Riding grasses

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Riding grasses
1. Marsh saddle grass (Calamagrostis canescens), 2. Bank saddle grass (Calamagrostis pseudophragmites) and 3. Land saddle grass (Calamagrostis epigejos), copper engraving by Jacob Sturm

1. Marsh saddle grass ( Calamagrostis canescens ), 2. Bank saddle grass ( Calamagrostis pseudophragmites ) and 3. Land saddle grass ( Calamagrostis epigejos ), copper engraving by Jacob Sturm

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Genre : Riding grasses
Scientific name
Calamagrostis
Adans.

Riding grasses ( Calamagrostis ) are a genus of plants within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The approximately 230 species are distributed almost worldwide. The German common name Reitgras, also Reutgras means something like "clearing grass" and refers to Calamagrostis epigejos , which does not grow on clearings , but on forest cuts.

description

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Vegetative characteristics

The riding grass species are perennial herbaceous plants . They are clump-forming grasses that often form underground runners . The numerous renewal shoots grow up inside or outside the lower leaf sheaths (intra- or extravaginally). The stalks are simple or branched at the lower nodes and have several nodes.

The alternate arranged on the stalk leaves are divided into leaf sheath and blade. The leaf sheaths are open to the base, grooved, sometimes hairy and smooth or rough. The ligule is a membranous border. The simple leaf blades are long and 1.5 to 12 millimeters wide. They are flat, ribbed. On the ribs they are rough, bald to hairy. The leaf margin is rough and often sharp.

Generative characteristics

The paniculate inflorescence is richly branched, mostly upright and only spread out in an anthesis . The spikelets consist of a hermaphrodite florets and are 3 to 8 millimeters long, narrow and laterally compressed. The floret has longer hairs at the base of the lemma , which are usually the same length as or longer than the lemma. The flower falls out of the glumes as a whole when the fruit is ripe . The spikelet axis has long white hairs on the edges. The two glumes are one to three-veined and as long as the spikelet. They are pointed to acuminate, membranous and uneven, with the lower one being longer than the upper one. The lemma is three or five-nerved and half to 3/4 as long as the glumes. It is pointed or has two short side lobes, is membranous, bald and has an awn . This usually sits on the back of the husk, rarely between the side lobes or at the tip. The palea has two nerves, is up to the same length as the lemma, tender-skinned and glabrous. There are three stamens . The ovary is bald and has two terminal styles with short, feathery scars .

The caryopsis is bald. The navel is elongated and takes up to a quarter of the length of the fruit.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 7. The calamagrostis species are tetraploid or have an even higher degree of ploidy .

Reproduction

Meiosis proceeds normally in the tetraploid calamagrostis species ; they are cross- pollinators . For families with higher ploidy often leads to disturbances in meiosis, plant them in part apomictically continued. The relationship between apomictic and sexual seed formation can vary depending on the age of the plant and the season. Some species, such as Calamagrostis purpurea and Calamagrostis pseudopurpurea, reproduce purely apomictically.

When two species occur in the same area, they often form hybrids that are always sterile but can reproduce vegetatively.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Calamagrostis was established by Michel Adanson in 1763 . The generic name Calamagrostis is derived from the Greek words kalamagrostis for "cane grass, reed grass", to kalamos for "cane" and agrostis for "forage grass". Synonyms for Calamagrostis Adans. are: Ancistrochloa Honda , Anisachne Keng , Athernotus Dulac , Chamaecalamus Meyen , Cinnagrostis Griseb. , Deyeuxia Clarion ex P.Beauv. , Sclerodeyeuxia Pilg. , Stilpnophleum Nevski , Stylagrostis Mez . The extent of the genus Calamagrostis and the delimitation or inclusion of the genera Agrostis and Deyeuxia is controversial.

The genus Calamagrostis is distributed worldwide. A diversity center is located in South America with around 100 species. In the genus Calamagrostis s. l. about 230 species, of which 14 occur in Europe according to Fischer 2008. In Central Europe, eight come to nine species from forest reed grass ( Calamagrostis arundinacea ), marsh reed grass ( Calamagrostis canescens ), small-reed ( Calamagrostis epigejos ), Shore reed grass ( Calamagrostis pseudophragmites ), Purple reed grass ( Calamagrostis purpurea ), Saxony Riding grass ( Calamagrostis rivalis ), bog riding grass ( Calamagrostis stricta ), mountain riding grass ( Calamagrostis varia ), woolly riding grass ( Calamagrostis villosa ).

The genus Calamagrostis is placed in the tribe Aveneae or Poeae in the subfamily Pooideae within the family of the Poaceae . There are many nature hybrids .

Calamagrostis breweri
Marsh saddle-grass ( Calamagrostis canescens )
Land riding grass ( Calamagrostis epigejos )
Calamagrostis foliosa
Calamagrostis montanensis
Calamagrostis rubescens

In the genus Calamagrostis s. l. there are about 230 species:

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  • Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  • Hans Joachim Conert: Calamagrostis. In: Hans Joachim Conert (ed.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd, completely revised edition. Volume I. Part 3: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Monocotyledones 1 (2). Poaceae (real grasses or sweet grasses) . Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-8263-2868-X , p. 357–380 (published in deliveries 1979–1998, 5th delivery, 1989).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke Rafaël Govaerts, 2011: World checklist of selected plant families published update. Facilitated by the Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Calamagrostis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Sheng-lian Lu, Sylvia M. Phillips: In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 22: Poaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 . Calamagrostis s. str., pp. 359–360 - the same text online as the printed work.
  4. ↑ Calamagrostis , In: WD Clayton, K. T Harman, H. Williamson: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora . 2006 ff., Accessed July 19, 2008.
  5. ↑ Thomas Raus, Hildemar Scholz: Once again: The correct name of the endemic Calamagrostis from Saxony (Germany). In: Fedde's repertory. Volume 113, No. 3-4, 2002, pp. 271-272, doi : 10.1002 / 1522-239X (200208) 113: 3/4 <271 :: AID-FEDR271> 3.0.CO; 2-N .

Web links

Commons : Riding Grass ( Calamagrostis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files