Buchberg (Upper Palatinate)
| Buchberg | ||
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 Buchberg, view from the south |
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| height | 591 m | |
| location | Bavaria , Germany | |
| Mountains | Foothills of the Franconian Alb | |
| Coordinates | 49 ° 14 '27 " N , 11 ° 25' 54" E | |
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The Buchberg is 591 m above sea level. NN high foothills in front of the Alb eaves of the Franconian Alb in the Upper Palatinate district of Neumarkt in Bavaria . Due to its characteristic form, he is one of the distinctive landmarks of the pelvis of Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate .
Geographical location
The Buchberg lies on the western edge of the Upper Palatinate Jura , the Upper Palatinate part of the Franconian Alb (also known as the Franconian Jura ). It rises 4.8 km south-southwest of downtown Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate . While its entire high plateau area belongs to the urban area of Neumarkt, its west and northwest flanks belong to the municipal area of Berngau and the east, southeast and south flanks to Sengenthal . The Buchberg part of the municipality lies on the eastern flank.
topography
The Buchberg is one of the witness mountains framing the Neumarkt Basin in the west in front of the eaves of the Franconian Alb in the east. These mountains include, following the Buchberg to the northwest, the Staufer Berg ( 511.6 m above sea level ), the Tyrolsberg ( 572 m above sea level ) and the Dillberg ( 595 m above sea level ). The striking mountain group of the Sulzbürg in the south with Schlüpfelberg, Badberg, Sulzbürger Schlossberg and Galgenberg as well as the Möninger Berg in the southwest near Freystadt are also part of the landscape around Neumarkt, but are no longer a direct part of the Neumarkt Basin. Between the Buchberg and the Winnberg near Sengenthal , the historic Ludwig-Danube-Main Canal overcomes the European watershed between the river systems of the Rhine and the Danube in an artificially created incision .
While the height of the Buchberg on many topographic maps is 591 m above sea level. NN is indicated, is 586 m above sea level in numerous popular maps . NN to read. The latter value probably relates to a survey point a few meters east of the highest point of the mountain at 586.8 m above sea level. NN .
The shape of the Buchberg is a striking horseshoe open to the west . While the longer northwest leg is called the "Long Mountain", the shorter southwest leg is called the "Glasberg". The central Buchberg plateau including the eastern slopes are referred to as "Im Steinbruch" or "Vorderer Buchberg", the northern slopes as "Hinterer Buchberg". The extensive forests below the Buchberg in the northeast form the "Heid".
geology
The shape of the Buchberg is a model for the table mountain type in the south-west of Germany . From the flat landscape of the foothills of the Alb, the steep-walled mountain of the Buchberg rises above an initially gentle, then steadily steeper base, which merges into a flat plateau above the steep slope. Seen from the north of the Neumarkt Basin in particular, the Buchberg resembles the hull of a tea clipper lying upside down . This shape makes the Buchberg an unmistakable landscape mark on the southern horizon of the Neumarkt basin.
Black, Brown and White Jura
The geological structure corresponds to that of the Franconian / Upper Palatinate Jura . The surrounding Alb foreland is formed here by the gray, bituminous clay marl and clay slate of the upper Black Jura (Lias Delta to Epsilon) with high-yield agricultural areas. Berngau in the west is located entirely on the Lias Epsilon, while Reichertshofen in the south is partially founded on the deeper layers of the Lias Delta. The place Buchberg on the eastern slope is largely on the Opalinus Clay.
The base of the Buchberg, initially flat, then steadily steeper, is formed by the approximately 30 meters thick Opalinus Clay (Dogger Alpha). Above the Opalinus Clay follows the approximately 60 meter thick iron sandstone step (Dogger Beta). The iron sandstone is the main rock creator on the Buchberg and, in contrast to the rest of the Alb, is particularly powerful there. The transition from the Opalinus Clay to the iron sandstone forms, due to the collapse of the layers from west to east, especially on the eastern slope, a very productive source horizon . The springs are used with well sockets for the local water supply. Frequently, however, the source horizon is overrun and covered over by masses of debris from the slope above. Below the northeast slope, the Lias and Opalinus Clay layers of the mountain base are also covered by drifting sand drifts from the Neumarkt Basin.
Above the iron sandstone, the layers of the Upper Brown Jurassic (Dogger Gamma to Epsilon) and the Ornatentons (Dogger Zeta), which are a few meters thick, are the dividing link between the Brown and White Jura . Like a narrow band, the shade of the regalia runs around the main massif and forms a clearly pronounced shoulder above the steep slope of the iron sandstone and below the final ascent of the White Jura. There, too, the shade of the regalia forms a source horizon, which, however, is much less pronounced. The Höhenweg follows this slope shoulder around the Buchberg.
The final ascent and the plateau of the Buchberg is formed by the approximately 20-meter-thick limestone table of the White Jura (Malm Alpha to Beta). While the Malm Alpha is characterized by a thin, fossil-rich marl layer, the Malm Beta is characterized by low-fossil, shell-breaking, coarse-bank limestone. In some places in the area of the eastern plateau, the Malm Beta seems to be crisscrossed to a small extent by dolomitized sponge reefs. The layers of the upper White Jura (Malm Gamma to Zeta) are no longer present on the Buchberg.
Fossil finds
The narrow area between the iron sandstone and the ornate clay as well as the deeper limestone marl layers of the Malms Alpha are extraordinarily rich in fossils on the Buchberg . The variety and richness corresponds to that of the famous fossil site in the Winnberg quarry opposite Sengenthal. There are no natural or artificial outcrops on the Buchberg. However, in the winter when there is no vegetation, very good finds can occasionally be made in suitable places in the hillside debris. However, these are usually broken many times by natural weathering. However, small fossils the size of a thumbnail and smaller can occasionally be found sporadically, excellently carved out by natural weathering.
The ammonite of the species Parkinsonia and the brachiopod of the species Rhynchonelloidella in the upper Dogger Delta are characteristic of this area . In addition, other ammonite species , belemnites , sea lily stalk limbs , brachiopods and mussel shells can be found there.
In the thick-banked, fossil-poor limestones of the Malms Beta, large ammonites ("Ammon's horns") of the species Perisphinctes were occasionally found. However, since the sites have already been searched many times, the chances of further finds are slim.
The reading stone piles at the field and forest edges in the area of the Lias Epsilon below the western Buchberg base near Berngau offer better opportunities for fossil finds. There, enclosed in loaf-shaped claystone ods, remarkable nests of ammonites, belemnites, brachipods and mussels can be found. These fossils are partially silicified, sometimes also pyritized. The character species in this area is the disk-shaped ammonite of the Harpoceras species with its pronounced sickle ribs and distinctive keel.
Equally characteristic of this area are the pieces of rock from the Monotisback , which is only a few decimeters thick , a hard black-gray, marble-like rock from the Lias Epsilon, which is composed entirely of the mussel shells of the Pseudomonotis species and is widely used as reading stones in the fields west of the Buchberg.
Cliffs and landslides
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The rock formations of the iron sandstone on the southern slope of the Glasberg are a special attraction . These are the result of the fact that mighty rock packages of the sandstone on the slippery base of the Opalinus Clay have slowly slipped over centuries and left a noticeable tear-off edge on the slope above. Rock shifts and eruptions suggest that these movements are ongoing. Well-known rock formations in this area are the Teufelskeller and the Predigtstuhl . Below the rocks, the slide masses form a clear flattening of the terrain with a very restless surface. On the basis of isolated outcrops it can be reconstructed that the sliding masses consist of tilted large-format rocks of the iron sandstone.
Another characteristic feature of the rocks in this area is that a steep slope is placed on the top of the rock. Under a loose layer of leaves, this usually consists of loose and loamy humus and earth material. For this reason, it is not advisable to climb around on the slope above the rocks, as the risk of slipping in the loose material and then falling over the edge of the rock is great. Such crashes have already occurred. The marked Fuchssteig hiking trail leads safely through this area below the rocks.
The Teufelskeller , listed in the Franconian Alb cave register (HFA) as K 29, is a cleft cave in the sandstone. Rift caves are created by faults in the rock. The Teufelskeller on the Buchberg forms a portal that tapers in the shape of a wedge towards the top, but is only a few meters deep. However, cold air puffing up from the crevices in summer indicates that the crevices extend deep into the mountain. A legend reports that a golden carriage is hidden in the Teufelskeller.
The Predigtstuhl is a cuboid rock shape with an edge length of around ten meters. It is located below the Teufelskeller directly on the Ringweg . The Predigtstuhl is a monolithic rock mass that has detached itself from the higher rock slope and was moved by the sliding debris to its current position on the Ringweg . The hard, black-brown, rind-shaped iron deposits in the otherwise soft, ocher-colored sandstone can be seen particularly well on the sermon chair . The tiny trap funnels of the ant lion can often be observed in the dry fine sand under rain-protected overhangs .
Stone extraction
On the Buchberg, stones used to be broken into the thick, hard limestone of the Malm on the Buchberg plateau in several smaller quarries as building material. The small quarry on the Lange Berg is located in the upper layers of the iron sandstone, which is solidified there by a calcareous binder and is therefore, in contrast to the otherwise rather soft iron sandstone, well suited as a building material. It is believed that the building material for St. John's Church in Neumarkt was broken there.
flora
The Buchberg is - as the name suggests - characterized by lime-loving, tall beech forests , especially on the Buchberg plateau including the eastern and southern slopes. On the dry soils of the iron sandstone outside of the areas influenced by the calcareous slope debris of the Buchberg plateau, such as the Glasberg and the Lange Berg , the pine can also prevail. It is especially on the south-facing slopes with stalk and sessile oak and hornbeam socialized. The damp, cool northern slope is heavily characterized by monotonous spruce afforestation due to forestry measures . Firs can also be found here and there. The Douglas firs on the western slope were planted.
Some remarkable species can be found on the limestone soils of the Buchberg plateau and in the area of the iron-sandstone slopes overrun by the debris of the limestone plateau:
- Hepatica
- Big anemone
- Ordinary cat paw
- Wild garlic
- daphne
- Turk Association
- Arrow-leaved rockcress
- Small lamb salad
- Gigantic tragacanth
- Deadly nightshade
The acidic soils of the iron sandstone and the areas characterized by pine and spruce forest cultures are rather poor in species. The herb vegetation there is largely characterized by heather , blueberry and sometimes the lingonberry . Raspberries and blackberries are quite widespread in the fallow land and along the wayside of the more humid north and north-west slopes .
The Buchberg is largely taken up by state forests, while the forest strip around the Buchberg base consists largely of peasant forests.
Human settlement
The extensive Buchberg plateau is largely surrounded by the prehistoric Buchberg wall. The complex consists of at least two ring walls with different origins. The first on the main plateau covers an area of about 24 hectares. There is a pincer gate on the northeast side . In the northwest, a mighty section wall forms the end. This comes from a later time than the rest of the rim wall. The older complex could date back to the La Tène period (5th to 1st century BC) and served as a place of residence, defense and perhaps also as a place of worship. The pincer gate typical of Celtic systems indicates this time. In 1891 the last of two farms on the Buchberg was given up. The two farms together managed 25 hectares of arable land, 21 hectares of forest and 1 hectare of gardens and meadows. The fallow arable land was afforested.
Recreational and protected area
The Buchberg is a popular local recreation area . Over ten kilometers of marked hiking trails, including the Zeugenbergrunde , invite you to go hiking, jogging and mountain biking. The Buchberg was once known for its beautiful views of the Alb foreland and the Neumarkt basin. However, due to the successful reforestation of the extensive clear-cutting and windthrow areas over the past 30 years, these vantage points have been lost without exception and can only be guessed at in winter.
The Buchberg has been designated as a landscape protection area Buchberg (LSG-No. 32039) since 1965 , which is 6.52 km² in size.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d map services ( memento of the original dated December 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the BfN
Web links
- The Buchberg and its immediate surroundings on: BayernAtlas of the Bavarian State Government ( information )
- Hikes on the Buchberg (www.sengenthal.de)
- ASSOCIATION for research into the FLORA of the REGNITZGEBIETES e. V. (PDF file; 492 kB)