Chloridoideae

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Chloridoideae
Dog tooth grass (Cynodon dactylon)

Dog tooth grass ( Cynodon dactylon )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Chloridoideae
Scientific name
Chloridoideae
Kunth ex Beilschm.

The Chloridoideae are a subfamily within the sweet grass family (Poaceae).

description

Vegetative characteristics

The representatives of the subfamily are annual or perennial grasses with rhizomes and runners that are lawn-forming or prostrate. They are mostly herbaceous, less often woody. The stalks are firm or hollow.

The leaves are distant. The ligule is usually absent on the abaxial side; it is rarely present as a fringe of hair. Adaxially it is a membrane. The leaf blades are usually relatively narrow with pseudo-petioles. The nerve is parallel. The leaf sheaths are usually not eyed. The mesophyll is usually arranged radially, an adaxial palisade parenchyma is missing. The wreath anatomy typical of C4 plants is present. The midrib is simple.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescences are spikes, branched spikes or grapes. The spikelets are mostly hermaphroditic, less often unisexual, then the plants are often dioeciously separated ( dioecious ). There are two glumes . The spikelets are usually laterally compressed and disintegrate over the glumes. At the lemmas are rarely awns formed and usually occur in the singular. The palea are well developed. There are two fleshy, bald lodiculae , but they can also be absent. One to three stamens are formed. The ovary is bare and has no apical appendage. There are two free styluses , each with a scar .

The caryopsis often has a free pericarp . The navel is short. The endosperm is hard, fats are absent, the starch grains are simple or composite. The embryo is usually large, rarely small. An epiblast is usually present, rarely absent. There is a scutellum column. The internode of the mesocotyl is elongated. The leaf margins of the embryo touch, less often they overlap.

Chromosome sets and metabolic pathways

The basic chromosome number is x = (7, 8), 9 or 10.

Most of the species are C4 plants of the PCK or NADME type. Only Eragrostis walteri and Merxmuellera rangei are C3 plants .

Systematics and distribution

The subfamily includes around 1400 species. Their sister taxons are the Arundinoideae . The classic structure in Triben is not covered by molecular biological data, but there is still no new structure.

The species of the Chloridoideae occur particularly in arid areas, especially in the tropics and subtropics. They are less common in temperate areas.

Tribe Cynodonteae: Astrebla lappacea
Tribe Cynodonteae: Bouteloua eriopoda
Tribe Cynodonteae: Buchloe dactyloides
Tribe Cynodonteae: Chloris barbata
Tribus Cynodonteae: dog tooth grass ( Cynodon dactylon )
Tribe Cynodonteae: Eustachys petraea
Tribus Cynodonteae: salt silt grass ( Spartina anglica )
Tribus Cynodonteae: Grape burdock ( Tragus racemosus )
Tribe Eragrostideae: Rigid thorn grass ( Crypsis aculeata )
Tribe Eragrostideae: Eleusine indica
Tribe Eragrostideae: Eragrostis amabilis
Tribe Eragrostideae: Greater love grass ( Eragrostis cilianensis )
Tribus Eragrostideae: Lesser love grass ( Eragrostis minor )
Tribe Eragrostideae: Teff ( Eragrostis tef )
Tribe Eragrostideae: Muhlenbergia asperifolia
Tribe Eragrostideae: Muhlenbergia richardsonis
Tribe Eragrostideae: Prickly head grasses ( Triodia ) in Australia

There are the following tribes in the subfamily Chloridoideae:

  • Tribe Cynodonteae Dumort. :
    • Aegopogon Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. : The approximately four species are distributed from the southern USA via Mexico to Argentina and Peru . However, some authors put them in the genus Muhlenbergia .
    • Afrotrichloris Chiov. : The roughly two species occur in Ethiopia and Somalia .
    • Astrebla F. Muell. : The four or so species occur in Australia.
    • Austrochloris lazarides : it contains only one species:
    • Bouteloua Lagasca : The approximately 55 species occur in the New World.
    • Brachyachne (Benth.) Stapf : The ten or so species occur in tropical Africa and between Java and Australasia . Some authors put them to Cynodon .
    • Buchloe Engelm. : It contains only one type:
      • Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. : It is widespread from North America to Mexico. It is also referred to as Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus to Bouteloua .
    • Catalepis Stent & Stapf : It contains only one type:
    • Chloris Sw. : The approximately 52 species thrive in the tropics and subtropics.
    • Chrysochloa Swallen : The four or so species occur in tropical Africa.
    • Craspedorhachis Benth. : The three or so species come first in southern tropical Africa, southern Africa and Madagascar .
    • Ctenium tanks : The approximately 20 species occur from the USA to tropical South America, in tropical and southern Africa and in Madagascar.
    • Dog tooth grasses ( Cynodon Rich. ): The approximately 14 species are common in the Old World.
    • Daknopholis W. Clayton : It contains only one species:
    • Decaryella A.Camus : It contains only one species:
    • Dignathia Stapf : The approximately five species occur in tropical East Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula and in north-western India.
    • Enteropogon Nees : The approximately 14 species thrive in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World.
    • Eustachys Desv. : The approximately 15 species occur from the USA to tropical and subtropical America, on the Arabian Peninsula and from southern Africa to New Guinea , China and Indochina .
    • Farrago Clayton : It contains only one species:
    • Gymnopogon P.Beauv. : The approximately 14 species occur in America and Indochina.
    • Harpochloa Kunth : The roughly two species occur from the Congo area to southern Africa.
    • Hilaria Kunth (Syn .: Pleuraphis Torr. ) _ The approximately ten species occur from the USA to Guatemala .
    • Kampochloa Clayton : It contains only one species:
    • Leptothrium Kunth : The roughly three species occur in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Cape Verde , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Iran , the Caribbean islands, Colombia and Venezuela .
    • Lepturidium Hitchc. & Ekman : It contains only one type:
    • Lepturopetium Morat : Of the only two species, one occurs in New Caledonia and the other in the Marshall Islands .
    • Lintonia Stapf : The roughly two species occur in tropical East Africa. Some authors put them on Chloris .
    • Lopholepis Decne. : It contains only one type:
    • Melanocenchris Nees : The three or so species occur from northeastern tropical Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
    • Microchloa R.Br. : The six or so species thrive in the tropics and subtropics.
    • Monelytrum Hack. : It contains only one type:
    • Mosdenia stent : it contains only one type:
    • Neobouteloua Gould : The two or so species occur only in northern Argentina.
    • Neostapfiella A. Camus : The three or so species only occur in Madagascar.
    • Oxychloris lazarides : it contains only one species:
    • Perotis Aiton : About 16 species thrive in tropical and southern Africa, from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia and on islands in the western Indian Ocean.
    • Pogonochloa C.E. Hubb. : It contains only one type:
    • Polevansia De Winter : It contains only one species:
    • Pommereulla L.f. : It contains only one type:
    • Pseudozoysia Chiov. : It contains only one type:
    • Schaffnerella Nash : It contains only one species:
    • Schedonnardus Steud. : It contains only one type:
    • Schoenefeldia Kunth : The roughly two species occur from the Sahara to southern Africa and to India and the Cape Verde Islands.
    • Mudgrass ( Spartina Schreb. ): The 16 or so species occur on the coasts of North America, Europe and North Africa. Some authors include them in the genus Sporobolus .
    • Tetrachaete Chiov. : It contains only one type:
    • Tetrapogon Desf. : The roughly ten species occur from the USA to Nicaragua , on the Caribbean islands, in Africa and from the Arabian Peninsula to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
    • Burdock grasses ( Tragus Haller ): The seven or so species occur in northwestern Argentina and from the Old World to the islands of the southwestern Pacific. Including only one species that is also found in southern and central Europe :
    • Trichloris E. Fourn. ex Benth. : There are about two kinds in the New World. Some authors put them to Leptochloa .
    • Welcome hack. : The approximately three species occur in tropical and southern Africa and one species in Oklahoma and Texas.
    • Zoysia Willd. : The eight or so species come from tropical Asia to Russia's Far East and to the islands in the Pacific.
  • Tribe Eragrostideae Stapf :
    • Acrachne Wight & Arn. ex Chiov. : The approximately three species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics as far as Australia.
    • Aeluropus Trin. : The six or so species thrive in saline locations from the Mediterranean and Africa to Mongolia and from the Sahara to the Indian subcontinent.
    • Allolepis Soderstr. & HFDecker : It contains only one type:
      • Allolepis texana (Vasey) Soderstr. & HFDecker : It is distributed from Texas to northeastern Mexico.
    • Apochiton C.E. Hubb . : It contains only one type:
    • Bewsia Gooss. : It contains only one type:
      • Bewsia biflora (Hack. Ex Schinz) Gooss. : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Tanzania and southern Africa.
    • Blepharidachne Hack. : The four or so species are distributed from the USA to northeastern Mexico and are also found in northern Argentina.
    • Blepharoneuron Nash : The only two types are widespread from North America to Mexico. Some authors also place them in the genus Muhlenbergia .
    • Brachychloa S.M.Phillips : The only two species are common in southern Africa and Mozambique .
    • Calamovilfa (A.Gray) Hack. ex Scribn. & Southworth : The five or so species are widespread in North America. Some authors also put them on Sporobolus .
    • Chaboissaea E. Fourn. : It contains up to four species, but they are also part of Muhlenbergia .
    • Cladoraphis Franch. : The roughly two species are common in Angola and southern Africa.
    • Coelachyrum Hochst. & Nees : The fiveor sospecies occur in Africa, Arabia and on the Indian subcontinent.
    • Thorn grass ( Crypsis aiton ): The nine or so species are widespread from the Mediterranean to China and in tropical Africa. Some authors also include them in the genus Sporobolus . This subheading includes, for example:
    • Dactyloctenium Willd. : It contains about 13 species found in Africa and from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia.
    • Dasyochloa Willd. ex Rydb. : It contains only one type:
      • Dasyochloa pulchella (Kunth) Willd. ex Rydb. which occurs in North America and Mexico. It is also placed as Munroa pulchella (Kunth) Amarilla in the genus Munroa .
    • Desmostachya (Stapf) Stapf : It contains only one species:
    • Dinebra Jacq. , with about 3 or 8 species, which occur from Africa to India, on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and from eastern Australia to the islands in the southern Pacific.
    • Distichlis Raf. , with about ten species found in temperate and subtropical America and Australia.
    • Drake-brockmania Stapf , with two species in Africa, but which are also part of Dinebra .
    • Ectrosia R.Br. (Syn .: Planichloa B.K.Simon ), with about 14 species that occur from Malesia to the Carolines and northern Australia.
    • Ectrosiopsis (Ohwi) Jansen : It contains only one species:
      • Ectrosiopsis lasioclada (Merr.) Jansen , which occurs in Australia, New Guinea and the Carolines . It is also referred to as Ectrosia lasioclada (Merr.) STBlake to Ectrosia .
    • Eleusine Gaertn. , with about 10 species found in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World and from Brazil to southern South America. Including:
    • Entoplocamia Stapf : it contains only one species:
      • Entoplocamia aristulata (Hack. Ex Rendle) Stapf , which occurs in Angola and Namibia, where it is called button grass in German
    • Eragrostiella Bor , with about six species that occur from Ethiopia to Tanzania, from the Indian subcontinent to China and Indochina and in northeastern Australia.
    • Love grasses ( Eragrostis Wolf , Syn .: Thellungia Stapf ), with about 350 species. The genus is cosmopolitan. For example:
      • Teff ( Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter )
    • Erioneuron Nash , with about two species that occur in the USA, Mexico and from Bolivia to Argentina.
    • Fingerhuthia Nees , with two species that occur from southern tropical to southern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula and from eastern Afghanistan to western Pakistan.
    • Gouinia E. Fourn. , with about 11 species that occur from Mexico to tropical America.
    • Habrochloa C.E. Hubb . : It contains only one type:
    • Halopyrum Stapf : It contains only one species:
      • Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf : It occurs from Egypt to Mozambique, from the Arabian Peninsula to the Indian subcontinent and on Madagascar.
    • Harpachne Hochst. ex A.Rich. , with three species that occur from the Congo region to Eritrea and southern tropical Africa, also on the Arabian Peninsula and in China.
    • Heterachne Benth. , with about three species in northern Australia.
    • Hubbardochloa Auquier : It contains only one species:
    • Indopoa Bor : It contains only one type:
    • Jouvea E. Fourn . , with two species that occur from Mexico to Ecuador.
    • Kengia Packer : It contains only one type:
      • Kengia kitagawae (Honda) packer found in northeastern China. It is also referred to as Cleistogenes kitagawae Honda to Cleistogenes .
    • Leptocarydion Hochst. ex Stapf : It contains only one type:
      • Leptocarydion vulpiastrum (De Not.) Stapf : It occurs from Eritrea to southern Africa, on Madagascar and on the southwestern Arabian Peninsula.
    • Leptochloa P.Beauv. , with about 30 kinds; they are native to the tropics and subtropics as far as the USA.
    • Lophacme Stapf , with two species that occur in southern tropical and southern Africa.
    • Lycurus Kunth : The three or so species are common in the Neotropic . Some authors also put them to Muhlenbergia .
    • Monanthochloe Engelm. , with two species in the southern United States, the Caribbean islands, and Argentina. Some authors also place them on Distichlis .
    • Monodia S.WLJacobs : It contains only one species:
      • Monodia stipoides S.WLJacobs , which is found in Western Australia. It is also referred to as Triodia stipoides (SWLJacobs) Crisp & Mant to Triodia .
    • Muhlenbergia Schreb. (Syn .: Bealia Scribn. ), With about 176 species that occur from Afghanistan to Russia's Far East to tropical Asia and also in America.
    • Munroa Torr. : The approximately six species occur in Canada, USA, Mexico and from Peru to northern Argentina.
    • Myriostachya (Benth.) Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
      • Myriostachya wightiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f. which occurs in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Sumatra.
    • Neesiochloa Pilg. : It contains only one type:
    • Neyraudia Hook. f. , with four species that occur from Tanzania to Malawi, Madagascar and from the Indian subcontinent to China and Malesia.
    • Ochthochloa Edgew. , with only one type:
      • Ochthochloa compressa (Forssk.) Hilu : It occurs from the Sahara to north-western India. It is also added to the genus Chloris as Chloris flagellifera (Nees) PMPeterson .
    • Odyssea Stapf , with only one species:
    • Orinus Hitchc. , with two species that occur from Central Asia to the Himalayas and to China.
    • Oropetium Trin. , with six species that occur in Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula and from the Indian subcontinent to Indochina.
    • Pereilema J. Presl , with four species in the tropics of America. Some authors also put them to Muhlenbergia .
    • Plectrachne Henrard with up to 16 species in Australia, which are also part of Triodia .
    • Pogonarthria Stapf , with four species in tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar.
    • Pogononeura Napper : It contains only one type:
    • Psammagrostis C.A. Gardner & CEHubb. : It contains only one type:
    • Psilolemma S.M.Phillips : It contains only one species:
      • Psilolemma jaegeri (Pilg.) SMPhillips , which occurs in east-central and in eastern tropical Africa.
    • Redfieldia Vasey : It contains only one species:
      • Redfieldia flexuosa (Thurb.) Vasey found in the United States. It is also placed as Muhlenbergia multiflora Columbus in the genus Muhlenbergia .
    • Reederochloa Soderstr. & HFDecker : It contains only one type:
      • Reederochloa eludens Soderstr. & HF deck that occurs in Mexico. Some authors also place it in the genus Distichlis .
    • Rheochloa Filg., PMPeterson & Y. Herrera : It contains only one species:
    • Richardsiella Elffers & Kenn.-O'Byrne : It contains only one species:
    • Schenckochloa J.J. Ortíz , with only one species:
    • Sclerodactylon Stapf : It contains only one type:
      • Sclerodactylon macrostachyum (Benth.) A. Camus , which occurs from eastern Tanzania to northeastern Mozambique, on the islands in the western Indian Ocean and on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
    • Scleropogon Phil .: It contains only one species:
      • Scleropogon brevifolius Phil .: It occurs from the southwest and west-central USA to Mexico and in northwest Argentina.
    • Silentvalleya V.J. Nair , Sreek., Vajr. & Bhargavan : It contains only two types:
    • Sohnsia Airy Shaw : It contains only one species:
    • Sporobolus R.Br. , with initially about 160 species. The genus is cosmopolitan. If the species of the genera Spartina and Crypsis are included here, there are a total of around 220 species. Originally only about nine species of the genus Sporobolus sl vo camein Europe; together with the neophytes there are 18 species.
    • Steirachne Ekman , with two species that occur in Brazil, Guayana and Venezuela.
    • Swallenia Soderstr. & HFDecker : It contains only one type:
    • Symplectrodia Lazarides , with two species that occur in Australia. However, some authors place them on Triodia .
    • Tetrachne Nees : It contains only one type:
    • Trichoneura Andersson , with about eight species that occur in tropical and southern Africa, from Egypt to the Arabian Peninsula, from Texas to northeast Mexico, in Peru, northern Chile and the Galapagos Islands .
    • Tridens Roem. & Schult. , with about 13 species that occur from the USA to northeast Mexico and tropical South America.
    • Triodia R.Br. (Syn .: Plectrachne Henrard ), with about 80 species in Australia.
    • Triplasis P.Beauv. , with two species found in Ontario, the United States, Mexico, Honduras, and Costa Rica .
    • Tripogon Roem. & Schult. , with about 49 species that occur from the tropics and subtropics of the Old World to temperate Asia and from Bolivia to southern South America.
    • Triraphis R.Br. , with about eight species found in the arid regions of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Australia and Brazil.
    • Uniola L. , with five species that occur from the southeastern USA to Panama, in the Caribbean and from Venezuela to western South America.
    • Urochondra C.E. Hubb. : It contains only one type:
      • Urochondra setulosa (Trin.) CEHubb. which occurs from northeastern tropical Africa to northwestern India.
    • Vaseyochloa Hitchc. , with only one species found in Texas:
    • Viguierella A.Camus : It contains only one species:
  • Tribe Leptureae
    • Lepturus R.Br. , with about 15 species from the coasts of Somalia to southern Africa, on islands in the western Indian Ocean and from the tropics and subtropics of Asia to the Pacific.
  • Tribus Orcuttieae shipowners
    • Neostapfia Burtt Davy : It contains only one species:
    • Orcuttia Vasey , with five species in California and northwestern Mexico.
    • Tuctoria Shipowner , with three species in California and northwestern Mexico.
  • Tribe Pappophoreae Kunth ;
    • Cottea Kunth : It contains only one species:
      • Cottea papporhoroides Kunth , the range of which extends from the southern USA via Mexico to Ecuador and Argentina.
    • Enneapogon Desv. ex P. Beauv. , with about 25 species from the tropics and subtropics of the Old World to the temperate zones of Asia, from the USA to Mexico and from Peru to northern Argentina.
    • Kaokochloa De Winter : It contains only one species:
    • Pappophorum Schreb. : The seven or so species are widespread from Arizona to Texas and Honduras in the Caribbean and tropical South America.
    • Schmidtia Steud. ex JASchmidt : The roughly two species occur in Africa from the Sahara to Socotra and South Africa, on Cape Verde and in Pakistan.
  • Incertae sedis within the subfamily:
    • Centropodia (R.Br.) Rchb. : The four or so species occur from Africa to Central Asia and Pakistan.

No longer in this subfamily, but in that of the Danthonioideae :

  • Merxmuellera Conert : There are about seven species found in Ethiopia, southern tropical Africa, southern Africa, and Madagascar.

supporting documents

  • Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder: Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae) . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 88, 2001, pp. 373-457.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Grass Phylogeny Working Group: Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder: Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 88, 2001, pp. 373-457.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en Rafaël Govaerts (Ed. ): Poaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed February 1, 2020.
  3. ^ Cynodonteae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  4. ^ MAN Müller: Grasses Southwest Africa / Namibia . Page 190.Windhoek 1985, ISBN 0-86976-202-8 .
  5. ↑ Eragrostideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  6. ^ MAN Müller: Grasses Southwest Africa / Namibia . Page 140. Windhoek 1985. ISBN 0-86976-202-8
  7. ↑ Leptureae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  8. ↑ Orcuttieae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  9. ↑ Pappophoreae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 26, 2008.

Web links

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