitudes of 1800 to 2800 meters in the mountains and occasionally in woodland together with the Chinese hemlock ( Tsuga chinensis ) and Pinus taiwanensis with undergrowth of Acer caudatifolium , Rhododendron rubropilosum , Viburnum parvifolium and various types of holly ( Ilex ). They can also be found in forests from different species of the false cypress ( Chamaecyparis ). It is listed by the IUCN as "Endangered". The species is only known from three locations, which extend over an area of ​​737 square kilometers ("extent of occurrence") and together only occupy an area of ​​75 square kilometers ("area of ​​occupancy"). The variety is the only representative of the Strobus sub-section in Taiwan , and the quality of the wood is much better suited for carpentry work and for making furniture than that of the other native pine species. This led to the overexploitation of the stocks, which continue to decline. However, some of the remaining sites in Yushan National Park are protected. The taxon was described in 1908 by Hayata Bunzō as a separate species Pinus mastersiana , but he put it in the same year as a variety in the species Pinus armandii . In 1999 Roman Businský described the taxon as a subspecies Pinus armandii subsp. masteriana (Hayata) Businsky , but the name is only used as a synonym .

James E. Eckenwalder assigns two other varieties, Pinus armandii var. Amamiana (G.Koidzumi) Hatusima and Pinus armandii var. Fenzeliana (Handel-Mazzetti) Eckenwalder the kind Pinus armandii to that of Aljos Farjon as separate species Pinus Amamiana and Pinus Fenzeliana get ranked. Eckenwalder justifies this with the similarity of the locations and the similarity in the morphology of the representatives, for example the similar structure of the seed cones and the wingless or only weakly winged seeds.

Further synonyms of the species are Pinus excelsa  var.  Chinensis Patschke , Pinus levis  Lemée & H.Lév. and Pinus scipioniformis  mast.

use

Armand's pine is of little importance as a supplier of wood. However, it is a common ornamental tree in China and was introduced to France by Armand David in 1895. Despite this, it is rarely used in parks and gardens outside of China, but is common in arboretums around the world.

swell

literature

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 633-634 .
  • James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 411-412 .
  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 23, 24 (English).
  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , pp. 760-761.
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ German name according to Roloff, Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze , p. 760
  2. ^ Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Volume 136, London, 1910 online
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 633
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 411
  5. ↑ Pinus armandii in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  6. ↑ Pinus armandii in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2013. Posted by: Aljos Farjon, 2011. Accessed August 24, 2013.
  7. ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 609
  8. ^ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus armandii , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 23
  9. ↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 487
  10. ↑ Pinus armandii var. Armandii in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2013. Posted by: Aljos Farjon, 2011. Accessed August 25, 2013.
  11. ↑ a b c d Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 634
  12. ↑ Pinus armandii . Var dabeshanensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: Aljos Farjon, 2011. Accessed August 24, 2013.
  13. ↑ Pinus dabeshanensis. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved August 25, 2013 .
  14. ↑ Pinus armandii var. Dabeshanensis. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved August 25, 2013 .
  15. ↑ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus fenzeliana var.dabeshanensis , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 24
  16. ↑ Pinus armandii . Var mastersiana in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: Aljos Farjon, 2011. Accessed August 24, 2013.
  17. ↑ James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 412
  18. ↑ Pinus armandii. In: The Plant List. Retrieved August 24, 2013 .

Web links

Commons : Armands Kiefer ( Pinus armandii )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Christopher J. Earle: Pinus armandii. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed on August 18, 2013 .
  • Pinus armandii at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 24, 2013.
  • Pinus armandii. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved August 24, 2013 .