Bisztynek

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Bisztynek
Bisztynek coat of arms
Bisztynek (Poland)
Bisztynek
Bisztynek
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Bartoszyce
Area : 2.16  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 5 '  N , 20 ° 54'  E Coordinates: 54 ° 5 '5 "  N , 20 ° 54' 7"  E
Residents : 2370
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 11-230
Telephone code : (+48) 89
Economy and Transport
Next international airport : Gdansk
Kaliningrad
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Surface: 203.55 km²
Residents: 6339
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 31 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2801043
Administration (as of 2012)
Mayor : Jan Wójcik
Address:
ul.Kosciuszki 2 11-330 Bisztynek
Website : bisztynek-ugim.bip-wm.pl



Bisztynek [ bʲiʃˈtɨnɛk ] ( German  Bischofstein ) is a small town in the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship .

Geographical location

The city is located in the former East Prussia at the transition from the Olsztyn Lake District to the Schippelbeil Plain, about 18 km west of Rössel ( Reszel ), 42 km northeast of Allenstein ( Olsztyn ) and 72 km southeast of Königsberg ( Kaliningrad ).

Nine kilometers to the south lies the approximately 8 km² Lauternsee (Jezioro Luterskie) at the foot of the 220 m high Voigtsdorf mountain. Numerous smaller mountains rise around the city, and the southeast is covered with coniferous forests.

The distance to the border of the Russian exclave Kaliningrad Oblast in the north is 38 km.

history

Bischofstein in East Prussia , east of Heilsberg , northeast of Allenstein and southeast of Königsberg , on a map from 1908
City panorama

For many centuries the fate of the Principality of Warmia also determined the development of the city. Their origins differ considerably from that of their neighboring cities Heilsberg and Rastenburg, which are closely related to the founding of the diocese and are therefore older. While these cities have their origins in episcopal castles from the beginning of the 14th century, Bischofstein developed from a village settlement that the Warmian bailiff Bruno von Luter had established and which he named Schönfließ with the founding deed of 1346. Since the place was apparently mostly inhabited by Prussians , the Prussian name Strowangen prevailed in the period that followed. However, one village was not enough for the diocese's settlement plans; because it could not fill the space between the already existing cities of Heilsberg and Rößel enough. So the Warmian bishop Heinrich III. Sorbom founded a town next to the village of Strowangen. The name Bischofstein, which was laid down in the hand festival of April 30, 1385, referred to the founder on the one hand and a strikingly large boulder nearby , the so-called "Griffstein", on the other . The city received a solid wall with three city gates for protection; the village of Strowangen initially stayed outside.

In 1400, Bishop Heinrich consecrated the church, built from boulders and bricks, to St. Matthias . Legend has it that blood flowed from a host and this event was associated with the bishop's death shortly thereafter and interpreted as a miracle. Bischofstein then became a place of pilgrimage. Bishop Franz Kuhschmalz , who resided from 1424 to 1457, was particularly fond of the city, because with his privilege issued on December 26, 1448, he gave Bischofstein a large forest area for use. Since Bischofstein was not intended as a chamber seat , a fortified castle was not built and the diocese only had an office building built for the stationing of its officials, which was first mentioned in 1429 as a "court of law". The building fell victim to a fire as early as 1457; however, the diocese decided not to rebuild. The property remained in the memory of the residents for centuries as the “Richthof”. Bischofstein remained subordinate to the Chamber Office Rößel until the Prussian era. The fire of 1457 had its cause in the thirteen-year-long " city ​​war ", which the Prussian Federation, founded by cities in the order state , waged against the Teutonic Order from 1454 to 1466 to defend itself against financial exploitation. The Warmian bishop Paul von Legendorf ordered the fire himself so as not to let the town fall into the hands of the rebels. The reconstruction of the city took over two decades and was sealed on March 5, 1481 with a renewed hand festival.

The Second Peace of Thorner of 1466, which ended the city war and confirmed the defeat of the order, brought Bischofstein together with the Warmia under Polish rule. During the " equestrian war " from 1519 to 1521 between the Teutonic Order and Poland, Bischofstein was considerably destroyed by mercenaries of the order. The city suffered great damage again when a fire broke out on June 9, 1547. In 1566, the city received the episcopal privilege of holding a weekly market. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the inhabitants lived mainly from the milling and tannery industry, which processed local products. On April 12, 1589, a great fire broke out in the city, from which only the church and the rectory could be saved. In the same year a plague epidemic hit the city, killing many residents. During the First Swedish-Polish War , Swedish troops invaded the city in 1626 and forced the delivery of food and wagons. The plague raged again from April to November 1662, this time killing over 700 residents. Also in the third Swedish war (1700-1721) Bischofstein suffered from marching through troops, and in 1707 the city burned down again.

With the first division of Poland in 1772, Bischofstein and Warmia came under Prussian rule. After the Warmia settlement ban for evangelical Christians was lifted, 20 families in Bischofstein professed the Lutheran faith. They were given the right to hold their services in the town hall as early as 1773 and were able to build their own church in 1803 with financial help from the Prussian king. During the war with France , French troops occupied Bischofstein on January 8, 1807, and two generals took up quarters there. The city had to make contributions totaling 13,363 thalers. After their defeat in the Russian campaign in 1812 , French soldiers once again marched through Bischofstein, plundered the city's food store and stole numerous means of transport. On May 28, 1812, the Prussian heir to the throne moved into quarters in the city for a few days while the French Marshal Ney occupied the rectory. When East Prussia set up its Landwehr for the War of Liberation in 1813 , 217 Bischofstein citizens joined them.

When the district administration was reorganized in Prussia, Bischofstein was assigned to the Rößel district in 1815 . In the middle of the 19th century, about 760 families lived in the city, who lived mainly from agriculture. In addition, there were numerous potters who found good quality clay on the nearby Ziegelberg. Around 1850, Bischofstein was connected to the newly built Chaussee Bartenstein - Bischofsburg. But since the railway connection did not take place until 1908 with the Heilsberg - Rößel line, hardly any industry settled in Bischofstein. So the number of inhabitants changed only slightly. In 1852 the city had 2966 inhabitants, 90% of whom were Catholic. In 1910, the population was 3,183. When, after the First World War, a referendum had to be held in the Rößel district, along with other southern districts of East Prussia, on membership of East Prussia or Poland, 2,581 Bischofsteiners voted to stay with East Prussia, while Poland did not cast any votes. Even in the 20th century, the city was not spared from major city fires, in 1909 and most recently in 1939.

During the Second World War , the Red Army captured Bischofstein in January 1945 . It dismantled the railway line, burned down part of the city and placed it under the administration of the People's Republic of Poland in the "Okręg mazurski" in March 1945 . This renamed Bischofstein in Bisztynek , drove the remaining residents, settled in their place Poles , including from the areas that fell to the Soviet Union east of the Curzon Line , and had 80% of the existing buildings demolished for the purpose of extracting bricks for the reconstruction of Warsaw . After a development that was initially shaped by agriculture, collectivized and state-owned companies were opened.

Today the place is the center of the municipality Bisztynek (Gmina Bisztynek) in Powiat Bartoszycki . The most important building in the relatively well-preserved small town is the Church of St. Matthias (around 1400) with its distinctive retracted baroque tower.

Population development until 1945

year Residents Remarks
1782 2141
1816 2120
1831 2514
1858 3138 including 2746 Catholics, 328 Evangelicals and 64 Jews
1864 3333 on December 3rd
1871 3503 including 330 Protestants and 70 Jews
1875 3472
1880 3471
1890 3232 including 285 Evangelicals and 58 Jews
1900 3151
1933 3265
1939 3163

Gmina Bisztynek

The following localities belong to Gmina :

Polish name
(since 1945)		 German name Polish name
(since 1945)		 German name Polish name
(since 1945)		 German name
Biegonity Trimmed Łędławki Linglack Sułowo schools
Bisztynek Bischofstein Mołdyty Molditten Swędrówka Zandersdorf
Bisztynek Colonia Niski Młyn Niedermühl Troksy Truchsen
Dąbrowa Damerau Nisko Niederhof Troszkowo Klackendorf
Grzęda Sturmhübel Nowa Wieś Reszelska Rose beautiful Unikowo Bell stone
Janowiec Midsummer rest Paluzy Chatting Warmiany Schönwalde
Kokoszewo Gerthen Pleśnik Plössenhof Winiec Wienken
Krzewina Strauchmühl Pleśno Plössen Wojkowo Heinrichsdorf
Księżno Fürstenau Prosity Prossitten Wozławki Wuslack
Łabławki Rennet Sątopy Santoppen
Lądek Landau Sątopy-Samulewo Bischdorf

Personalities

  • Franz Goerig (1825–1887), doctor and member of the Prussian House of Representatives
  • Paul Wegener (1874–1948), theater and film actor, film director, producer and screenwriter

traffic

The city is connected to the road network via state road 57 .

See also

literature

Web link

Commons : Bisztynek  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Heinrich Gottfried Gengler: Regesten and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, pp. 231-232.
  3. ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : self-determination for East Germany. Documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Editor: Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 107
  4. ↑ See the historical account on the city's website
  5. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 22, section VI., Item 2.
  6. ↑ Alexander August Mützell, Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 1: A-F. Halle 1821, p. 120, item 2744.
  7. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 511, no.104.
  8. ↑ Adolf Schlott: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg, based on official sources . Hartung, Königsberg 1861, pp. 214-220.
  9. ^ Prussian Ministry of Finance: The results of the property and building tax assessment in the administrative district of Königsberg. Berlin 1966, 19th district Roessel, p. 2.
  10. ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, p. 18, item 12.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. roessel.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  12. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 2, Leipzig / Vienna 1905, p. 906.