Joseph Serlin Clinic

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בֵּית חוֹלִים לְיוֹלְדוֹת וְנָשִׁים ע"ש יוֹסֵף סֶרְלִין
Joseph Serlin Clinic (from 1974)
Sponsorship City of Tel Aviv with (from 1967) the
Ministry of Health
place Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Rechov ʿEjn Dor 15 corner of Rechov Puʿah
Country Israel
Coordinates 32 ° 4 '31 "  N , 34 ° 47' 25"  E Coordinates: 32 ° 4 '31 "  N , 34 ° 47' 25"  E
management 1951–1958: Gustav Joseph Aschermann
1958–1981: Renzo Toaff collegial with 1958–1972: Nadav Soferman
1981–1996: Re'uven Peiser collegial with 1972–1997: Menachem David
1996/1997 Jossi Lessing
areas of expertise Obstetrics , gynecology
Affiliation Tel Aviv University Teaching Hospital
founding June 22, 1951
was created by moving out of the maternity leave from Hadassah Hospital in Rechov Balfour 8 , Tel Aviv
resolution July 1997
Continuation as Lis maternity clinic in the Sourasky Medical Center
Website
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clinic
clinic
Localization of Israel in Israel
Tel Aviv-Jaffa
Tel
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Jaffa

The Joseph Serlin Maternity and Women's Hospital (1951–1997; Hebrew בֵּית חוֹלִים לְיוֹלְדוֹת וְנָשִׁים ע"ש יוֹסֵף סֶרְלִין Bejth Chōlīm ləJōldōth wəNaschīm ʿal Schem Jōsseph Serlīn , German 'hospital for labor and women in the name of Joseph Serlins' ), formerly the German School Sarona (1931–1944;הַגֶּרְמָנִי or בֵּית סֵפֶר שָׁרוֹנָה הַטֶּמְפְּלֶרִי Bejth Sepher Sarōnah haTemplerī or haGermanī ), was a hospital for gynecology and obstetrics in Tel Aviv-Jaffa and previously served as a German school abroad , especially for foreign German students from Jaffa , Sarona and around. Since Sarona between 1948 and 2003 was mainly known as haQirjah (הַקִּרְיָה 'City, place, campus' , often spelled haKirya), many colloquially called the clinic Bejth Cholim haQirjah (בֵּית חוֹלִים הַקִּרְיָה 'HaQirjah's Hospital' ). Between 1941 and 1949 the school building served as a police school for the Notrim , while the children's school operations continued in an alternate quarter until 1944. The former school building was expanded in the 1960s. The building was demolished in 2002 after the clinic had moved to a new building in 1997.

German School Sarona

The German School Sarona was created in 1929 through the merger of the School of the Temple Community Sarona (community of the Pietist temple society ) with the German School Jaffa (also Realschule), which the Immanuel Church community and the temple community Jaffa jointly carried, which was based on the school cooperation since 1913. Since October 27, 1913, Protestant students have been attending the Templars' school, which was rebuilt in 1912 and has since been a mixed denominational institution in Walhalla, a suburb of Jaffa. The parish was entitled to appoint members of its church for two teaching positions.

The Jaffa Temple School was founded when the Templars settled in 1869 and has been relocated or enlarged several times in new buildings. After some Templars left the temple society in 1874, the temple school excluded children of the apostates from attending school. Most of those who left joined the Evangelical Church of the Older Provinces of Prussia in 1886 and founded the Evangelical Church of Jaffa in 1889. At the beginning of 1890 , the Jerusalem Association granted the new congregation start-up funding for its own school. With the subsidies on October 1st, 1890 in the house of Johann Georg Kappus sen. (1826–1905) opened the Protestant school.

In 1900 she moved into her own building, the Heilpernsche Haus at Rechov Beer-Hofmann  9 , where the German Vice Consulate in Jaffa was previously located ( American-German Quarter ). The Evangelical Jerusalem Foundation took over the sponsorship, which in 1921 passed to the Immanuel parish, so that it and the Jaffa temple community were the sponsors of the mixed-denominational school in Walhalla. As early as 1892, the Reich had been making regular contributions to the operation and maintenance of German-speaking schools in the Holy Land.

The Beith Carmi , formerly Saronas parish (council) house with school, after relocating a few meters in 2005 now in Rechov Eliʿeser Kaplan 32, here east facade 2014

In Sarona, which had been founded in 1871, a temple society school had also existed since 1873; Until 1911 in the old parish hall (later also the post office) on the southwest corner of Rechov Kaplan and Rechov Rav-Aluph Elʿazar streets , then opposite in the parish hall on the southeast corner.

On the Palestine Front , British forces captured Jaffa and Sarona on November 17, 1917, and most of the men of German or other enemy nationality were interned in Wilhelma as hostile foreigners . In 1918 the British occupation forces moved the internees to Ghazza and soon on to Egypt. The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration South (OETA South) seized all property of natural and legal persons belonging to the hostile Central Powers and with the establishment of a regular British administration later in 1918, Edward Keith-Roach (1885-1954) took over as Public Custodian of Enemy Property managed the confiscated property and rented it out until the buildings were finally returned to the previous owners in 1925 (the Lausanne Treaty with Turkey came into force on August 5, 1925).

When the interned residents of Sarona returned from Egypt in 1920, the community hall was still used as a British military hospital, which is why Sarona's students first went to the German school in Walhalla. In 1928 the schools in Walhalla and Sarona received separate Reich grants. The Sarona school was merged with the unified German school in Walhalla in 1929.

The combined school Sarona-Jaffa needed more space and it was decided to build a new one. The school authorities Immanuelkirchgemeinde and united temple congregation Jaffa-Sarona decided to build the new building on the northeastern edge of Sarona. The school authorities financed the construction, the Reich granted a grant. The school authorities commissioned the architect Theodor 'Theo' Wieland, who had built a house for himself in Sarona, to provide the construction plans while the construction company Josef Wennagel carried out the construction.

On June 28, 1930, the foundation stone for the new school was laid. Major James Edward Francis Campbell ( OBE ; District Commissioner of the Southern District of Mandate Palestine), the Jerusalem Consul General Erich Nord (1881–1935), Temple Director Christian Rohrer (1860–1934), since March 1930 also Honorary Senator of the University of Tübingen, Reinhardt Lippmann, were invited and present (1868–1940) and Wilhelm Aberle (1885–1973), Saronas mayor, elders of the Jaffa-Sarona temple community Johannes Frank and Gotthilf Wagner, also representatives of the German settlements and neighborhoods in Bethlehem in Galilee , Bir-Salem , in the Repha'im valley near Jerusalem, Nazareth, Tiberias, Waldheim and Wilhelma. Speeches were given by Nord and Wagner (1887–1946), industrialists of the iron foundry Gebrüder Wagner (later Nechuschthan) in Walhalla on the Derech Japho (now the location of Migdal Neweh Zedeq [מִגְדַּל נְוֶה צֶדֶק]).

פְּתִיחַת שְׁנַת הַלִּמּוּדִים לְרִאֲשׁוֹנָה בְּבִיהָ"ס הֵחָדָשׁ/ First start of the school year in the new school
(photo of the school with students and teachers)
Unknown photographer , early September 1931

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

The foundation stone contained a sealed cylinder with an elongated thick copper plaque engraved with German text for the occasion, ten architectural sketches of the building and a set of local coins of all denominations . These were from the first minting of coins of the Palestine pound in 1927, until then Egyptian coins had been used. The sketches showed the construction plans of the school and its classrooms with different views, including the music room. These plans show that the three-storey building was built in the Bauhaus style. Wieland's building was in the shape of an angle with two symmetrical arms, one to the west and one to the south. The foyer with entrance from the north ( Rechov Puʿah ) was almost at the angle of the arms, with only a short corridor to the east and a small vertical angle to the north. There were steps leading down from the entrance.

HaQirjah's plan from 2013: No. 4 Migdal MaTKa "L in place of the German School, Rechov Puʿah (פּוּעָה) to the north , the Sourasky medical center in the block above numbers 13, 16 and 17

In September 1931 the school moved into the new building on what was then Jägerstrasse (after 1947 Rechov ʿEjn Dor , where the building was numbered 15) and was located on the corner with Rechov Puʿah . This branches off to the west of the Derech Begin . While the Rechov ʿEjn Dor was lifted and built over at the beginning of the 21st century in the course of the structural densification of the northeastern area of ​​haQirjah (formerly Sarona), the Rechov Puʿah persists and is public road land up to about the point where the Jägerstraße was once after Branched off south. The students of the German School Sarona learned in coeducation in grades one to eight, whoever wanted to switch to the upper school level had to attend the Catholic Collège des Frères de Jaffa or the Templar Lyceum in Jerusalem.

The school building just outside of Sarona also offered rooms for communal use. Young people met here for their loud dancing pleasure, out of earshot of the elderly, who refused such events out of pietistic defense. Since German soldiers from the Palestine Front were stationed in Sarona from 1914 to 1917 , the dance had broken out, but suitable rooms were mostly closed to the dancers until 1931 because the halls of the temple community were hardly ever opened to them.

From 1933 the Nazi regime in Berlin and its supporters in Palestine abroad began to portray being German as synonymous with National Socialism, other ideas of German culture were suppressed. All teachers who were temporary expats in Palestine had joined the NSLB , also hoping for good progress after their return to the Reich.

In 1935, 62 children from Sarona and Jaffa were involved in National Socialist children's and youth organizations, in 1938 there were already 80 children, with a population of 500 Palestinian Germans in Jaffa and Sarona. The younger generation of Templars became NSDAP members more often than other Palestinian Germans during the Nazi era .

This is also because the horrors and injustices of the Nazi regime tended to have an indirect effect on Germans abroad, while Nazi propaganda was spread internationally and the Templars lacked confidential counter-information, as they recently provided Protestant, Jewish and Catholic Germans in their circles, if they reported relevant painful experiences. Jewish Germans hoped for a new homeland that would never plunge them into defenselessness and lawlessness, pastors of the Confessing Church ( Christian Berg [1908–1990], Fritz Maass [1910–2005], Felix Moderow [1911–1983]) like Some Catholic clergymen as expats in the Holy Land also breathed a sigh of relief because they had escaped direct Nazi re-enactments for the duration of their stay.

Since the members of the Protestant Immanuel Church parish among the Germans in Jaffa, Sarona and Tel Aviv were numerically in the minority, as was the minority partner as the sponsor of the German School Sarona, the Protestant element had long since fallen behind compared to the Templar element. Unlike in Haifa and Jerusalem, where the Protestant communities were able to postpone the harmonization of their schools in some cases until 1938, in Sarona the religious influence was quickly displaced by the National Socialist worldview. After harmonization, the Reich lost interest and gradually reduced its grants from 1935 in order to free up foreign currency for the purchase of hamster raw materials that were necessary for the war. In any case, the conformity of schools meant the exclusion of Arab students of any denomination and Jewish Christian students, not to mention Jewish students of German descent.

After the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, Great Britain declared war on Germany on the morning of September 3 and began interning hostile foreigners, including in Sarona, which was fenced in with barbed wire that same day and under guard by Jewish police officers British command was placed because Sarona was part of the district of the police station in Ramat Gan .

On July 31, 1941, 198 healthy or able-bodied or fit for work interned in Sarona, original residents and nationals of the hostile Axis powers from elsewhere, selected by the British administration , some with children and 40 kg of luggage each, left Sarona to be transferred to internment camps in Australia become. The houses of those who had left, about a fifth of those interned in Sarona (officially Perimeter Camp IV, Sarona from November 1940) were cleared, the movable property was stored in the winery, and the then empty buildings were taken over by the British military and civil administration. Including the Wilhelm Aberles house, in which the District Commissioner Campbell moved.

The British mandate administration assigned the new school building on the outskirts of Sarona to Notrim, founded in 1936 . While the remaining students in the Jakob Weiss' house on the northwest corner were taught by Rechov Kaplan and Rechov Rav-Aluph Elʿazar . Since there were no longer any trained teachers among those interned in Sarona, u. a. the Jerusalem provost Johannes Döring (1900–1969) and his wife, the literary scholar Dr. Erna Döring-Hirsch (1896–1980), teaching.

מִסְדַּר נוֹטְרִים בְּשָׂרוֹנָה/ Exercise by Notrim in Sarona
(photo of the school with Notrim exercising)
Unknown photographer , early January 1942
אַרְכִיּוֹן הַהֲגַנָּה

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

After further relocations to Australia and exchanges of internees in Palestine for internees from Germany, the British military moved almost all of the remaining internees in Sarona to Wilhelma in October and November 1944, whereby the school in Sarona was closed. The few remaining Saroners, who maintained the production of agricultural goods for the British military, were merged into six houses, the remaining houses were cleared and various uses were made by the British administration.

In the aftermath of the Arab uprising , there was a bomb attack on the Notrim in the former school building in August 1943, fortunately nobody was injured. With the establishment of Israel, the Notrim became the Military Police ZaHa "Ls and took over buildings of the British Military Police. The school building was used as a warehouse.

After Sarona became part of the State of Israel in 1948, its government took over enemy property seized by the British Mandate Administration. Then in 1950 the Israeli government expropriated all confiscated German assets without compensation in anticipation of a settlement of Israeli claims against Germany. In 1952, on the fringes of the German-Israeli Luxembourg Agreement, the Federal Government and Israel agreed on a procedure for the recognition and settlement of mutual claims, with the concrete agreement going on until 1962.

Nathan and Lina Straus House of Health of Hadassah in Rechov Balfour , 1928/1929 by Benjamin Chaikin, late 1920s

History of the clinic

The Hadassah Hospital at Tel Aviver Rechov Balfour  8 (this location 1929–1992) moved its Department C for internal medicine to the former school building in 1949. Two years later, on June 22, 1951, the internal medicine department made way for the maternity ward at Hadassah Hospital, which occupied 46 years of construction. Previously, the maternity ward was in an old building at Hadassah Hospital. In the 1940s, the number of births in Tel Aviv rose sharply, so that the Hadassah became too narrow to accommodate the many women giving birth, women who have recently given birth and babies.

The use of the former school building was intended as a temporary solution until a new hospital at Rechov Weizmann would offer enough space for all departments. But the transition took many years, in the 1960s the former school building was expanded to include rooms for the X-ray department, blood bank and laboratories. The clinic also comprised an infant and premature baby ward, operating theaters and an administration department.

בנין בית החולים בשנות ה -80/ Hospital building in the 1980s
(2 views of the building with, left, east wing of the former school and, right, clinic extension)
Unknown photographer , 1980s

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

The two-storey extension with an infant ward and director's office, as well as administrative offices on the upper floor, was connected to the former main north entrance of the former school. Another entrance to the east became the new main entrance, whereby the spatial connection between the foundation stone, which remained in its original place, and the entrance area was no longer given. To the north of the north wing, a concrete wall separated the clinic grounds from the Rechov Puʿah , which was or still is part of the closed military complex of the General Staff (since 1996 called Machaneh Rabin ).

The director of the obstetrics and gynecology departments from 1951 to 1958 was the Jewish, Bohemian Prof. Joseph Gustav Aschermann (יוסף גוסטב אשרמן; 1889–1968), who discovered and described Asherman syndrome . He also ran a renowned private gynecological clinic in Beit Liebling , where he also lived. After his death, the clinic, actually the gynecological department of Hadassah Hospital, was named after Aschermann. After Aschermann left in 1958, the maternity hospital was divided into two departments, which were headed by Prof. Schlomoh Jonah Renzo Toaff from 1958 to 1981 (שלמה יונה רנצו טואף; 1913–1997) and from 1958 until his death by Prof. Nadav Soferman (נדב סופרמן; 1911–1972) and then from 1981 to 1996 by Prof. Re'uven Peiser (ראובן פייזר) and from 1972 until the closure of Menachem David (מנחם דוד; born 1934). Peiser's successor was Prof. Jossi Lessing (יוסי לסינג) as director of the maternity ward, and together with Prof. David he initiated the relocation of the clinic in 1997 to the new Lis clinic for women and maternity in the Sourasky center at Rechov Weizmann 6 .

Entrance to the new Lis Clinic, 2010

The Joseph Serlin Clinic became the main obstetrics center in all of Gush Dan . The number of births was very high, 325,000 births in the 46 years of the clinic's existence. The rooms were occupied by up to ten women, making the conditions worse than in other obstetrics facilities, such as the Zahalon hospital in Jaffa, where Aschermann's neighbor, the pediatrician Ludwig Ferdinand Meyer, practiced, or in the private hospitals Assuta, Scheba and Beilinson, however the quality in the Joseph Serlin Clinic was excellent and the professional reputation excellent. After the death of the former health minister Joseph Serlin (1906–1974), the clinic was named after him.

During the renovation of the clinic in the 1980s, Peiser had a large cupboard removed in the hallway to the director's office. Behind it, at a height of 1.70 meters, a slightly protruding table made of pink and white Hebron marble, 35 cm wide by 50 cm high, appeared. The board was smeared, cleaned, and smeared over and over again, so that Peiser finally had it removed. In fact, it wasn't a slab, but a marble block 40 cm deep that took two days to build.

פגילת אבן הפינה ותכניות בית זה 1930/ Roll of the foundation stone and plans of this house in 1930 (pieces from the cylinder in the foundation stone of the German School Sarona)
Designer unknown , 1980s
PR of the Lis Clinic in the Sourasky Medical Center

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

In a drilled tube inside the block, the workers discovered a sealed gray metal cylinder, which is why they called Peiser over. Peiser, Jecke himself and a German born in Hadassah Hospital in Tel Aviv in 1931, realized that it was the cornerstone. When the cylinder was opened, there were coins wrapped in paraffinic paper from the first Palestinian issue in 1927, ten architectural drawings by the architect Wieland and an elongated copper plate with an engraved German text, which the German-speaking Peiser easily deciphered.

Peiser noted that Wieland had designed the school as a three-story building with a unique polygonal floor plan and that the foundation stone was near the former entrance. Over the years the front of the old entrance had been added. Without Peiser's accuracy and correctness, this important discovery in Sarona's history would not have been preserved. The workers feared that the history-interested Peiser, who was keeping the find in his office, could keep it, which is why they informed the hospital administration, which, in the person of administrative director Rachel Avni, took the find after two days.

Migdal MaTKa "L in a white steel frame at the former location of the clinic
Azriely Center 12.JPG
Derech Begin with Passarelle, Migdal MaTKa "L and Rechov Puʿah branching off to the west to the gate of Machaneh Rabin , 2006
Israeli-Police-Facebook - Tel-Aviv-aerial-01.jpg
View north to Migdal MaTKa "L with Rechov Puʿah (partly covered), 2015

Peiser was trying to find someone who would make the find public, so he told everyone he met about it. But nobody was interested, neither city historians whom he approached, nor Prof. David, let alone Prof. Dan Michaeli (דן מיכאלי; 1933–2006), then director of Ichilow Hospital (one of the houses in the Sourasky Medical Center named in 1980 after the Mexican philanthropist Elías Sourasky Slomiansky [1899–1986]), who did not even want to look at the find. Tel Aviv's chief urban planner Israel Goodovitch (ישראל מאיר גוּדוֹביץ ', Last name also Гудович / Gudowitsch) found out about it after his retirement in March 2000 and asked the Lis Clinic to hand over the find, but to no avail.

The clinic management had posted the contents in a simple frame in the conference room, including the coins, the copper plate and two construction drawings. The other eight architectural drawings, originally ten in the foundation stone, cannot be found today. With the abandonment of the Joseph Serlin Clinic and the relocation of the maternity facility in July 1997 to the new Lis Clinic at the Sourasky Medical Center site, Lessing, director of both the old and the new maternity clinic, took the framework with the pieces from the foundation stone into his new office.

In 2002 bulldozers moved to demolish the former clinic and school building. In its place rises the Migdal MaTKa "L (מגדל המטכ"ל "Tower of the General Staff ZaHa" Ls " ). Its construction took about three years from 2004 to 2006 and cost more than half a billion New Israeli Sheqels. The Rechov ʿEjn Dor was lifted and built over. When the tower was occupied, some of the barracks in haQirjah, also in the south now again part called Sarona pulled free, and then demolished. in the 14th floor of Migdal Matka "L have Defense and General staff located. the Second Lebanon war in the summer of 2006 was the first military conflict where the Zaha "L as an armed force of the new Migdal Matka" L from operated.

bibliography

  • Nir man (ניר מן), "המגילה הגנוזה" '(The Hidden Scroll)' , in:זמן תל-אביב, מעריב, May 15, 2009, p. 34.
  • Nir man "שרונה בשנות המאבק, 1948–1939: קצה של המושבה הטמפלרית, מבצעי המחתרות נגד המחנה הבריטי, מחנה יהושע של ארגון הגנה" '(Sarona in the Years of Struggle, 1939–1948: The end of the Templar colony, underground operations against the British base in Sarona, the Haganah's Jehoshuʿa camp)' , Jerusalem:יד יצחק בן-צבי, 5769 Jewish / 2009 greg.
  • Alfred Schwab, "History of the German School System in Jaffa", in: The German School Abroad , Vol. 22 (1930), pp. 260–279.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Francis Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question , New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 205, ISBN 978-0-7658-0624-6 .
  2. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), "" Kirchler "in the Holy Land: The Protestant Congregations in the Wuerttemberg Settlements of Palestine (1886–1914)", in: The Redeemer of the World: Festschrift for the centenary of the inauguration of the Evangelical Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem , Karl-Heinz Ronecker (Ed.) On behalf of 'Jerusalem-Stiftung' and 'Jerusalemsverein', Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 1998, pp. 81–100, here p. 96, ISBN 3-374-01706-1 .
  3. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), The German contribution to the rise of Jaffa 1850-1914: On the history of Palestine in the 19th century , Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, (= treatises of the German Palestine Association; Vol. 22), p. 140, ISBN 3-447-03928 -0 .
  4. a b c d Roland Löffler, Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Evangelical and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, (= Denomination and Society: Contributions to Contemporary History; Vol. 37), also: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 2005/2006, p. 171, ISBN 978-3-17-019693-3 .
  5. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), The German contribution to the rise of Jaffa 1850-1914: On the history of Palestine in the 19th century , Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997. P. 101.
  6. ʿAbd-ar-Ra'ūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno,عبد الرؤوف سنّو), German interests in Syria and Palestine, 1841–1898: Activities of religious institutions, economic and political influences , Berlin: Baalbek, 1982, (= studies on the modern Islamic Orient; vol. 3), p. 131, ISBN 3-922876- 32-3 .
  7. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), The German contribution to the rise of Jaffa 1850–1914: On the history of Palestine in the 19th century , Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997. P. 113ff.
  8. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), "" Kirchler "in the Holy Land: The Protestant Congregations in the Wuerttemberg Settlements of Palestine (1886–1914)", in: The Redeemer of the World: Festschrift for the centenary of the inauguration of the Evangelical Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem , Karl-Heinz Ronecker (Ed.) On behalf of 'Jerusalem-Stiftung' and 'Jerusalemsverein', Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 1998, pp. 81–100, here p. 88, ISBN 3-374-01706-1 .
  9. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), The German contribution to the rise of Jaffa 1850–1914: On the history of Palestine in the 19th century , Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997. p. 128.
  10. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), The German contribution to the rise of Jaffa 1850–1914: On the history of Palestine in the 19th century , Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997. P. 132ff.
  11. Frank Foerster, Mission in the Holy Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852-1945 , Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991, (= Missionswissenschaftliche Forschungen; [NS] Vol. 25), p. 81, ISBN 3-579-00245-7 .
  12. Matthias Bode, The Foreign Cultural Administration of the Early Federal Republic: an investigation of its establishment between norm interpretation and norm genesis , Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014, (= studies and contributions to public law: StudÖR; Vol. 18), p. 141, zugl .: Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 2012, ISBN 978-3-16-152211-6 .
  13. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nir Mann, "הָאוֹצָר שֶׁהִתְגַּלָּה בַמַּחְלָקָה הַגִּינֵקוֹלוֹגִית“(Treasure discovered in the Gynecology Department) May 17, 2009, at: מָקוֹר רִאשׁוֹן , accessed May 28, 2018.
  14. Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 , Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2005, p. 105, ISBN 1 -4120-3506-6 .
  15. ^ Frank Foerster, Mission in the Holy Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945 , Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991. pp. 134 and 136.
  16. cf. Roland Löffler, “The congregations of the Jerusalem Association in Palestine in the context of current ecclesiastical and political events during the mandate”, in: See, we're going up to Jerusalem! Festschrift for the 150th anniversary of Talitha Kumi and the Jerusalemsverein , Almut Nothnagle (ed.) On behalf of the 'Jerusalemsverein' im Berliner Missionswerk, Leipzig: Evangelische Verlags-Anstalt, 2001, pp. 185–212, here p. 193 ( ISBN 3 -374-01863-7 ) and Frank Foerster, Mission in the Holy Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852-1945 , Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991. p. 137.
  17. ^ Frank Foerster, Mission in the Holy Land: Der Jerusalems-Verein zu Berlin 1852–1945 , Gütersloh: Mohn, 1991. p. 138.
  18. a b Aviva Bar-Am and Shmu'el Bar-Am, “Sarona: From Templers, to Nazis, government, terror and, hopefully, to tranquility” , in: The Times of Israel , June 18, 2016, accessed on June 27, 2016 May 2018.
  19. a b Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 , Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2005, p. 109.
  20. Roland Löffler, Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, (= Denomination and Society: Contributions to Contemporary History; Vol. 37), also .: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 2005/2006, footnote 685 on p. 169, ISBN 978-3-17-019693-3 .
  21. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Nir Mann, "המגילה הגנוזה" (The Hidden Scroll ), in:זמן תל-אביב, מעריב, May 15, 2009, p. 34. See also Nir Mann, " הִוָּלְדוּת הַקִּרְיָה / מִגְדַּל הַמִּצְפֶּה " (Maternité haQirjahs / Migdal Mizpeh), on:תֵּל אָבִיב 100. הָאֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֶּדְיָה הָעִירוֹנִי Link to the website , accessed May 28, 2018.
  22. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), Norbert Haag and Sabine Holtz, Cultural Change in Palestine in the Early 20th Century: An Image Documentation; at the same time a reference work for the German mission institutions and settlements from their foundation to the Second World War , Association for Württemberg Church History (ed.), Epfendorf: Bibliotheca-Academica-Verlag, 2003, p. 189, ISBN 3-928471-55-4 .
  23. ^ GH, "Work of a German Architect in Palestine", in: Der Baumeister , Vol. 35, Issue 4 (April 1937), pp. 120–125, here p. 120.
  24. Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 , Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2005, p. 139.
  25. ^ Alfred Schwab, "History of the German School System in Jaffa", in: The German School abroad , vol. 22 (1930), pp. 260–279, here p. 265.
  26. Two copper coins of one and two million each , three perforated nickel alloy coins of five million, called half penny, of ten and 20 million, and two silver coins of 50 and 100 million, called one shilling and two shillings, respectively.
  27. Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר), Norbert Haag, Sabine Holtz: Cultural change in Palestine in the early 20th century: an image documentation; at the same time a reference work for the German mission institutions and settlements from their foundation to the Second World War. Association for Württemberg Church History (Ed.), Bibliotheca Academica Verlag, Epfendorf 2003, ISBN 3-928471-55-4 , p. 187.
  28. Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 , Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2005, p. 106.
  29. Ori Dvir (אוֹרִי דְּבִיר; 1931–2011), נְקֻדַּת חֵן תֵּל־אָבִיב – יָפוֹ , second expanded and updated edition, Tel Aviv-Jaffa:מוֹדָן, 5752 Jewish / 1991 greg. , P. 146ff.
  30. a b Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 , Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2005, p. 180ff.
  31. ^ Ralf Balke, Swastika in the Holy Land: Die NSDAP-Landesgruppe Palestine , Erfurt: Sutton, 2001, p. 34, ISBN 978-3-89702-304-8 .
  32. ^ Ralf Balke, Swastika in the Holy Land: The NSDAP regional group in Palestine . P. 57.
  33. ^ Ralf Balke, Swastika in the Holy Land: The NSDAP regional group in Palestine . P.56.
  34. ^ Ralf Balke, Swastika in the Holy Land: The NSDAP regional group in Palestine . P. 47.
  35. ^ Ralf Balke, Swastika in the Holy Land: The NSDAP regional group in Palestine . P. 89.
  36. ^ Ralf Balke, Swastika in the Holy Land: The NSDAP regional group in Palestine . P. 142.
  37. ^ Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 , Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2005, pp. 207ff.
  38. a b c d Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 , Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2005, p. 209.
  39. Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 . P. 217.
  40. Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 . P. 215.
  41. Hans-Christian Rößler, "A German Village in Tel Aviv", in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , December 23, 2014, p. 7.
  42. These demands related to the integration of an estimated 70,000 refugees and 430,000 survivors of the Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany and Europe. Compare with the figures: Niels Hansen , From the shadow of the catastrophe: German-Israeli relations in the era Konrad Adenauer and David Ben Gurion. A documented report with a preface by Shimon Peres , Düsseldorf: Droste, 2002, (= research and sources on contemporary history; vol. 38), p. 186. ISBN 3-7700-1886-9 .
  43. Cf. Agreement between the Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany of September 10, 1952 , in: Bundesanzeiger No. 70/53 and in: United Nations Treaties Series , Vol. 345, p. 91ff.
  44. Niels Hansen, From the shadow of the catastrophe: The German-Israeli relations in the era of Konrad Adenauer and David Ben Gurion. A documented report with a preface by Shimon Peres , Düsseldorf: Droste, 2002, (= research and sources on contemporary history; vol. 38), p. 267. ISBN 3-7700-1886-9 .
  45. See the Agreement on German Secular Property in Israel of June 1, 1962, in force from August 13, 1962, announced on September 13, 1962 in the Federal Gazette No. 195/62, which stipulates Israeli payments totaling 54 million DM.
  46. a b c d "Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center Milestones" , on: Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , accessed on May 28, 2018.
  47. This new hospital is named after Vice-Mayor Moscheh Ichilow (משה איכילוב; 1903–1957) named and built according to plans by Arieh Sharon from 1951 to 1961 Bejth Cholim Ichilow (בית החולים איכילוב 'Ichilow Hospital' ), in the course of the amalgamation of the three city hospitals in Tel Aviv (Hadassah, Ichilow and Joseph Serlin Clinic) from 1991 only one of the houses of the Tel Aviv Medical Center ´Sourasky´ (MaRT "A;המרכז הרפואי תל אביב על-שם סוראסקי [מרת"א] haMerkaz haRĕphū'ī Tel Avīv ʿal Shem Sourasky ). The merger was completed in July 1997 when the Joseph Serlin Clinic was closed and its operations moved to the new Lis Clinic.
  48. Schulammit Widrich (שׁוּלַמִּית וִידְּרִיך): "בֵּית לִיבְּלִינְג" ( Hebrew ) In:תֵּל אָבִיב 100. הָאֶנְצִיקְלוֹפֶּדְיָה הָעִירוֹנִי. Link to the website . December 9, 2019. Accessed April 23, 2020.
  49. Helmut Glenk in collaboration with Horst Blaich and Manfred Haering, From desert sands to golden oranges: the history of the German Templer settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 , Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing, 2005, p. 236, ISBN 1 -4120-3506-6 .