Clitheroe Castle

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The Clitheroe Castle keep in August 2007

Clitheroe Castle is a ruined castle in the town of Clitheroe in the English county of Lancashire . The early medieval castle was the Caput des Honor of Clitheroe , a sprawling estate in the Pennines .

The beginnings of its history are obscure, but it is believed to be of Norman origin, believed to have been built in the 12th century. The property belonged to the De Lacy family and later fell to the Earldom and eventually the Duchy of Lancaster . In 1660 the castle came into the possession of George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle and remained in private hands until 1920. Then it was sold to the people of Clitheroe for the construction of a war memorial. Today the Clitheroe Castle Museum is housed in the buildings .

The donjon is the second smallest stone donjon in England that has survived to this day. The castle ruin has been a Scheduled Monument since April 10, 1915 . English Heritage has listed it as a Grade I Historic Building since May 19, 1950.

history

background

After the Norman conquest of England , the Anglo-Saxon Harde Blackburnshire was part of a fiefdom given to Roger Poitevin , and the Domesday Book shows that he passed it on to Roger de Busli and Albert de Gresle . Clitheroe is not mentioned by name and it is believed that Blackburn used to be the administrative center. During the reign of Wilhelm Rufus , De Poitou gave Blackburnshire and the area of Bowland north of the River Ribble (under Craven in the Domesday Book) to the English baron Pontefract , Robert de Lacy . When De Poitou lost his English lands in 1102, King Henry I allowed De Lacy not only to keep these lands, but also gave him those of Chipping , Aighton and Dutton . Clitheroe became the center of this honor .

The valley of the River Ribble was for a long time an important transport route; a Roman road runs there just a little south of the castle grounds. The steep limestone rock spur, which rises 39 meters above the surrounding land, has been strategically chosen to block the passage and to get a good view of the surroundings.

origin

The Duke of Albemarle received the castle from King Charles II in 1660 .
The donjon and part of the curtain wall that has been preserved to this day.
The stables and the courthouse, later additions from the curtain wall.
Engraving, made for A history of the original Parish of Whalley, and honor of Clitheroe , 4th edition, on his sketch from around 1650.

A document from the 14th century called Historia Laceiorum attributes the construction of the castle to Robert de Lacy († 1193), the grandson of the first Robert de Lacy. Although it is generally accepted that he had the donjon built, it is believed that some of the fortifications on the castle grounds already existed at the time.

It has been speculated that a wooden fortress existed on this site before the Norman conquest of England. A reference to castellatu Rogerii pictaviensis in the entry in the Domesday Book for nearby Barnoldswick has led to the view that it was first erected before 1086 by Roger Poitevin . Others feel that this passage is more related to Lancaster Castle .

It is believed that there was a castle in Clitheroe in 1102, as Robert de Lacy gave land that had previously belonged to Orme le Engleis , in the inner castle and below, to Ralph le Rous . A charter from 1122 also mentions the castle chapel. In the summer of 1138 a Scottish force under William FitzDuncan devastated the area and defeated an English force at the Battle of Clitheroe . Even if the castle was not mentioned in the known accounts of the battle, it may still have been the reason for the choice of the site of the battle.

Late 12th century to 14th century

Robert de Lacy († 1193) had further construction work carried out at the end of the 12th century. He died without an heir and his lands fell to his cousin and her grandson Roger (1170-1211), the constable of Chester Castle . He changed his family name to De Lacy and his descendants were also Earls of Lincoln from 1232 .

Because of the rebellion of King Richard I's brother John in the 1190s, the castle was occupied by a garrison. At the beginning of the 14th century repairs were carried out on the buildings in the castle and a new gate was built. After Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln , died in London in 1311, ownership of his lands passed to Thomas Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Lancaster , who was married to Alice , daughter and heiress Henry de Lacys . When Sir Adam Banastre led a rebellion against the Earl in 1315, Clitheroe Castle was one of the castles from which weapons were looted. The property of the Earl of Lancaster fell back after his conviction and death in 1322, his brother Henry was given his lands, which later became part of the Duchy of Lancaster .

15th to 17th centuries

In the 15th century, further repair work was undertaken and a new bedroom was added in 1425. During the Wars of the Roses , King Edward IV ordered repairs to the castle for £ 200, after which it appears to have fallen into disrepair. Duchy records of the honor indicate that the castle had both a constable and a custodian in the 1480s. A report from 1602 describes the castle as very ruinous and warns that the buildings threatened to collapse. Another report from 1608 states that parts of the dilapidated buildings have already collapsed.

In 1644, during the English Civil War , Prince Ruprecht left a garrison on the castle on his way to relieve the parliamentary siege of York . They repaired the main entrance and stocked the castle with supplies only to be abandoned after the defeat of royalist troops at the Battle of Marston Moor . When the Lancashire militia was due to disband in 1649, they refused and briefly occupied the castle during a dispute over unpaid wages. In the same year, Clitheroe Castle was found among the castles that were to be razed on instructions from Parliament to prevent their further military use. However, it is not certain what was actually destroyed in the castle.

In 1660, King Charles II gave the castle and its honor as a reward to George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle , for helping him regain the crown. From the end of the 17th century the castle became the seat of the Stewards des Honor.

18th century until today

The ownership of the castle was then passed on in the family to the Dukes of Buccleuch . A floor plan of the castle from 1723 is said to have been created when a new house was being built for the steward. But it appears that around this time much of the remaining curtain wall was demolished and terraced gardens were created in its place. The castle was used as the administrative center for Blackburnshire until 1822. Then the Town Hall on Church Street was built for this purpose .

In 1848, when the ruins of the donjon threatened to collapse, it was decided to carry out a number of further repairs. A minimum of £ 221 was spent on the work which included rebuilding the stair tower, extensive work on the east corner, partially re-cladding inside and out with Chatburn limestone and adding a number of buttresses to the south-west and south-east walls .

The castle property was acquired by the then Borough Council after a public tender in November 1920 from John Douglas-Scott-Montagu. 2. Baron Montagu of Beaulieu for £ 9,500 to build a war memorial for the 260 soldiers from the city who died in the First World War .

At the end of the 1980s, extensive maintenance work was carried out on the south-east facade of the donjons. As part of the rebuilding of the museum, further restoration work was carried out on the donjon in 2008 and the first prospection including experimental excavations on the site was completed.

construction

Only one of these openings is said to have been an entrance.
The north-west side of the interior of the donjon shows the openings on the 1st floor (the door limits the access to the stairwell.)

The Scheduled Monument document classifies Clitheroe Castle as an Enclosure Castle because the main defensive work was the curtain wall that ran around the site. It was essentially a moth that used the natural rock spur as a mound . The donjon is the second smallest stone-built in England. Since the donjon was so small, it is believed that other important buildings, such as the knight's hall , must have stood where the teaching series is today. A report from 1602 mentions “Mr Audior's chamber”, the knight's hall and the pantry. There were probably stables and residential buildings for the soldiers stationed there. The kitchen garden used to be located in the southwest corner of the premises next to the steward's house. The medieval donjon and parts of the curtain wall have been preserved to this day, the medieval buildings of the outer bailey no longer exist. There are underground remains of the entrance building to the castle and other buildings. A document from 1304 mentions moats and moats believed to be a little further down from the castle, but these have since been backfilled. The footpath that leads up the mound to the donjon and the western access path to the castle are probably later additions.

The donjon

The donjon is a rectangular tower with flat pilasters on the corners that resemble defensive towers and 2.7 meter thick walls at the base. The ground floor will from above through a trapdoor have been accessible on three sides (except the northwest wall) recessed loopholes have had in the walls. Two of them have been converted into entrances, the third on the southwest wall has been bricked up. The main entrance to the donjon was on the first floor on the northwest side and was accessible via an external staircase. Next to it, in the western corner tower, the lower entrance to a spiral staircase , which today leads up to 14 meters above the ground, is slightly higher than the other walls that have survived to this day. The donjon probably had a parapet with at least one tourelle above the spiral staircase. On the first floor there was another door in the southwest wall and recessed loopholes in the other walls. The door could have led to the curtain walls of the adjoining curtain wall . What now seems to be another passage next to it and leads through a right-angled passage into the donjon, was actually a wall chamber with barrel vaults , which probably had an arrow slit in the wall at its end, which has broken open today. This chamber could have been a lavatory , but this is debatable. The walls above show no traces of any openings, not even to the stairwell. The restoration work may have removed any evidence of a passage to an eventual second floor with sleeping chambers, or the walls covered a sloping roof similar to that of the keep of Peveril Castle . There is also no evidence of open chimneys in any part of the donjon. The repairs carried out during the restoration used limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Chatburn , so the additions can now be identified.

The hole

The embrasure on the southeast side of the first floor is now widened, probably the result of natural decay. There is a local legend that the devil once gathered rocks in an apron and hurled a boulder at the castle from a spot on Pendle Hill called Apronful . But the apron tore, causing a pile of rocks to fall, causing the boulder to land near Pendleton village church instead . The castle guide mentions this local legend: “It is always said that the hole in the wall of the Donjon was from Cromwell during the English Civil War. It's just a story, but they say that he attacked the castle and shot it with a cannon from Pendle Hill - it must have been a good cannon for the time if it could shoot that far! "

Gatehouse and curtain wall

It can be assumed that the gate tower stood roughly at the site of today's stone gate pillars at the driveway to the museum. A high crenellated wall probably ran around the top of the hill, turned behind the steward's house, and ran past the steward's gallery and around the donjon. A sketch from the 16th century shows a square, two-story gatehouse with a Norman, rounded entrance, the door containing a hatch ; a small part could have been preserved in the wall east of it. Possibly similar to the upper floor at Tickhill Castle , the upper floor here could have served as a dwelling for the custodian, who also worked as a prison guard. To the west of it the remains of the curtain wall pull up the hill and form the connection to the wall on the summit. It is thought that the 1.8 meter thick wall that encloses the donjon on three sides comes from an earlier construction phase than the donjon itself. It could have been an earlier, larger donjon with a number of extensions, of which the southern part could later have been torn down and the present donjon built inside. Like the donjon, this part of the wall was rebuilt in the mid-19th century, although the work carried out at that time must be distinguished from the originals. The north-western outer facade is best preserved. A section of the western curtain wall near the well is still preserved today, but is now separated from the other parts of the wall by the stables and the courthouse. The castle was probably divided into a core and an outer bailey, with a second gatehouse and / or a moat guarding the entrance to the core bailey. However, no trace of this gatehouse and / or moat has survived. The garden terraces, which were laid out in the mid-18th century, cut through a large part of the site and make it difficult to see the boundaries of the castle grounds.

Chapel of St Michael de Castro

The chapel of St Michael in the castle is mentioned in the charters from 1120 and was ecclesiastically separate from the old parish of Whalley. Some records call it extra-community, and it is sometimes described as the parish church of the castle and the Fronhof , belonging to the forest districts of the honor. The chapel had reinforced walls and formed part of the inner castle wall. It was at the southern end of the terrace near the old stables. When Henry de Lacy (c. 1251-1311) , Whalley left the monks of Stanlaw ( Whalley Abbey ), he kept the chapel and its district. In 1334 the abbey sued against this practice and then in 1365 finally bought the church patronage from John of Gaunt . After the dissolution of the English monasteries in the late 1530s, the gifts she received among the monks were transferred to the chapel in Whitewell . In 1660 the chapel was already in ruins and the chaplain grant was transferred to the Church of St Mary Magdalene in Clitheroe. In 1717, the chapel was not left as a ruined wall.

Knight hall

The main castle probably also contained a knight's hall. A document from 1324 relates to the rebuilding of a building that would have been the right size for a knight's hall, given the amount of materials and man-hours required to build it. The building materials were 30 truckloads of wood from Bowland , 12 more from Leagram Park, and 45 truckloads of stone shingles for the roof. Five builders were involved in the work and it took 17 weeks.

The Harde trials were held here, with the Steward of the Honor acting as judge. Originally there was a trial every three weeks, but at some point, probably in the 12th century, there were only two trials a year; the three-week negotiations were limited to disputes up to a value of 40 shillings. Instead, the Fronhof manors held "Halmote" negotiations; those for the manors of Chatburn , Worston and Pendleton also took place at Clitheroe Castle.

jail

It is known that the castle also served as a prison, and important people were occasionally imprisoned there. King Henry VI. could have been imprisoned here for a short time, as he was captured at Clitheroe in 1464 during the Wars of the Roses . In 1506 the custodian was detained in his own prison after attending a meeting of armed men in Whalley. It is not certain whether the donjon was used as a prison; instead there could have been a separate dungeon in the inner castle.

museum

Clitheroe Castle Museum

Today the buildings on the castle grounds make up the Clitheroe Castle Museum . The main building of the museum is the former Steward's House , a listed historical building of the 2nd degree, which was originally built in the 18th century and later supplemented and remodeled. In the former courthouse there are now changing exhibitions under the name Steward's Gallery . The museum originally opened in the Steward's Gallery in 1954 . It has undergone a £ 3.5 million restoration and remodeling and reopened on June 23, 2009 by Richard, 2nd Duke of Gloucester . Its social history collection consists of 5,000 pieces and the geological collection contains four specimens of figured specimens. The museum also has smaller collections of natural history , local art, and contemporary clothing. The archaeological collection contains finds from the excavations on the castle grounds.

Castle grounds

Fiale in the former rose garden
War memorial with Pendle Hill on the horizon

The 6.4 hectare castle grounds were created as a public park after the property was acquired by the administration. Of the £ 15,000 raised in 1920, £ 9,500 went towards the purchase price and the remainder towards the landscaping of the park. It contains the garden terraces laid out at the beginning of the 18th century for the steward's house. Bowling greens , tennis courts, a putting green , a concert stage and a pavilion café were laid out and special trees were planted as part of the landscaping, e.g. B. a red beech or a primeval sequoia . The war memorial , a sculpture of a soldier on a pedestal in a funeral pose with bowed head and withdrawn weapons, stands south of the donjon. A sign reads: "Erected by the people of Clitheroe in grateful memory of their fellow citizens who gave their lives to defend their king and their country in the Great War of 1914–1918 ." The sculptor was Louis Frederic Roslyn . The same figure forms the memorial at Slaidburn .

The centerpiece of the old rose garden south of the castle is a tourelle from the Palace of Westminster that was given to the community in 1937 by its MP, Sir William Brass, in memory of the coronation of King George VI. was donated. Also '' The Pinnacle '' called spire dates from the renovation at the Palace of Westminster mid-1800s-years. The Clitheroe Civic Society had the memorial overhauled after it was determined that the rusting steel fastenings had damaged the stone.

In April 2006, a new skate park was officially opened on the Woone Lane corner of the castle grounds; the construction costs of £ 200,000 came from the charitable Lancaster Foundation . Also in 2006, a lawn maze designed by Jim Buchanan opened. In 2010, ten boards showing important events in the history of Clitheroe were placed on the walls of the creative area near the donjon. To commemorate the 400th anniversary of the Pendle Witch Trials , a long distance trail called the Lancashire Witches Walk has been created. Ten three-line signposts designed by Stephen Raw , each with a verse from a poem by Carol Ann Duffy , were placed along the route.

The annual Guy Fawkes Night fireworks display is one of the regular on-site events.

Castle rock

The donjon is located on the top of a large carbon rock , the highest and most prominent point in a wide area . This rock has now been identified as a Waulsortian Mudmound . It consists of light gray, ungegründetem micrite which strongly with calcite veins is pervaded. There are some galena - and sphalerite - Mineralization in the veins. It is rich in fossils: mainly the bones of sea ​​lilies and feather stars , along with snails and pods . There has been much controversy about how such mudmounds could have come about; one theory led them to be called "reef mounds," "hill reefs," or "biotherms," ​​but a 1972 paper by Miller & Grayson explained their structure. Clitheroe Castle stands on the southwesternmost of a series of mudmounds in the Bowland sub-basin of Craven basin. It is called the "Clitheroe Reef Belt". It includes the important geological sites in the Salthill and Bellman quarries , on Crow Hill, as well as in Warsaw , Gerna and Sykes .

Individual references and comments

  1. ^ A b Paul Adams: Clitheroe Castle in The Castle Studies Group Journal . No. 19 (2005). Castle Studies Group, 2005. p. 180.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Clitheroe Castle; medieval enclosure castle . Historic England. English Heritage. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  3. ↑ Clitheroe Castle . Historic England. English Heritage. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  4. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancashire in Victoria County History . Volume 6. Constable & Co., 1911. p. 232. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  5. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 6. Constable & Co., 1911. p. 360. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  6. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 1. Constable & Co., 1906. p. 271. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  7. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 1. Constable & Co., 1906. p. 313. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  8. ↑ Thomas Dunham Whitaker: A History of the Original Parish of Whalley, an Honor of Clitheroe (...) . George Routledge, 1872. p. 328. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  9. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 1. Constable & Co., 1906. pp. 282, 314. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  10. ↑ Chipping, Aighton and Dutton were mentioned as Amounderness in the Domesday Book and subsequently incorporated into Blackburnshire.
  11. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 6. Constable & Co., 1911. p. 230. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  12. ^ A b William Farrer, John Brownbill: The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 2. Constable & Co., 1908. pp. 523-524. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  13. ↑ BJN Edwards: George Vertue's Engraving of Clitheroe Castle in Antiquaries Journal . No. 64 (1984). P. 367.
  14. ↑ The Historia Laceiorum was probably written in the 1470s in Whalley Abbey or Kirkstall Abbey and is based on Status de Blagborneshire from around 1350.
  15. ^ Joseph McNulty: Clitheroe Castle and its Chapel: Their Origins in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire . Issue 19 (1941). Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. P. 46. ( Memento of the original from November 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 23, 2016.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hslc.org.uk
  16. ↑ David Best: Clitheroe Castle: A Guide . Carnegie Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-948789-55-7 . P. 6.
  17. ↑ Arthur Langshaw: A Guide to Clitheroe Castle . Kaydee Bookshop, 1947. p. 8.
  18. ↑ Robert de Lacy's son, Henry de Lacy , gave Barnoldswick to the monks of Fountains Abbey in 1147 .
  19. ^ Thomas Dunham Whitaker: The history and the antiquities of the deanery of Craven . Third edition. Dodson, Leeds and Petter & Galpin, London 1878. pp. 75-77. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  20. ↑ David Best: Clitheroe Castle: A Guide . Carnegie Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-948789-55-7 . P. 3.
  21. ^ Thomas Dunham Whitaker: The history and the antiquities of the deanery of Craven . Third edition. Dodson, Leeds and Petter & Galpin, London 1878. p. 21. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  22. ↑ BJN Edwards: George Vertue's Engraving of Clitheroe Castle in Antiquaries Journal . No. 64 (1984). P. 371.
  23. ^ Joseph McNulty: Clitheroe Castle and its Chapel: Their Origins in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire . Issue 19 (1941). Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. P. 51. ( Memento of the original from November 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 23, 2016.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hslc.org.uk
  24. ↑ David Best: Clitheroe Castle: A Guide . Carnegie Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-948789-55-7 . P. 4.
  25. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 1. Constable & Co., 1906. p. 319. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  26. ↑ Five knights and fifteen sergeants, each with his horse, were stationed here. The Sheriff of Lancashire paid for it.
  27. ^ Joseph McNulty: Clitheroe Castle and its Chapel: Their Origins in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire . Issue 19 (1941). Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. P. 52. ( Memento of the original from November 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 23, 2016.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hslc.org.uk
  28. ↑ David Best: Clitheroe Castle: A Guide . Carnegie Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-948789-55-7 . P. 8.
  29. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 1. Constable & Co., 1906. pp. 311-312. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  30. ↑ a b c d e f Susan Ashworth: Clitheroe Castle Museum: Castle Keep, Museum and Park . Lancashire County Council, 2010. ISBN 978-1-857596-48-9 . P. 24.
  31. ^ William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 1. Constable & Co., 1906. pp. 296-297. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  32. ↑ Arthur Langshaw: A Guide to Clitheroe Castle . Kaydee Bookshop, 1947. p. 14.
  33. ↑ Thomas Dunham Whitaker: A History of the Original Parish of Whalley, an Honor of Clitheroe (...) . George Routledge, 1872. p. 267. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  34. ^ A b c d e f William Farrer, John Brownbill (editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 6. Constable & Co., 1911. p. 363. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  35. ↑ David Best: Clitheroe Castle: A Guide . Carnegie Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-948789-55-7 . Pp. 12-13.
  36. ↑ a b c d e f g h Clitheroe Castle . Historic England. English Heritage. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  37. ^ A b Susan Ashworth: Clitheroe Castle Museum: Castle Keep, Museum and Park . Lancashire County Council, 2010. ISBN 978-1-857596-48-9 . P. 13.
  38. ↑ Thomas Dunham Whitaker: A History of the Original Parish of Whalley, an Honor of Clitheroe (...) . George Routledge, 1872. p. 253. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  39. ↑ BJN Edwards: George Vertue's Engraving of Clitheroe Castle in Antiquaries Journal . No. 64 (1984). P. 369.
  40. ^ A b George Clarke: Medieval Military Architecture in England . Volume 1. Wyman and Sons, 1884. pp. 397-402. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  41. ^ A b c d e William Farrer, John Brownbill: The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 2. Constable & Co., 1908. p. 524. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  42. ^ A b Paul Adams: Clitheroe Castle in The Castle Studies Group Journal . No. 19 (2005). Castle Studies Group. P. 183.
  43. ^ Paul Adams: Clitheroe Castle in The Castle Studies Group Journal . No. 19 (2005). Castle Studies Group. Pp. 188-189.
  44. ↑ David Best: Clitheroe Castle: A Guide . Carnegie Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-948789-55-7 . P. 16.
  45. ↑ Ben Briggs: Digging deep to keep up with records . In: Lancashire Telegraph . Newquest. February 1, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  46. ^ Clitheroe Castle Keep closes for repairs . In: Burnley Express . Johnston Publishing. August 20, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  47. ^ A b c Paul Adams: Clitheroe Castle in The Castle Studies Group Journal . No. 19 (2005). Castle Studies Group. P. 185.
  48. ↑ George Clarke: Medieval Military Architecture in England . Volume 1. Wyman and Sons, 1884. p. 401. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  49. ↑ George Clarke: Medieval Military Architecture in England . Volume 1. Wyman and Sons, 1884. p. 400. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  50. ^ A b c Paul Adams: Clitheroe Castle in The Castle Studies Group Journal . No. 19 (2005). Castle Studies Group. P. 191.
  51. ^ A b William Farrer, John Brownbill (editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 6. Constable & Co., 1911. pp. 363-364. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  52. ^ Paul Adams: Clitheroe Castle in The Castle Studies Group Journal . No. 19 (2005). Castle Studies Group. P. 188.
  53. ^ David Barrowclough, John Hallam, The Devil's Footprints and Other Folklore: Local Legend and Archaeological Evidence in Lancashire in Folklore . No. 119 (2008). The Folklore Society. Pp. 93-95. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  54. ↑ Thomas Dunham Whitaker: A History of the Original Parish of Whalley, an Honor of Clitheroe (...) . George Routledge, 1872. p. 256. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  55. ↑ BJN Edwards: George Vertue's Engraving of Clitheroe Castle in Antiquaries Journal . No. 64 (1984). Pp. 368-369.
  56. ^ Paul Adams: Clitheroe Castle in The Castle Studies Group Journal . No. 19 (2005). Castle Studies Group. Pp. 191-192.
  57. ^ A b Paul Adams: Clitheroe Castle in The Castle Studies Group Journal . No. 19 (2005). Castle Studies Group. P. 186.
  58. ^ A b c William Farrer, John Brownbill (Editor): The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster in Victoria County History . Volume 6. Constable & Co., 1911. p. 369. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  59. ↑ Thomas Dunham Whitaker: A History of the Original Parish of Whalley, an Honor of Clitheroe (...) . George Routledge, 1872. p. 258. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  60. ↑ David Best: Clitheroe Castle: A Guide . Carnegie Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-948789-55-7 . P. 13.
  61. ↑ Arthur Langshaw: A Guide to Clitheroe Castle . Kaydee Bookshop, 1947. p. 12.
  62. ^ William Farrer: The Court Rolls of the Honor of Clitheroe in the County of Lancaster . Volume 1. Emmott & Co., 1897. pp. VII, IX. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  63. ↑ David Best: Clitheroe Castle: A Guide . Carnegie Publishing, 1990. ISBN 978-0-948789-55-7 . P. 10.
  64. ↑ Arthur Langshaw: A Guide to Clitheroe Castle . Kaydee Bookshop, 1947. p. 18.
  65. ↑ Susan Ashworth: Clitheroe Castle Museum: Castle Keep, Museum and Park . Lancashire County Council, 2010. ISBN 978-1-857596-48-9 . P. 5.
  66. ↑ Susan Ashworth: Clitheroe Castle Museum: Castle Keep, Museum and Park . Lancashire County Council, 2010. ISBN 978-1-857596-48-9 . P. 0, 5.
  67. ^ Clitheroe Castle Museum - development policy . Ribble Valley Borough Council. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  68. ↑ a b Castle Grounds, Clitheroe . Parks and Gardens Data Services Ltd. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  69. ^ A b Susan Ashworth: Clitheroe Castle Museum: Castle Keep, Museum and Park . Lancashire County Council, 2010. ISBN 978-1-857596-48-9 . P. 31.
  70. ^ Clitheroe Serviceman WW1 . Imperial War Museum. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  71. ^ Turret from Houses of Parliament in Gardens of Clitheroe Castle . Historic England. English Heritage. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  72. ^ Neil Athey: Restoration work to begin on historic landmark from Houses of Parliament in Clitheroe . In: Lancashire Telegraph . Newquest. August 26, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  73. ^ Adrian Worsley: Skate park gets rolling . In: Lancashire Telegraph . Newquest. April 27, 2006. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  74. ↑ History plaques unveiled at Clitheroe Castle - PHOTOS . In: Clitheroe Advertiser . Johnston Publishing. May 12, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  75. ↑ "Tercet" waymarkers . Green Close Studios. Archived from the original on February 21, 2016. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 24, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / lancashirewitches400.org
  76. ↑ Lancashire Witches Walk: Day 3 . Lancashire County Council. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 24, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / forestofbowland.com
  77. ^ J. Miller, RF Grayson: Origin and Structure of Lower Viséan “Reef” Limestones near Clitheroe, Lancashire in Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society . Issue 38 (1972). Pp. 607-638.
  78. ↑ Paul Kabrna (Editor): Carbonferous Geology: Bowland Fells to Pendle Hill . Craven & Pendle Geological Society, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9555289-1-0 . Pp. 20-22.
  79. ↑ Paul Kabrna (Editor): Carbonferous Geology: Bowland Fells to Pendle Hill . Craven & Pendle Geological Society, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9555289-1-0 . P. 19.

literature

  • Plantagenet Somerset Fry: The David & Charles Book of Castles . David & Charles, Newton Abbott 1980. ISBN 0-7153-7976-3 .
  • PJ Gooderson: A History of Lancashire . Batsford, 1980. ISBN 0-7134-2588-1 .
  • Denise Kenyon: The Origins of Lancashire (Origins of the Shire) . Manchester University Press, Manchester 1991. ISBN 0-7190-3546-5 .

Web links

Commons : Clitheroe Castle  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 53 ° 52  '15.2 " N , 2 ° 23' 35.2"  W.