Electric motorcycle
An electric motorcycle is a motorcycle that is powered by an electric motor.
history
Beginnings
The first patents for electric bicycles come from the USA, including Bolton (1895) and Libbey (1897). The first electric motorcycles in Europe, developed as pacemaker machines for track cycling, can be traced back to Paris in 1897; In 1898 there were electric tandems in Germany, even three-seaters. With the appearance of more powerful gasoline engines around 1899, the heavy and poorly performing electric motorcycles disappeared from rail sports. Electric tricycles for everyday use by Dunton and Child can be traced back to 1898.
In 1928, the Electrocyclette with tubular frame and chain drive was presented in Lyon, which was said to have a range of 30 km. From 1941 to 1944 the Socovel electric scooter was manufactured in Belgium by the manufacturer Socovel . The range of the up to 30 km / h fast electric scooter , which was supplied by three 6-volt batteries (with 45 Ah ), should have been up to 50 km; around 500 copies of the 75 kg electric motorcycle are said to have been sold. Individual pieces and prototypes of motorcycles with electric drive were created and a. 1942 by Roger Paupe and 1967 by Karl Kordesch (with fuel cell).
In 1972, the French manufacturer Motobécane used the construction of the Socovel scooter in the electrically operated Mobylette model, which, however, did not get beyond the status of a prototype; in contrast to the Solo Electra , which was produced in series from 1973 and was brought onto the market against the backdrop of the first oil crisis .
Recent developments
Only recently have electric motorcycles been available on the market again in Europe. The first street motorcycle suppliers in 2009 were Zero Motorcycles and eRockit ; of all- terrain motorcycles Quantya as early as 2008. While bicycles with electric drives and electric scooters z. For example, millions of vehicles are already being built in China , the main obstacle to the construction of high-performance two-wheelers with electric motors is the problem of the range of lithium-ion batteries . This is due to the current battery technology, in which "the ratio between energy content and weight / volume is still very unfavorable compared to gasoline". "The crux of everyday life are [...] the charging times of up to eight hours and the limited range between 40 and 150 kilometers".
The sales figures for electric motorcycles over 45 km / h top speed are quite modest in Germany. In 2011 there were 142, 2012 227 and 2013 201 copies.
In off-road motorcycling, electric motorcycles can replace models with internal combustion engines despite their limited range, where limits are set by noise and exhaust emissions . The emission-free and almost noiseless electric motor is more likely to receive official permits for practice or sports grounds that are not typically located in sand pits or quarries.
Eligible motorcycles (on the European market)
BMW C Evolution
The BMW C evolution electric scooter from the German motorcycle manufacturer BMW , which was initially built as a small series in 2012 , has been in series production since 2014.
Brammo Enertia / Plus
The road-legal Brammo Enertia motorcycle from Brammo Inc. from Ashland in the US state of Oregon is a 13 kW electric motorcycle with a torque of 40 Nm and a top speed of at least 95 km / h. An encapsulated, brushless permanent magnet AC motor is used. The lithium-iron-phosphate battery from Valence Technology in Austin, Texas stores an energy of 3.1 kWh at 76.8 volts and thus guarantees a range of around 68 km. The battery can be recharged 2000 times. The curb weight of the motorcycle is 147 kg. From 2012, the largely identical Enertia Plus model was offered, which can achieve ranges of up to 130 kilometers with twice the battery capacity .
Victory Empulse
The motorcycle Victory Empulse (until July 2015 "Brammo Empulse") from the US manufacturer Polaris Industries is considered an offshoot of the TTR Race Bike. An output of 40 kW (54 PS) and a torque of 63 Nm should enable a top speed of 160 km / h; the range of the lithium-ion battery should be 160 km. The empty weight is specified as 190 kg, the charging time is eight hours.
Energica EVA
The Energica Eva is the second model from the electric motorcycle manufacturer Energica Motor (Motor Company AG). Energica Eva is a so-called Streetfighter with an oil-cooled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMAC), an output of 80 kW (109 PS) and a torque of 200 Nm.
In ECO mode, the Eva has a range of up to 400 km, while the top speed in sport mode is around 200 km / h.
A central control unit (Vehicle Control Unit) regulates the engine output depending on the acceleration, driving mode, battery status, speed, etc. The Energica Eva has neither manual transmission nor clutch. The driver controls acceleration and recuperation when braking with a twist grip.
The motorcycle can be charged on the go at charging stations or at home at the socket. Energica Eva is the first motorcycle with integrated fast charging technology based on the CCS standard with max. 25 kW. The machine weighs around 280 kg.
Harley-Davidson Livewire
The Harley-Davidson Livewire was presented as a concept vehicle in 2014 and sent on a world tour in a small series of 50 pieces. The engine has an output of 55 kW (74 hp) at 8500 rpm and delivers a torque of 70 Nm. The ready-to-drive weight of the test models was 210 kg and the range up to 85 km. In July 2018, Harley-Davidson announced the production model of the vehicle for 2019 without giving further details on the technical data. Another model based on the classic XR750 racing machine (since 1970) has been announced for 2022.
Energica EGO
In 2014, the Italian manufacturer CRP Technology presented the first electric superbike . The synchronous motor of the Energica EGO , the power of 107 kW, a (145 hp) at 4900 to 10,500 min -1 achieved is powered by a 21.5-kWh battery (Model 2020); the governed maximum speed is specified as 240 km / h.
eRockit
The eRockit light motorcycle was produced in a small series from 2013 to 2014.
Johammer J1
In 2014 the electric motorcycle Johammer J1 from the manufacturer Johammer e-mobility from Bad Leonfelden / Austria was presented. The range of the batteries, for which a useful energy of 8.3 or 12.7 kWh is specified, is specified by the manufacturer as 150 or 200 km as the minimum value - i.e. H. with high-performance driving. The first Johammers were sold in 2014.
KTM Freeride E.
The company KTM Power Sports AG from Mattighofen , Austria , announced the small series of an electric off-road motorcycle in 2012 and developed it to market readiness in 2014. The “KTM Freeride E-SX” and “Freeride E-XC” models have an electric motor with a rated continuous output of 11 kW (15 PS), which enables the light-weight off-road motorcycles to reach a top speed of 70 km / h. The seat height is typical 91 cm, the charging time is 50 to 80 minutes. The Freeride E-XC version is street legal and may be driven with a class A1 driving license. The “KTM Freeride E-SM” supermoto version with road tires, which can also be approved , came onto the market in Germany in May 2015 at a price of 11,595 euros.
Zero S.
In April 2009, Zero Motorcycles launched the “Supermoto Zero S”, the first street-legal model. The model had an output of 23 kW (31 hp) and a torque of 84.6 Nm. The charging capacity of the Zero S was doubled compared to the pure off-road version Zero X and had a useful energy of 4 kWh (70 Ah at 58 V voltage). The top speed was just under 100 km / h. The range was - depending on the driving style - up to 100 km.
The greatly increased battery capacity contributed to the higher weight of 103 kg. A lithium-ion battery with "proprietary Z-Force technology" developed by Zero was used as the battery. The price was around 10,000 euros (duty paid, including VAT and delivery). The EU homologation was planned for the beginning of May 2009.
Since 2011, new models have been presented every year that are available from authorized dealers. The maximum useful energy of the lithium-ion battery with "Z-Force technology" is 11 kWh for the 2015 model. The charging time is given as 8.6 hours. The range is between 124 and 243 kilometers. The maximum speed is specified for the Zero S model at 153 km / h and for the Zero SR model at 164 km / h. An optional fast charging device can reduce the charging time to “95% full” to 1.9 hours. The street motorcycle is available from 13,870 euros (as of July 2015).
Eligible motorcycles (in Japanese and North American markets)
The Genze 2.0 from Mahindra & Mahindra Limited offers a 1.6 kWh Li-Ion battery and a top speed of 48 km / h. The Japanese company Terra Motors does not offer your model via the web shop, but there are still used vehicles on the market. Suzuki's e-Lets and e-Let's W are offered in Japan with two exchangeable batteries.
Racing bikes
Eliseo Hummer Speedway
The Eliseo Hummer Sarl company from Woustviller, France, was the first manufacturer to develop a speedway machine designed for professional use in motorsport, ready for series production. Egon Müller, speedway world champion from 1983, made a significant contribution to the development, which was successfully completed in early summer 2012 after three years. The motor integrated in the classic central tube frame has an output of 7.5 kW, the maximum speed is 6600 revolutions per minute.
The advantage of the electric drive is particularly noticeable in the starting phase, which is so crucial in rail sports. Since the maximum torque of 45 Newton meters is already available at 500 revolutions per minute, the clutch and the sensitive fine adjustment required for the Speedway machines conventionally operated with methanol are no longer necessary.
According to the current international motorsport regulations, the weight of the ready-to-use machine is 77 kg, of which around 8 kg are accounted for by the lithium-polymer battery, which can be replaced within a few seconds. The nominal voltage of the motor is 92 volts, the potential energy content is 1200 Wh, the manufacturer specifies the charging time as 90 minutes. The Eliseo Hummer speedway machine can reach a top speed of 121 km / h, depending on the gear ratio and route. The price of the machine made from high-quality components is 8,900 euros (as of May 2012).
Mugen / M-TEC
The Japanese manufacturer and tuner M-Tec has been contesting the TT Zero very successfully on its Shinden models since 2012 . World-class driver John McGuinness has been able to win this competition since 2014. The machine has a monocoque frame and is driven by an oil-cooled brushless electric motor with an output of 120 KW / 163 PS . Its torque is specified by M-TEC with 210 Nm .
MotoCzysz
The American architect Michael Czysz originally wanted to compete with a conventional engine in the MotoGP class of the motorcycle world championship in 2008 . A surprising change in the regulations in 2008 gave him the choice of designing a completely new motorcycle or converting it to an electric drive and competing in the TT Zero. The E1pc has a motor from the Indian company Agni. Notebook batteries were used as the power source . The brushless DC motor last delivered 150 kW at 8000 rpm. In 2013, the symbolic mark of 100 mph (160.93 km / h ) average speed was exceeded at the Tourist Trophy for the first time. The company is considered a pioneer and was at times the market leader in electric motorcycles for racing.
Quantya
The electric motocross bikes Quantya Track and Quantya Strada from Quantya SA, based in Lugano, Switzerland, reach speeds between 50 and 80 km / h, depending on the gear ratio. The reserve canister sized lithium polymer battery from the South Korean battery manufacturer Kokam Co., Ltd. from Siheung (called “LiPo Energy Center” by Quantya) weighs 19 kg and stores around 2.3 kWh of energy. According to the manufacturer, the charging time to 80 percent charge is 70 minutes, to a full charge it takes twice as long.
The “Track” model is not approved for road traffic and has a 12 kW motor. The roadworthy model "Strada" is supplied with a motor with an output of 8.5 kW. The electric motors come from the Lynch Motor Company Ltd from England, which is named after the inventor of an electric motor type Cedric Lynch . The motor controller comes from the USA from Alltrax Inc. from Oregon.
The components of the motorcycles all come from the upper quality segment, which is also reflected in the price. The price for the Quantya motocross bikes in Germany and Austria is around 10,000 euros (as of May 2012), of which around 2000 euros are for the battery. The factory warranty guarantees 1000 battery charges, i.e. for a maximum of 50,000 kilometers.
Zero X
The Zero X off-road motorcycle from Zero Motorcycles weighs only 97 kg with a battery and has a 17 kW electric motor (23 hp) with a torque of 67.7 Nm. The performance is roughly equivalent to a motorcycle with a 250 cm³ internal combustion engine. The wheelbase is 137 cm, the seat height 91 cm. The range of the lithium-ion battery of 35 Ah and 58 volts is 60 km. The battery can be fully recharged in two to three hours, but it can also be replaced at any time with just a few simple steps. For the 2014 model year, the range and performance-enhanced Zero FX with 32 kW (44 PS) and a top speed of 137 km / h appeared.
Brammo TTR
The Brammo TTR, with which Brammo took part in the first electric motorcycle race in 2009 on the Isle of Man, used a lithium polymer battery consisting of eight 12-volt packs . The useful energy was 8 kWh. The 163 kg bike reached a maximum speed of 164 km / h on the course with over 200 corners. Brammo thus achieved third place.
T0RR
At the Department of Vehicle Technology at the Technical University of Munich , a team of students developed the T0RR electric racing motorcycle as part of the globalDrive project . It is based on a BMW S 1000 RR and has been converted into an e-motorcycle with an electric motor rotating in the opposite direction of roll and a high-performance battery pack. The aim of the project was to develop a prototype that should take part in qualifying for the semi-professional Pro Thunder Race 2015 in Oschersleben . The electric motor of the T0RR provides 136 hp and a torque of 240 Nm, with which a top speed of around 250 km / h can be achieved.
Road racing
On June 12, 2009, the Isle of Man's first road race with electric motorcycles took place, the Time Trial Xtreme Grand Prix . 15 teams competed at the TTXGP, but seven motorcycles did not make it to the finish. The route was 60 km long and the highest average speed was 140.7 km / h. This event has separated from the TTXGP and is now known as TT Zero .
Shortly after the first competition on the Isle of Man, the world motorcycle sport association Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) announced that it would launch an electric racing series in 2010. In addition to the FIM e-Power International Championship , TTXGP is now running racing series in Australia, Europe and North America. The project was never implemented. There are new plans for 2019.
At the legendary Pikes Peak mountain race in 2013, an electric motorcycle (Lightning Electric Superbike) won the group of all motorcycles for the first time with a time of 10: 00.694 minutes.
For drag race and an electric was in the past Drag Bike called killacycle constructed.
See also
Web links
- “Fun brake electric motorcycle” , Die Zeit , September 20, 2016
- “Why BMW doesn't build electric motorcycles” , Die Welt , January 20, 2016
Individual evidence
- ↑ US Patent 552271 (accessed September 1, 2014)
- ↑ US Patent 596272 (accessed September 1, 2014)
- ↑ a b Innovations on bicycles. In: Polytechnisches Journal . 311, 1899, pp. 154-158.
- ↑ Toni Theilmeier: The wild, daring hunt. The rise of professional standing sport in Germany. The early years until 1910. Kutschera, Leipzig 2009, ISBN 978-3-931965-23-5 , p. 162
- ↑ americanhistory.si.edu Alkali Fuel Cell History (accessed September 3, 2014)
- ^ François-Marie Dumas: Unusual Motorcycles . Haynes 2012, ISBN 978-0-85733-261-5 , pp. 100-102.
- ↑ Jürgen Stoffregen : Motorcycle technology: Basics and concepts of engine, drive and chassis. Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig, 7th edition 2010, ISBN 978-3-8348-0698-7 , p. 451
- ↑ MOTORRAD Catalog 2011, p. 183
- ↑ MOTORRAD 22/2014, p. 55
- ↑ a b spiegel.de Noiseless through the woods (accessed on September 2, 2014)
- ↑ MOTORRAD Catalog 2013, p. 183
- ↑ http://www.gizmag.com/victory-motorcycle-electric-2016-empulse-tt/38673/ (in English)
- ↑ MOTORRAD Catalog 2014, p. 183
- ↑ Eva Breutel: Energica Eva electric motorcycle in the test - motorcycle tests . ( motorradonline.de [accessed June 26, 2017]).
- ↑ Motorradonline: Energica Eva electric motorcycle in the test . Retrieved June 26, 2017.
- ↑ https://www.thunderbike.com/more-roads-to-harley-davidson/
- ↑ energicamotor.com Energica EGO (accessed July 1, 2019)
- ↑ Motorcyclists 9/2014, p. 19
- ↑ spiegel.de Energica Ego (accessed on September 2, 2014)
- ↑ 1000PS - the strong motorcycle site on the Internet: Johammer electric cruiser | Information about the test drive, details + English subs. March 3, 2014, accessed June 17, 2017 .
- ↑ Motorcyclists 9/2014, p. 42
- ↑ MOTORRAD 22/2014, p. 65.
- ↑ Jochen Vorfelder: KTM Freeride E-SM In: spiegel.de, June 16, 2015.
- ↑ spiegel.de: ELEKTROMOTORRAD ZERO S
- ↑ Zero homepage ZERO S
- ↑ zeromotorcycles.com Zero S (accessed July 21, 2015)
- ↑ Zero-Homepage ZERO S order
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from March 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Genze Specs (accessed October 14, 2016)
- ↑ http://www1.suzuki.co.jp/motor/product/elets/top Let's W (accessed October 14, 2016)
- ↑ Shinden Go Unveiled For 2016 TT Zero. Company website, September 26, 2015, accessed July 10, 2016 .
- ↑ Model page on quantya.de, last accessed on March 15, 2010
- ^ Report by the Solingen engineer Charles Altmann, last accessed on March 15, 2010
- ↑ Lautlos durch Deutschland (dealer), last accessed on May 11, 2012 ( Memento of the original from May 20, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ MOTORRAD Catalog 2012, p. 188.
- ↑ MOTORRAD Catalog 2014, p. 210.
- ↑ globalDrive: Students develop electric racing motorcycles. July 28, 2015, accessed October 30, 2015 .
- ↑ TTXGP blog entry ( Memento of the original from June 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ iomtt.com: Isle of Man Government Responds to TT Zero speculation , access 20 November 2011
- ↑ "Electric motorcycles: races with MotoGP stars planned from 2019" , motorsport-total, March 16, 2017
