Bunyavirales
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Bunyavirales | ||||||||||||||
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The bunyaviruses ( order Bunyavirales , formerly family Bunyaviridae ) comprise enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, segmented RNA as a genome . The RNA segments are predominantly of negative polarity , e.g. T. but also ambisense RNA.
The first representatives of the bunyaviruses were isolated in the place Bunyamwera ( Uganda ), from which the name of the order is derived.
morphology
The virions of the bunyaviruses have a round to irregular shape and, depending on the genus, are 80–120 nm in size. Two 5–10 nm long glycoprotein spikes (virus proteins Gn and Gc ) are embedded in the virus envelope . The capsid (a ribonucleocapsid) is 2 to 2.5 nm thick and, depending on the length of the RNA strand, 200-3000 nm long and of helical symmetry .
The viral genome consists of one molecule each of three single-stranded RNAs with negative or mixed (i.e. ambisense, +/-) polarity. They are called L ( large ), M ( medium ) and S ( small ). The ends of the individual RNA segments are complementary, so that they close to form three non-covalently closed rings (with ring-shaped capsids). The sequence of these terminal RNA sections are highly conserved within a genus. By segmenting the genome, a genetic reassortment (reassortment) is possible, similar to the Orthomyxoviridae (e.g. influenza viruses) , which has already been shown for some species in vitro and in vivo .
All bunyaviruses have four structural proteins: the two envelope proteins Gc and Gn (encoded on the M segment), the nucleocapsid protein N (on the S segment) and a large RNA polymerase molecule L (on the L segment). Another 1–2 non-structural proteins (NSm and NSs) of still little researched function are coded on the M or S segment, depending on the genus; the genus Hantavirus has no other non-structural protein.
Biological properties
The bunyaviruses (with the exception of the Fimoviridae family and the Tospovirus genus ) can multiply in vertebrates and, alternatively, in insects . When replicating in vertebrate cells, they dissolve the cell (cytolytically) while no or only slight cytopathological changes are found in insect cells. The individual virus species are very closely adapted to their vertebrate and insect host.
The different virus species are transmitted as vectors by mosquitoes , ticks , sand flies (genus Phlebotomus ) and other insects . No vector of this type is known for the hantaviruses; airborne transmission has been described for them and non-cytopathogenic persistence in rodents as hosts. The genus Tospovirus occupies a special position, as it only infects plants (like the Fimoviridae family ) and is transmitted by fringed winged birds ( Thysanoptera ).
Systematics
In 2016, the previous family Bunyaviridae was divided by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) into several families ( Hantaviridae , Nairoviridae , Peribunyaviridae , Phenuiviridae , Tospoviridae ) of the newly formed order Bunyavirales , which also includes the Arenaviridae family and other smaller families of the Arenaviruses . The systematics given here represents the status of November 2018 (type species of the families are marked with '(*)'. Viruses (subspecies) belonging to some selected species are listed.
- Family Peribunyaviridae - most of the species that were formerly part of the Bunyaviridae are summarized here:
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Genus Orthobunyavirus with 49 species, including:
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Species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (*)
- Subspecies Bunyamwera Virus (BUNV)
- Batai virus subspecies , aka bunyavirus batai (BATV) - flu-like symptoms and rashes in humans
- Cache Valley Virus (CVV) subspecies in sheep
- Species Akabane orthobunyavirus (AkObV)
- Akabane virus (AKAV) subspecies - in ruminants
- Subspecies Sabo Virus (SABOV)
- Subspecies Tinaroo Virus (TINV)
- Subspecies Yaba-7 virus (Y7V)
- Species Anopheles A orthobunyavirus (AAObV)
- Subspecies Anopheles A virus (ANAV)
- Species Anopheles B orthobunyavirus (ABObV)
- Subspecies Anopheles B virus (ANBV)
- Species California encephalitis orthobunyavirus (ClObV)
- California encephalitis virus (CEV) subspecies
- Inkoo virus (INKV) subspecies
- Species Jamestown Canyon orthobunyavirus
- Jamestown Canyon Virus (JCV) subspecies
- Species Tahyna orthobunyavirus
- Subspecies Tahyna virus (TAHV)
- Species Trivittatus orthobunyavirus
- Subspecies Trivittatus Virus (TVTV)
- Species La Crosse Encephalitis Virus (aka La Crosse Virus , LACV)
- Species Melao orthobunyavirus
- Subspecies Melao virus (en. Melao virus, MELV)
- Species Oropouche orthobunyavirus (OrpObV)
- Subspecies Oropouche virus (s. Oropouche virus, OROV) (+)
- Species Patois orthobunyavirus (PAObV)
- Subspecies Patois virus (en.Patois virus, PATV)
- Shark River Virus (SRV) subspecies
- Species Sathuperi orthobunyavirus (SaObV)
- Sathuperi virus (SATV) subspecies
- Schmallenberg virus (SBV) subspecies
- Douglas virus subspecies (DOUV)
- Species Shuni orthobunyavirus (ShuObV)
- Subspecies Shuni Virus (SHUV)
- Aino virus subspecies (AINOV)
- Subspecies Kaikalur Virus (KAIV)
- Species Tete orthobunyavirus (TeObV)
- Subspecies Tete Virus (TETEV)
- Subspecies Bahig virus (BAHV)
- Subspecies Matruh virus (MTRV)
- Tsuruse virus subspecies (TTSUV)
- Weldona virus (WELV) subspecies
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Species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (*)
- Genus Shangavirus
- Species insect shangavirus , officially Insect shangavirus (*)
- Genus Tospovirus ( plant virus , formerly called Orthotospovirus in its own family Tospoviridae ) with 11 species, including:
- Species Iris yellow spot tospovirus
- Species zucchini lethal chlorosis tospovirus
- Species tomato bronze spotted virus , officially Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (*)
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Genus Orthobunyavirus with 49 species, including:
- Family Arenaviridae - see there for details
- Genus Mammarenavirus with 35 species, including:
- Species lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus , officially Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus (*)
- Species Lassa virus , officially Lassa mammarenavirus
- Species Chapare virus , officially Chapare mammarenavirus
- Species Tacaribe virus , officially Tacaribe mammarenavirus
- Species Lujo virus , officially Lujo mammarenavirus
- Genus Hartmanivirus with 1 species:
- Species Hair Man Institute Snake Virus , officially Hair Man hard Manivirus (*)
- Genus Reptarenavirus with 4 species including:
- Species University Giessen virus , officially Giessen reptarenavirus
- Sperzie's snake reptarenavirus 1 , officially Golden reptarenavirus (*)
- Genus Mammarenavirus with 35 species, including:
- Family Cruliviridae
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- Genus Lincruvirus with 1 species:
- Species Crustacean lincruvirus (*)
- Fimoviridae family (plant viruses)
- Genus Emaravirus with 9 species including:
- Species fig mosaic virus , officially Fig mosaic emaravirus (*)
- Genus Emaravirus with 9 species including:
- Family Hantaviridae
- Genus Orthohantavirus , formerly Hantavirus , with 35 species, including:
- Species Hantaanvirus , officially Hantaan orthohantavirus (*) - natural infections especially in rodents, some of which can also cause hemorrhagic fever in humans
- Species Sin Nombre Virus , officially Sin Nombre orthohantavirus - natural infections mainly in rodents, some of which can also cause hemorrhagic fever in humans
- Genus loan virus with 2 species
- Species Longquan loanvirus (*)
- Genus Mobatvirus with 3 species
- Species Nova mobatvirus (*)
- Genus thottim virus with 2 species
- Species Thottopalayam thottimvirus (*)
- Genus Orthohantavirus , formerly Hantavirus , with 35 species, including:
- Family Mypoviridae
- Genus Hubavirus with 1 species:
- Species millipede hubavirus , officially Myriapod hubavirus (*), affects millipedes (Myriapoda)
- Genus Hubavirus with 1 species:
- Family Nairoviridae with 16 species
- Genus Orthonairovirus , formerly Nairovirus with 15 species, including:
- Species Dugbe virus , officially Dugbe orthonairovirus (*)
- Species Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (en. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus , CCFV) - Crimean-Congo fever
- Species Hazara virus (en. Hazara orthonairovirus , HAZV)
- Species Nairobi sheep disease virus ( Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus , NDSV)
- Species Qalyub virus , officially Qalyub orthonairovirus
- Species Thiafora virus , officially Thiafora orthonairovirus
- Thiafora Virus (en. Thiafora Virus, TFAV)
- Erve virus (en. Erve virus, ERVEV) [14]
- Genus Shaspivirus with 1 species
- Species Spider shaspivirus (*)
- Genus Striwavirus with 1 species
- Species Strider striwavirus (*)
- Genus Orthonairovirus , formerly Nairovirus with 15 species, including:
- Family Phasmaviridae
- Genus Orthophasmavirus with 5 species including:
- Species Kigluaik phantom virus , officially Kigluaik phantom orthophasmavirus (*)
- Genus Feravirus (formerly in own family Feraviridae ) with 1 species:
- Species Ferak virus , officially Ferak feravirus (*)
- Genus Inshuvirus with 1 species
- Species Insect inshuvirus (*)
- Genus Jonvirus (formerly own family Jonviridae ) with 1 species, including:
- Species Jonchet virus , officially Jonchet jonvirus , obsolete Jonchet orthojonvirus (*)
- Genus Wuhivirus with 1 species
- Species Insect wuhivirus (*)
- Genus Orthophasmavirus with 5 species including:
- Family Phenuiviridae
- Genus phlebovirus with 10 species including:
- Species Rift Valley fever virus , officially Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (*)
- Species sand fly fever virus , officially Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus
- Toscana virus subspecies
- Species Uukuniemi virus , officially Uukuniemi phlebovirus
- Genus banyang virus
- Species Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
- Subspecies SFTS virus (SFTSV)
- Subspecies Bhanja Virus (BHAV)
- Species Heartland banyangvirus `
- Heartland virus (HRTV) subspecies
- Species Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
- Genus Beidivirus with 1 species
- Genus Goukovirus with 3 species
- Genus Horwuvirus with 1 species
- Genus Hudivirus with 1 species
- Genus Hudovirus with 1 species
- Genus Mobuvirus with 1 species
- Genus Phasivirus with 4 species
- Genus pidchovirus with 1 species
- Genus Tenuivirus with 6 species
- Genus Wubeivirus with 2 species
- Genus phlebovirus with 10 species including:
- Family Wupedeviridae
- Genus wumivirus with 1 species:
- Species bipedal wumivirus , officially Millipede wumivirus (*), attacks bipedal bipedes (Diplopoda, English millipedes )
- Genus wumivirus with 1 species:
In addition, there are the number of virus species that have been proposed for the order Bunyavirales but have not yet been assigned to a genus.
Individual evidence
- ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b v1 MSL # 34, Feb. 2019
- ↑ a b ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ ViralZone: ICTV 2016 Master Species List # 31 with Acronyms, (Excel XLSX) , SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
- ↑ SIB: Orthotospovirus , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: [1] , on: ViralZone
- ↑ a b Piet Maes et al. : Expansion of the order Bunyavirales , ICTV Technical Report, June 2018, doi: 10.13140 / RG.2.2.25861.40163
- ↑ a b An alternative proposal was previously: Species ' Tick-borne phlebovirus ' (TBPV) of the genus Phlebovirus ; Shu Shen, Xiaomei Duan, Bo Wang, Liying Zhu, Yanfang Zhang, Jingyuan Zhang, Jun Wang, Tao Luo, Chun Kou, Dan Liu, Chuanwei Lv, Lei Zhang, Chenchen Chang, Zhengyuan Su, Shuang Tang, Jie Qiao, Abulimiti Moming , Cheng Wang, Abulikemu Abudurexiti, Hualin Wang, Zhihong Hu, Yujiang Zhang, Surong Sun, Fei Deng: A novel tick-borne phlebovirus, closely related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Heartland virus, is a potential pathogen , in: Nature : Emerging Microbes & Infections, Volume 7, Article No. 95, May 25, 2018, doi : 10.1038 / s41426-018-0093-2
literature
- CM Fauquet, MA Mayo et al .: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses , London, San Diego, 2004
- David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley, et al. (eds.): Fields' Virology, 4th Edition, Philadelphia 2001