Steppe forest tree hyrax

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Steppe forest tree hyrax
Tree-hyrax.jpg

Steppe forest tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax arboreus )

Systematics
Superordinate : Afrotheria
without rank: Paenungulata
Order : Schliefer (Hyracoidea)
Family : Hyrax (Procaviidae)
Genre : Tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax )
Type : Steppe forest tree hyrax
Scientific name
Dendrohyrax arboreus
( A. Smith , 1827)

The steppe forest tree hyrax or southern tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax arboreus ) is a type of tree hyrax within the mammal order of the hyrax . Its distribution area includes eastern and parts of central Africa , two separate populations also occur in southern Africa. The species inhabits wooded areas in the lowlands and in high mountain areas, which are largely undisturbed by human activities. Outwardly, the animals resemble guinea pigs , the tail is missing. A light spot on the back that surrounds a gland is characteristic . As a rule, the steppe forest tree hyrax lives nocturnal and solitary. He can climb well and so spends most of his time in the branches of the trees. As a result, he is rarely spotted, so many aspects of his way of life are unknown. The presence of the animals in an area usually reveals their latrines and their nocturnal calls. The latter spread in waves through the forest with the participation of several individuals. The diet is based on soft plant material. The animals use very different food resources locally. There has been little research into reproduction, as a rule one or two young are born after a long gestation period . Several subspecies occur in the entire distribution area of ​​the steppe forest tree hybrids , and mountain forest tree hybrids have also been included in the species. The first description dates back to 1827. The entire population is currently not endangered, but in some areas the fragmentation of the densely wooded habitat of the animals is a threat.

features

Habitus

The steppe forest tree hyrax is similar to the other representatives of the tree hyrax. It reaches a head-torso length of 42.8 to 56.6 cm and a weight of 1.17 to 2.65 kg, according to other information the upper value is 4.5 kg. There are no size differences between males and females. The animals are characterized by a generally guinea pig-like appearance, the legs are short and strong, a tail is not visible. In contrast to the rainforest tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax dorsalis ), the fur is long and soft. It has a gray to brown color, but it can sometimes be speckled. This is caused by the yellowish-brown shaft bands below the black tips of the leading hairs . However, there is a generally strong variability in the color of the fur. Individual individuals from areas with higher precipitation around 1000 to 1500 mm per year are often darker in color than relatives in drier regions. The individual hairs are around 45 mm long and overlay a dark brown to dark gray thick undercoat. The fur is interspersed with individual, longer whisker hairs , which are not as numerous as in the hyrax ( Procavia capensis ). Characteristic is a whitish to cream-colored hairy patch on the back of the back consisting of 45 to 50 mm long hairs that can be erected. The spot marks a bare gland, the size of which is mostly between 23 and 30 mm, but a maximum of 17 to 48 mm. The underside of the body is usually very light-colored. In contrast, the head appears darker than the back. On the eyebrows there is a patch of long hair, the ears, which are about 29 to 36 mm long, are made up of short whitish hair. Distinctive whiskers can be 80 mm long. As in the mountain forest tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax validus ), but unlike the rain forest tree hyrax, the nose is not covered with hair. The soles of the feet are also hairless and black, but occasionally also flesh-colored. The hands and feet have four and three rays with short, hoof-like claws. Only the inner toe of the hind feet is equipped with a curved claw. The length of the rear foot ranges from 45 to 69 mm. Females have a varying number of teats . Often there is a pair either in the groin or in the chest area, sometimes two pairs are formed, then both in the chest and groin area or only in the latter.

Skull and dentition features

The skull measures between 85.4 and 95.6 mm in length. E is generally long and comparatively low with a height of 26.3 to 29.8 mm at the skull. The interparietal bone (a skull bone between the occiput and the parietal bones ) grows together with the occiput. The temporal ridges are narrow, but sharply set off in the central area. The postorbital arch is not always closed. The bit comprises a total of 34 teeth with the following tooth formula : . The upper incisors are clearly spaced apart and are curved and triangular in cross-section, making them resemble a canine . The outer lower incisors have three small tips ( tricuspid or trifid ). In relation to the posterior dentition, there is a diastema 15 to 17 mm in length in the upper jaw . According to the other tree snails, the upper row of premolars is about the same length as the row of molars . The molars generally have low crowns ( brachyodont ).

distribution

Distribution area of ​​the steppe forest tree slipper

The steppe forest tree hyrax is endemic in eastern, central and southern Africa . In the north, its distribution area extends into central Kenya at about the level of the Nyambene Mountains and into eastern Uganda . From there it extends over Tanzania , Rwanda , Burundi , as well as over the east and the extreme southeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the east from Angola to Malawi , Zambia and Mozambique . Here the Zambezi represents the western border. South of the Zambezi, populations from central Mozambique and South Africa are documented, especially in the provinces of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal . No evidence is available for Botswana , Zimbabwe and the South African province of Limpopo . Overall, the distribution area is very fragmented.

The steppe forest tree hybrids require wooded and above all wooded areas as habitat. Its presence depends, among other things, on the number of tree hollows and the density of forest vegetation. In South Africa, for example, it occurs in mountain forests and thickets, further north in Mozambique in evergreen lowland forests and in the river forests of the Save . In the savannah areas of East Africa such as the Ngorongoro Crater, the Serengeti and the Masai Mara , the species lives in fig trees, acacia stands and river forests. In contrast, the animals are widespread in mountainous landscapes such as Mount Kenya , in the Aberdare Range and in the Ruwenzori Mountains as far as the subalpine zone. Correspondingly, the altitude distribution ranges from sea level to around 4000 m. According to studies in KwaZulu-Natal, the steppe forest tree hybrids can also survive in small forest islands. However, these should have a size of at least 5 hectares and be less than 250 m away from larger forest areas. They must not be too disturbed by human interference either. The species can occur relatively frequently locally. For the Virunga volcanoes , the figures are up to 13.4 individuals per hectare.

Way of life

Territorial behavior

The steppe forest tree hyrax is nocturnal in large parts of its distribution area, but it can also occur locally during the day. It is assumed that the nocturnal activity is a result of human hunting pressure or the presence of larger, diurnal predators. In general, the animals tend to be inactive and only spend around 16% of a 24-hour day doing various activities. There seem to be differences between males and females, as the former achieve maximum activity in the late hours of the night and the latter in the midday hours. In animals in human care, approximately 70% of inactivity was observed in daylight and 95% at night. Overall, the long period of inactivity involves adaptations to a low metabolic rate paired with a specialization in nutrient-poor food and poorly developed thermoregulation . To maintain the body temperature, a thick coat is formed, and the animals often bathe in the sun. Furthermore, they use tree hollows as shelter, which in turn offer a more balanced ambient temperature.

Steppe forest tree hyrax in the branches

In general, the steppe forest tree hyrax lives in trees ( arborikol ) and is therefore rarely observed. In the trees he can move agile with a firm grip and very flexible feet. Almost most of the activity takes place in the trees. During the day the animals stay in deeper tree levels than at night. The steppe forest tree hyrax uses natural cavities as shelter in the trees. The animals often choose trees with several caves. According to studies in the South African province of Eastern Cape, they are mainly found in trees where less than 50% of the substance has died. Most of them are 4 to 9 m high trees, which are usually the tallest in the area. The trunk diameter is 40 to 80 cm and the incline is 45 to 68 °. Preferred trees include the stone discs , also to the genera Schotia , Rhus , Andrachne , Teclea , Ptaeoxylon and Apodytes . In Eastern Africa, too, for example on the slopes of the Virunga volcanoes, the tallest trees are the most frequently inhabited. Here the Koso tree dominates , but the animals rarely seek out St. John's herbs . Occasionally an individual has been observed to take shelter in a termite den. In higher mountain areas from around 3900 m, the animals spend their resting phase in crevices in the rock.

The steppe forest tree hyrax lives solitary, groups are mostly only found in mother-young animal communities. Animals at extreme altitudes above the tree line, which appear more sociable, are an exception. The individual individuals maintain territories. At the Virunga volcanoes they reach sizes from 140 to 2550 m². The size of an area is partly influenced by the density of trees, so that animals in densely forested regions have smaller action spaces. In the case of females, the territories overlap with those of different generations; it can be the parent animals or their own offspring. The territories of the males overlap with those of the females; the relationship to the boundaries of their own sex mates is unclear. It is also not yet clear whether the animals are defending their territories. The deposition of scent marks by means of the large gland on the back has so far only rarely been observed. To defecate , the steppe forest tree hyrax descends from the tree and deposits its excrement in latrines on the tree trunk. Often an individual uses several latrines, and such a place can be visited by several animals. It is unknown whether the latrines have a communicative or territorial significance.

As with all snakes, vocalizations are an important means of social communication with the steppe forest tree hybrids. The evening calls stand out, which depend heavily on the season. In the dry season they often sound in the early evening from 7.30pm to 10pm or 11pm, a second series follows after midnight. In contrast, the calls in the rainy season are less frequent and can hardly be heard in the early evening hours. An influence of moon phases is not proven. They consist of a series of deep croaks that repeat themselves an average of four times and increase in the process and then turn into a piercing, trembling scream that sounds around eight times. Neighboring individuals often answer, so that the calls spread like waves through the forest and, according to some descriptions, make one think of the "orgy of a mass murder". As a rule, both males and females call, but the latter only calls in the absence of a partner. According to individual reports, the evening calls may vary from region to region. In addition to these contact calls, there are various other vocalizations. These include screams, croaking, chirping or barking, which are often to be viewed as alarm and warning sounds or express antagonistic behavior. Others like a coo, chuckle, or bleat may not always be associated with a particular stimulus. Defensive behavior is expressed by presenting the abdomen and straightening the hair around the gland.

nutrition

The steppe forest tree hyrax feeds mainly on soft vegetable food ( browsing ). According to the investigation of excrement residues in the South African province of Eastern Cape, the diet consists mainly of leaves . The composition of the food varies depending on the region. In the mountainous Pirie forest in the Amathole Mountains , a total of 36 different plant species were diagnosed, and the animals obtain almost three quarters of their food from stone slices. In contrast to this, the steppe forest tree hyrax in the more humid lowland forests near Alexandria in the Alexandria State forest eats around 33 different plant species, the predominant food plants here are schotia , cassine and cherry myrtle . The animals of the drier areas near the coast of the same forest area at Springmount again eat 26 different ones Plant species with a preference for Schotia and Euclea from the ebony family . Monocot are only taken up to a minor extent in the three areas investigated; Protosparagus was the only plant to be detected in the feces. It is striking that the preferred food plants are not among the most common forms of vegetation at the respective locations. Their dominance in the food spectrum is probably related to the tree-climbing way of life of the steppe forest tree sleeper. In the area of ​​the Virunga volcanoes, the koso tree is the main food plant, and more than half of the time the animals use for food they spend in the tree. They mainly eat fully grown leaves, but also stems, twigs and buds . Another quarter falls on herbs that are searched on the ground. Other commonly used plants are St. John's herbs , bed rennets and ragweeds . According to further observations at the Ngorongoro Crater , fruits of figs are occasionally part of the menu.

Overall, it is noticeable that the food of the steppe forest mountain sliver consists mostly of leaves, fibrous plant materials with few nutrients. The animals therefore spend a large part of their active time eating and eating large amounts. The selection of inferior quality plant parts with a large amount of food at the same time compensates for the effort that has to be expended in the search for higher quality food. As a rule, the animals eat at night, starting shortly after sunset. Food intake takes place in several phases that last an average of 22.8 minutes. As a result, the steppe forest tree hyrax invests about 12 to 13.7% of a 24-hour day for food intake, the value is slightly higher for females than for males.

Reproduction

The mating behavior has been little studied. The overlapping of the territories of the males with several of the females suggests a polygynous social behavior. In the Ruwenzori Mountains, births may be more frequent in April and May, but other studies have not found any seasonal dependence. In the Virunga area, during an investigation from October 1993 to April 1994, a proportion of 17% young animals in the total population was found. Pregnant females in KwaZulu-Natal bore two to three fetuses in March and April . In human care, partner advertising lasts between 2 and 10 days. In intrusive males, the females make a growling noise and straighten the hair of their back patch. The gestation period is extremely long for a mammal of this size and lasts 7.5 to 8 months. Animal births in captivity have been observed several times; they often take place on the ground. The litter size is one to two young animals. They are precocious, males weigh between 210 and 225 g, females between 185 and 206 g. The suckling phase varies from 3 to 7 months, with the first suckling already twelve minutes after the birth. The boys particularly prefer the nipple teats, possibly because there is more milk available there. They suckle every one to two and a half hours for an average of 168 seconds during the day. The initiative for sucking is mainly taken by the young and is noticeable through twittering noises or nose contact. Mother-cub interactions are otherwise only rarely documented, they are limited to suckling and protection by the mother while playing or mutual grooming has not yet been observed. The boys reach sexual maturity at 20 to 30 months. During the weaning period, the mother animal is ready to mate again, but sometimes post-partum mating occurs. The period between two births is 10 to 17 months. The development phase of the young animals is relatively long, the mortality rate is rather low. The animals can live up to 14 years in captivity.

Predators and parasites

Important predators are the leopard , the African golden cat , the serval and the caracal , as well as gorse cats and the African civet cat . Birds include owls , the African Bonelli's eagle and the crowned eagle . For the latter, hyrax are one of the main sources of food in southern Africa, but the socially living rock hyrax occurs significantly more frequently in the prey spectrum than the solitary steppe forest tree hyrax. In addition, animals also fall prey to pythons . They defend themselves against smaller predators with powerful bites of their incisors, pulling their lips up and presenting their teeth as a threatening gesture.

Animal lice in particular are documented as external parasites ; lung mites of the genus Pneumonyssus belong to the internal ones . A captured animal died of toxoplasmosis .

Systematics

The Southern Tree Hyrax is a kind from the genus of the tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax ), which consists of a total of three types. The tree hyrax in turn form part of the family of hyrax (Procaviidae) within the order of the hyrax (Hyracoidea). In the Palaeogene and early Neogene the order was very rich in shape and variety, it comprised small to huge animals with numerous ecological adaptations. Their distribution reached over large parts of Eurasia and Africa . The recent representatives of the hyrax are largely limited to the African continent, only one form occurs today in the Middle East . Of these mostly guinea pig-sized animals, the tree hyrax represent the most species-rich group. In contrast to the other members of the Procaviidae family, they are tree-dwelling, solitary and nocturnal.

In some classifications , the closely related mountain forest tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax validus ) from eastern Africa is regarded as identical to the steppe forest tree hyrax , while others classify the two as separate at the species level. There is no unanimous opinion about the number of subspecies, seven or eight are often mentioned:

  • There. adolfifriederici ( Brauer , 1913); eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Burundi and southwestern Uganda , head brown, back dark brown to black; Medium-length back spot (37 mm) and white yellow, belly light chamois, feet brown
  • There. arboreus ( A. Smith , 1827); South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape) and central Mozambique ; Head pale brown, back color brown-black to black, back spot very long (70 mm) and narrow as well as white yellowish, belly dirty white, feet slightly lighter than back
  • There. bettoni ( Thomas & Schwann , 1904); southern Kenya ; Head chocolate brown, a tuft of white hair in front of and behind the ears, cheeks a little lighter than the head, back also chocolate brown, back spot long (60 mm) and white, feet and back colored
  • There. braueri Hahn , 1933; northeastern Angola , southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and northwestern Zambia ; Head warm sepia-colored, white spot over the eyes, back dark brown, back spot long (60 mm) and white, belly white with a little yellow, feet mottled gray-brown
  • There. crawshayi ( Thomas , 1900); central Kenya; The color of the fur is similar to the nominate form , the spot on the back is medium-long (40 mm) and white, the hair on the abdomen is white and yellowish, the fur is overall very soft and woolly
  • There. mimus ( Thomas , 1900); northeastern Zambia, western Malawi, and west-central Tanzania ; is similar to D. a. stuhlmanni
  • There. ruwenzorii ( Neumann , 1902); northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo; Head and back dark brown to brown-black, back spot long (60 mm) and narrow as well as white-yellow, belly dirty white, feet brown, the coat is overall very soft and woolly
  • There. stuhlmanni ( Matschie , 1892); southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern Kenya, Tanzania; Head pale brown, clear white spot over the eyes, back brown, back spot short (30 mm) and narrow as well as white, belly white to yellowish white, feet brown

Sometimes D. a. mimus as identical to D. a. stuhlmanni .

Andrew Smith

The first scientific description was carried out by Andrew Smith in 1827. He named the species Hyrax arboreus , for his description a not fully grown individual from forests on the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa was available. The region is regarded as a type area of ​​the species. Smith named their life in trees as peculiarities of the animals compared to the then known rock hyrax ( Procavia capensis ) and their noisy vocalizations. He also stated that the colonists in South Africa called the hyrax species Boom-Das ("tree hyrax"), which is also indicated by the species name (from Latin arbor for "tree"). In the 1840s, Wilhelm Peters observed the steppe forest tree hyrax on his research trip through southern Africa in Mozambique. The genus Dendrohyrax then established John Edward Gray in 1868 and referred both the steppe forest and the rainforest tree hyrax ( Dendrohyrax dorsalis ) to it.

Later, in 1892, it was Paul Matschie who was able to document the steppe forest tree hyrax for the first time using a 52 cm long animal from Lake Victoria in eastern Africa. He initially used Procavia stuhlmanni as the name, but since he saw great similarities to the steppe forest tree hyrax, he renamed the shape to Dendrohyrax stuhlmanni three years later . In the first half of the 20th century, numerous other forms were introduced that were considered close to the steppe forest bush hyrax, but mostly had their own species status. Oldfield Thomas alone named two representatives in 1900: Procavia crawshayii and Procavia mimus . The former comes with a 46 cm long individual from the western slope of Mount Kenya , the latter from today's Malawi. For Procavia mimus only a remnant of fur was available, here Thomas suspected an independent position despite the general agreement with the steppe forest tree hybrids, as the specimen had a higher number of teats than the other tree hyraxes known at the time. Four years later, with Procavia bettoni , another form from southern Kenya was added in collaboration with Harold Schwann . Oscar Neumann had already established Dendrohyrax ruwenzorii from the Ruwenzori Mountains in 1902 . The individual he used had previously been classified by Thomas as belonging to his form Procavia crawshayii . The name Procavia adolfifriederici , named after Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg , who shot the type specimen at Lake Kiwu, came from August Brauer from 1913 . As before with Procavia mimus , Procavia adolfifriederici is also characterized by an increased number of teats. In addition, Brauer was unsure whether the shape, despite its external resemblance to Procavia stuhlmanni, could not also represent a bush hyrax ( Heterohyrax brucei ) due to certain skull features . Herbert Hahn referred as the only form in 1933 D. a. braueri directly as a subspecies of the steppe forest tree hyrax, based on two individuals from Katanga in the southern Congo area. A year later Hahn arranged in his revision the recent hybrids of all the aforementioned forms into one species and summarized them under Dendrohyrax arboreus .

Threat and protection

Threats to the steppe forest tree hybrids are the loss of habitat due to the deforestation of the forests and the fragmentation of suitable habitats . Numerous forest islands in the distribution area are too small to support reproductive populations , the strong fragmentation of the landscapes and thus also of the individual groups leads to a reduction in the flow of genes among one another. In addition, there is the hunt for the animals as a source of food and for fur processing. Due to the large distribution area and the size of the population, the IUCN assesses the species as "not endangered" ( least concern ). The environmental protection organization rules out a greater decline in the population, but recommends more intensive monitoring programs . The steppe forest tree hyrax occurs in various nature reserves. These include the Mount Kenya National Park in Kenya, the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, the Ruwenzori Mountains National Park in Uganda, the Virunga National Park in Rwanda and the Volcano National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are only a few zoo keepings, one of the most important is in the Czech Republic .

literature

  • Angela Gaylard: Dendrohyrax arboreus (A. Smith. 1827) - Tree hyrax. In: John D. Skinner and Christian T. Chimimba (Eds.): The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 48-50
  • Hendrik Hoeck: Family Procaviidae (Hyraxes). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , pp. 28–47 (p. 47)
  • Jos M. Milner and Angela Gaylard: Dendrohyrax arboreus Southern Tree Hyrax (Southern Tree Dassie). In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina (eds.): Mammals of Africa Volume I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, pp. 152-155

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Jos M. Milner and Angela Gaylard: Dendrohyrax arboreus Southern Tree Hyrax (Southern Tree Dassie). In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina (eds.): Mammals of Africa Volume I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, pp. 152-155
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Hendrik Hoeck: Family Procaviidae (Hyraxes). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , pp. 28–47 (p. 47)
  3. ^ A b J. du P. Bothma: Recent Hyracoidea (Mammalia) of Southern Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 25, 1967, pp. 117-152
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Angela Gaylard: Dendrohyrax arboreus (A. Smith. 1827) - Tree hyrax. In: John D. Skinner and Christian T. Chimimba (Eds.): The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 48-50
  5. ↑ a b c d Herbert Hahn: The family of the Procaviidae. Zeitschrift für Mammaliankunde 9, 1934, pp. 207–358 ( [1] )
  6. ↑ a b c T. Butynski, H. Hoeck and YA de Jong: Dendrohyrax arboreus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. e.T6409A21282806 ( [2] ); last accessed on November 19, 2017
  7. ^ Michael J. Lawes, Peter E. Meakin and Stephen E. Piper: Patch occupancy and potential metapopulation dynamics of three forest mammals in fragmented Afromontane forest in South Africa. Conservation Biology 14, 2000, pp. 1088-1098
  8. ↑ a b c d e f Jos M. Milner and Stephen Harris: Activity patterns and feeding behavior of the tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus, in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. African Journal of Ecology 37 (3), 1999, pp. 267-280
  9. ↑ a b Judith Rudnai: Activity cycle and space utilization in captive Dendrohyrax arboreus. South African Journal of Zoology 19, 1984, pp. 124-128
  10. ↑ Angela Gaylard and Graham IH Kerley: Habitat assessment for a rare, arboreal forest mammal, the tree hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus. African Journal of Ecology 39 (2), 2001, pp. 205-212
  11. ↑ a b Jos M. Milner and Stephen Harris: Habitat use and ranging behavior of tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus, in the Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda. African Journal of Ecology 37 (3), 1999, pp. 281-294
  12. ↑ Judith Rudnai: Dendrohyrax arboreus sheltering in a termitaria. Eastern Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 22, 1992, p. 45 ( [3] )
  13. ↑ Judith Rudnai and Pat Frere: vocalization in the Southern Tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax arboeus. Eastern Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 30, 2000, pp. 13-20 ( [4] )
  14. ↑ Angela Gaylard and Graham IH Kerley: Diet of Tree hyraxes Dendrohyrax arboreus (Hyracoidea: Procaviidae) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Mammalogy 78 (1), 1997, pp. 213-221
  15. ^ PN O'Donoghue: Reproduction in the female hyrax (Dendrohyrax arborea ruwenzorii). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 141, 1963, pp. 207-237
  16. ↑ Judith Rudnai: Suckling behavior in captive Dendrohyrax arboreus (Mammalia: Hyracoidea). South African Journal of Zoology 19, 1984, pp. 121-123
  17. ↑ Judith Rudnai: Reproduction in a group of captive southern tree hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus. Eastern Africa Natural History Society Bulletin 28, 1998, pp. 5–8 ( [5] )
  18. ^ AF Boshoff, NG Palmer, CJ Vernon and G. Avery: Comparison of the diet of crowned eagles in the Savanna and forest biomes of south-eastern South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 24 (1/2), 1994, pp. 26-31
  19. ↑ F. Zumpt and WM Till: The Lung and Nasal Mites of the Genus Pneumonyssus Banks (Acarina: Laelaptidae) with Description of Two New Species from African Primates. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 17 (2), 1954, pp. 195-212
  20. ↑ Jehezekel Shoshani, Paulette Bloomer and Erik R. Seiffert: Family Procaviidae hyraxes. In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina (eds.): Mammals of Africa Volume I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, pp. 150-151
  21. ^ Paulette Bloomer: Genus Dendrohyrax Tree Hyraxes. In: Jonathan Kingdon, David Happold, Michael Hoffmann, Thomas Butynski, Meredith Happold and Jan Kalina (eds.): Mammals of Africa Volume I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. Bloomsbury, London, 2013, p. 152
  22. ↑ Don E. Wilson and DeeAnn M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005 ( [6] )
  23. ↑ a b Herbert Hahn: From tree, bush and clip sleepers. Wittenberg, 1959, pp. 1-88
  24. ^ Andrew Smith: Description of two quadrupeds inhabitating the South of Africa, about the Cape of Good Hope. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15, 1827, pp. 460-470 ( [7] )
  25. ^ Wilhelm Peters: Scientific trip to Mossambique: executed on the orders of his Majesty the King Friedrich Wilhelm IV in the years 1842 to 1848. Berlin, 1852, pp. 1–205 (p. 182) ( [8] )
  26. ^ John Edward Gray: Revision of the species of Hyrax, founded on the specimens in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4 (1), 1868, pp. 35–52 ( [9] )
  27. ^ Paul Matschie: About some African mammals. Meeting reports of the Society of Friends of Natural Sciences in Berlin, 1892, pp. 110–113 ( [10] )
  28. ↑ Paul Matschie: The mammals of German East Africa. Berlin, 1895, pp. 1–157 (pp. 91–92) ( [11] )
  29. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: A new dassie from North Nyasaland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7 (6), 1900, p. 387 ( [12] )
  30. ↑ Oldfield Thomas: List of mammals obtained by Mr. HJ Mackinder during his recent expedition to Mount Kenya, British East Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1900, pp. 172-180 ( [13] )
  31. ↑ Oldfield Thomas and Harold Schwann: Mammals collected during the Uganda Boundery Commission by the late Mr. WG Doggett and presented to the British Museum by Col. C. Delmé-Radcliffe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1904, pp. 459-465 ( [14] )
  32. ^ Oscar Neumann: Some specimens of monkeys (Cercopithecus) and hyraxes (Procavia). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1902, pp. 142–144 ( [15] )
  33. ↑ A. Brauer: Further new Procavia species from the Kgl. Zoological Museum in Berlin. Meeting reports of the Society of Friends of Natural Sciences in Berlin, 1913, pp. 125–141 ( [16] )
  34. ↑ Herbert Hahn: Dendrohyrax arboreus braueri subsp. nov .. Journal for Mammalian Science 8, 1933, pp. 278–279 ( [17] )
  35. ↑ Christian Matschei: The steppe forest tree hyrax - a zoological rarity in Czech zoos. Communications from the Federal Working Group (BAG) Small Mammals e. V. 1, 2015, pp. 21–26 ( [18] )

Web links

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