Petanque

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Boule balls with " piggy "
Public Boulodrome in La Palmyre / France
Boules in Bonifacio in Corsica 1975

Boules ( okzit . Petanca [ petaŋkɔ ]) is the boules associated precision sports . Two teams try to throw a certain number of balls as close as possible to a previously thrown target ball . In the competition, three players (triplets), two (doublets) or just one (tête-à-tête) face each other. Pétanque was invented in the south of France in the early 20th century. In 1959 the first World Cup took place in Belgium. Germany's first petanque club was founded in Bonn in 1963 .

Pétanque is organized in the Fédération Internationale de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal (FIPJP) with currently 94 member countries (as of September 2014). The association is subordinate to the German Pétanque Association (DPV) in Germany , the Fédération Suisse de Pétanque (FSP) in Switzerland and the Austrian Pétanque Association in Austria . At the end of 2014 the DPV had 19,820 members, which corresponds to an increase of 4.4% compared to 2013.

history

prehistory

The history of the ball game can be traced back to 460 BC. Chr. Retrace when the Greek physician Hippocrates mentioned praise one played with stone balls game. In the 2nd century AD, the Greek scholar Iulius Pollux described a game in which two players had to hit a distant brick with their stone balls.

In a court prohibition of the ball game from 1629 it was said: Boule seduces to vicious debauchery and is the cause of other insolences. Nonetheless, the game continued to spread - it was particularly popular among soldiers , as some of the central boules terms are reminiscent of: the shooter was the one who operated the igniter of a cannon and pointer literally means to aim (the gun) . The passion for balls went so far that the Lyons magistrate issued an ordinance in 1824 that banned the game of balls on the main streets of the city. 70 years later, the first precision sport, Boule Lyonnaise, was held, from which the Jeu Provençal , which is played with smaller and lighter balls, originates. This is where pétanque has its roots.

Birth of pétanque

At the beginning of the 20th century, Jules Le Noir lived in La Ciotat in the south of France , near the municipality of Cassis . He was known as a good boules player, but due to a rheumatism he was no longer able to take the three starting steps required by the Jeu Provençal , which is still popular today . In addition, the distances between the playing circle and the target ball are between 15 and 21 meters. His friend Ernest Pitiot then invented a game that is played at a shorter distance and without a run-up. Closed feet (French pieds tanqués ) is called ped tanco in Southern French French .

Development since the Second World War

Ernest Pitiot founded the Federation Francaise de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal (FFPJP) in 1945 . Before that, the association for ball players was in state hands and it was not possible to found a subsidiary association. In 1952, pétanque was included in the French Sports Federation. The presidents of the member countries of Belgium , France , Morocco , Monaco , Switzerland , Spain and Tunisia met in Spa , Belgium in 1957 , where they decided to found an international association. On March 8, 1958, they founded the Fédération Internationale de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal (FIPJP) in Marseille . The first world championship took place in Spa in 1959, followed by Cannes (1961), Casablanca (1963), Geneva (1964) and Madrid in 1965. Since 1987, the world championship for women and youth has been held every two years to supplement the classic world championships instead of.

Due to problems in the management of the FIPJP, France left the federation in 1964. France has been a member of the FIPJP again since 1970. Pétanque was also popular in Germany
through French garrisons . In Bad Godesberg , a district of Bonn, the 1st Boules Club Pétanque Bad Godeberg eV was founded on May 13, 1963, the first German pétanque club in Germany. On December 1, 1984, the German Pétanque Association (DPV) was founded, which has since organized the German championships and determines the participants for the annual world championships.

Today, pétanque is represented in a number of regularly held sports competition events, including the World Games , the Indian Ocean Island Games , the Mediterranean Games , the Asian Indoor Games, the Pacific Games and, since 2001, the Southeast Asian Games . Of the currently 94 member countries with a total of around 600,000 members, the majority come from Europe and Africa.

Regulations

The basic rules of pétanque are simple and are usually followed by recreational players. The rules are only presented here in the main. The detailed rules to be observed at pétanque sporting events are indicated in footnotes.

The game is played on every terrain; A level, smooth playing field or boards as in the Italian version of boccia or the bowls version are not required. If the game is played in demarcated fields, these playing fields must be 15 × 4 m for championships, but at least 12 × 3 m in size. Much smaller fields are not suitable for playing pétanque (see also Boulodrome ).

Formations

In pétanque there are always two formations facing each other, each with the same number of balls. The following formations are common:

  • 1 player against 1 player ( tête à tête ) - 3 balls per player (6 balls)
  • 2 players against 2 players ( doublette ) - 3 balls per player (12 balls)
  • 3 players against 3 players ( triplet ) - 2 balls per player (12 balls).

Different formations play against each other during training, free play and supermêlée . For the special situation where 7 pétanque players meet, there is the so-called Berliner .

Recordings

The game is divided into game sections, so-called recordings. In each shot , the target ball is thrown first, then both teams play all their balls in a special order - unless

  • one team has reached 13 points and the other team has no more balls.
  • the target ball went out .

At the beginning of the game it is determined by drawing lots which team is allowed to choose the playing area and throws the target ball first (there is no need to choose the playing field if, as in some tournaments, playing fields are assigned).
Any player on the team determined in this way draws a circle or places a circle made of solid material on the ground. From this circle a player from the same team throws the target ball at 6 to 10 m.

The player who draws the circle and throws the target ball and who throws the first ball can, but does not have to be, the same.

After ejecting the target ball:

  • A player from the same team throws a ball towards the target ball. (This ball has the point first.)
  • then a player of the other team throws a ball towards the target ball. If this is closer to the target ball than the ball of the first team (which has the point), it is the first team's turn to throw a ball. Otherwise the same team must continue throwing until they have the point or no more balls.
Example game situation; Team with the dark balls has two points
Example game situation; Team with the bright balls has a point
  • A player from the team that does not have the point always has to throw a ball.
  • If one team has run out of balls, the other team can play the balls that have not yet been thrown.
  • At the end of a shot, the team whose ball is closest to the target ball receives points. She receives as many points as she has balls that are closer to the target ball than the best ball of the opposing team. A maximum of 6 (or 3 for tête-à-tête) points can be achieved per recording.

There are numerous rules. So z. B. in the event that the target ball hits prohibited terrain ( out of bounds ):

  • If both teams have not yet played balls or no more balls, neither team receives a point (zero entry)
  • If only one team has not yet played balls, they each count as one point.

Balls lying or crossing the forbidden area are invalid.

Measure with the compass

Then the next recording begins. The team that made the point begins. This first draws or puts the throwing circle around the point where the target ball was at the end of the previous recording, throws the target ball and the first ball from it. This and other recordings are otherwise like the first recording.

the end of the game

If there is no time limit for the event, an encounter is possible up to 13 points. So at least three recordings are played (5 recordings in tête-à-tête). "However, it is possible to play the preliminary round ('poules') or the play-off games (' cadrage ') only up to 11 points."

The final of the world championship was played to 15 points until 2006. The FIPJP International Congress of Delegates decided at its meeting on September 20, 2007 in Pattaya (during the 2007 World Cup ) that the World Cup final will only be played until 13 in the future. This was already implemented in 2007.

Time rules

A game of pétanque without a time limit can, in exceptional cases, last several hours; especially if several zero recordings are played. The pétanque rules only set a time limit of one minute between the throw of the target ball and that of the first ball, as well as the subsequent balls. If the measurement is carried out, the time begins to run after this process. You have a maximum of five minutes to search for a bullet that cannot be found.

The organizer can decide on a time limit. This usually provides for a certain time plus one or two additional recordings. After the time has elapsed, the current recording is usually played to the end, followed by the additional recording (s). If there is a tie, another recording is usually played.

The FIPJP has decided for the World Championships from 2008 that 6 rounds of the Swiss system with one hour time limit plus 2 recordings will be played in the preliminary round .

measure up

Measure with the Tirette

If it is unclear which ball is closest, it is measured. Since these are of decisive importance for the course of the game and the allocation of points, the measurement is precisely regulated.

First of all, the measurement is incumbent on “the player who played the last ball or one of his teammates.” After that, a player from the opposing team has the right to measure. The measurement must be carried out with suitable measuring devices, every team must have a measuring device. Measuring with your feet is expressly forbidden during the official competition.

A measuring tape is usually used for measuring . If the distance cannot be determined, a tirette is used, a folding rule with an extendable tongue. It is pushed out and held between the balls to be measured and the target ball, with the tongue pointing towards the target ball. This process is carried out for all the balls in question. As a rule, the point sphere can be determined in this way. If this is not possible, you can measure with a pair of compasses , which is also used if you cannot measure otherwise.

If two opposing balls are the same distance from the target ball or both are touching them, the following options are available:

  1. Both teams run out of balls, then this is a zero pickup.
  2. Only one team has balls left, then they are still played.
  3. Both teams still have balls, then the team that threw the last ball plays again, then the other. This process is repeated until one team has the point, only one team has balls (then proceed according to No. 2).

The same rules apply accordingly if all thrown balls are on the field (on forbidden terrain).

If a player moves a ball or target ball while measuring, the point goes to the opponent. If a referee moves a ball, he decides to the best of his knowledge and belief. It makes sense to get an impression before measuring.

referee

Referees are appointed to direct official competitions , who monitor strict compliance with the rules of the game and the accompanying regulations. You can exclude players and teams from the competition. In addition, they should report "spectators [...] who, through their behavior, give rise to incidents on the playground" to the responsible national committee, which in turn involves the association court.

Pétanque sport

Pétanque is a game that can be played by people of all ages, including those who are physically or mentally impaired. The rules are very simple and understandable. Special strength is not necessary, it is not a question of who gets the furthest; so everyone can play together. The material is simple and inexpensive, and there is a place everywhere.

Various competitions are organized by clubs, associations and other organizations, namely:

  • Tournaments with and without mandatory licensing
  • Tournament series
  • Championships at district, state, federal, European and world level
  • Team competitions (league, cup)

There are also different ranking lists.

For details see main article: Pétanque competitions .

Bullets

Boules set.jpg

According to the Federation International de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal (FIPJP), competition balls must be made of metal , have a diameter of 70.5 to 80 mm and weigh between 650 and 800 grams. The weight, the manufacturer's logo and a serial number must also be engraved on the balls. In the field of competition, the player's initials or name are not uncommon, as are other trademarks of the manufacturer. The minimum hardness is 110 kg / mm². A maximum hardness is not stipulated, but in everyday life you can hardly find balls that are harder than 160 kg / mm². In general: A Leger preferred heavy balls, as these less verspringen on impact and better cope with irregularities. The shooter mainly plays with soft balls. Since a soft ball has less of a ricochet effect, there is a greater chance that the ball will remain in the target area. The balls in the milieu are semi-soft (between 115 and 120 kg / mm²) because they are used for both laying and shooting.

The target ball , also known under the names Cochonnet , Schweinchen, But (target) or Bouchon (cork), must be made of wood or synthetic material that complies with the standards of the specifications in accordance with Article 3 of the German Pétanque Association . The manufacturer's logo must be approved by FIPJP and the diameter of the target ball must be 29 to 31 mm. The ball can be colored in any color. The market leader for balls is the French manufacturer Obut , which has been producing balls since 1955.

technology

The laying

A half-throw (French: demi-portée or half -portée ) is one of the main types of throwing . The ball is thrown about shoulder-high until it hits the ground about halfway and rolls the remaining distance. How far the ball rolls depends on the height of the arch and the back twist. Ideally, the ball is released immediately after the throw and no more impulse is given.

Rolling (French: rouler or roulant ) is generally considered to be the simplest form of laying. The ball touches down immediately after the throwing circle and rolls the rest of the way to the target ball. This throwing technique is mostly used when the ground is hard and even.

The throw (French: high portée , portée or plombée ) is used on stony or wavy terrain, in the case of obstacles, or if you want to place behind balls that have already been played. Ideally, the ball flies a high arc, lands just before the piggy and rolls the rest of the way.

The shooting

The iron shot (French: Tir au fer ) hits the opposing ball directly. A distinction is made between a carreau , a carreau sur place and a pallet . One speaks of a Carreau when the ball remains very close to the opponent's ball. Optimally this is hit with a back twist over the equator of the sphere. In a carreau sur place , your own ball takes exactly the place of the opponent's ball. If the bullet is farther away, but still closer to the target bullet than the opposing bullet, it is called a palet .

The shot in front of it (French: Tir devant ) is suitable on an unyielding ground with a granular surface. The hit probability is higher than with any other technique because the ball cannot land behind the target ball if done correctly. The ball thrown with backward twist hits up to a meter in front of the opponent's ball - so this technique is significantly less precise than the iron shot.

The low shot (French: Raclette, Raspaille or à la Rafle ) is used on a level, fine-grained floor without obstacles and is usually used from nine meters. Here the shooter crouches, throws with a lot of force and lets the ball come up early. If he throws the ball with backward twist, these minor bumps are ignored.

tactics

Within the teams one can distinguish the tasks of the individual players. In the single constellation of "tête à tête", the player must be able to put as well as shoot. In the two-man team of doubles, one player usually takes on the part of laying (laying or pointeur), whereas his teammate concentrates on shooting, i.e. removing opposing balls (shooter, shooter). Another player joins the triplet's team of three. He is good at both shooting and laying, which is why he takes the place in the middle of the team as the “milieu” and always uses his balls depending on the situation. In principle, however, this distribution of roles within the team is not mandatory; it can be changed at any time. It can be a useful tactic in a recording to force the opposing layman to shoot or the opposing shooter to lay, i.e. to force the player to use a technique that is more unfamiliar to him in the hope that he will then make more mistakes. The other way round is often "rotated", i.e. the role reversal is used as a tactical tool. This measure can bring about a decisive turnaround, especially if the opponent is currently superior.

Read floor

Similar to golf , the players read the ground (especially when laying). Since pétanque is played on every floor, the texture of the floor, small and large bumps, small and large obstacles and the holes made by balls that have already been played must be taken into account when planning the throw. In difficult ground conditions, the player explores the playing field (also while crouching) from several sides. As a matter of principle, obstacles must not be removed during a recording. Before a throw, however, any hole that appears when the ball hits the ground may be closed. “Making the hole away” is a tactical variant. The decisive factor here is whether the service point (the donnée) should be used again by its own team and whether the opponent can be expected to want to use it.

Studying the opponent

An important prerequisite for your own game tactics is the knowledge of the opponent, his abilities and playing habits. Both the experience of previous (self-played or observed) games and the current game are taken into account. Video analysis before important competitions should be part of the preparation.

Throwing the target ball

The first tactical measure is to place the target ball (cochonnet, piggy, etc.). Both the skills of your own team and those of the opponent must be taken into account. First of all, the length is crucial. Some players are better able to lay or shoot at a short (6 m), medium (7–8 m) or long distance (9–10 m). It is also important for the layman to have a suitable donnée at a preferred distance from both the drop point and the targeted target. If the preferences and abilities of the opponents are known, this must also be taken into account. Likewise, if you have a high lead and your own high score (10–12 points), a place for the target balls is chosen from which it is assumed that only a few points can be achieved here so that the opponent does not catch up. With certain scores, it can also be important to place the target ball so that it can easily be pushed out of bounds.

See also

literature

Web links

 Wikinews: Category: Pétanque  - in the news
Commons : Pétanque  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

Source: DPV website GFDL approval: Ticket #: 2006111710003577

  1. ↑ DPV Statistics 2014.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at petanque-dpv.de, accessed on June 24, 2015.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.petanque-dpv.de  
  2. ↑ Timeline for the history of the ball games. ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at petanque-dpv.de, accessed on February 9, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.petanque-dpv.de
  3. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , pp. 100/101.
  4. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 101.
  5. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 102.
  6. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , p. 13.
  7. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , pp. 98/99.
  8. ↑ a b The history of the game of boules. at petanque-dpv.de, accessed on May 25, 2014.
  9. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 102.
  10. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 103.
  11. ↑ a b c d e The History of FIPJP ( Memento of the original from August 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on fipjp.com, accessed May 25, 2014. (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fipjp.com
  12. ^ A b Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 105.
  13. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , pp. 18/19.
  14. ↑ Association portrait. ( Memento of the original from September 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at boule-godesberg.de, accessed on June 6, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.boule-godesberg.de
  15. ^ German Petanque Association. at petanque-dpv.de, accessed on June 7, 2014.
  16. ↑ Fédérations nationales. ( Memento of the original from September 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from fipjp.com, accessed July 9, 2014, 2014. (French) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fipjp.com
  17. ↑ The detailed "Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP" in the version of December 6, 2010 ( memento of the original of October 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 55 kB) can be found on the DPV website. There is also a shorter description of the game sequence and rules in pétanque ( memento of the original dated December 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 431 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.petanque-dpv.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.petanque-dpv.de
  18. ↑ For exact information see: "Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP", Article 5
  19. ↑ In official competitions, only balls approved by the FIPJP are allowed, for details see competition balls and "Pétanque rules of the DPV according to FIPJP" Article 2
  20. ↑ a b There are precise rules for sporting events regarding the dimensions and properties of the target ball and its ejection. This also applies to the position of the target ball on prohibited terrain (colloquially out of bounds ). See above all "Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP", especially Articles 3, 6, 7, 8, 9
  21. ↑ More details can be found under "Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP", Article 18.
  22. ↑ There is precise information about the throwing circle, especially with regard to diameter and location. This applies above all to the position of the throwing circle from the second exposure. see. also “Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP”, especially Articles 6, 7, 9 and 12
  23. ↑ Quoted from "Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP" valid from January 1, 2007, Article 5
  24. ↑ a b See: International Congress of Delegates of the FIPJP
  25. ↑ Cf. “Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP”, Article 20
  26. ↑ Cf. “Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP”, Article 9
  27. ↑ See “Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP”, Article 24ff
  28. ↑ quoted from "Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP", Article 25
  29. ↑ See “Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP”, Article 27
  30. ↑ See "Pétanque rules of the DPV according to the FIPJP", Article 39
  31. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 10.
  32. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , pp. 18/19.
  33. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , p. 21.
  34. ↑ décision n ° 10-D-17 relative à des pratiques mises en œuvre sur le marché de la boule pétanque de compétition. Autorité de la concurrence, May 25, 2010, accessed June 6, 2015 (French).
  35. ^ A b Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 50.
  36. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , pp. 44/45.
  37. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , p. 45.
  38. ^ A b Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , p. 47.
  39. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 51.
  40. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 59.
  41. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , pp. 48/49.
  42. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 62.
  43. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , p. 51.
  44. ↑ Martin Koch: The petanque boules game . Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-87892-078-6 , p. 63.
  45. ↑ Joachim Kopp: Pétanque: Basics, technique, tactics, training, forms of play . Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-7679-1079-9 , p. 54.