Netzer Sereni

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Netzer Sereni
Monument From the Shoah to Rebirth, 1965 by Bathia Lischanski
Monument From the Shoah to Rebirth , 1965 by Bathia Lischanski
Basic data
hebrew : נֵצֶר סֶרֶנִי
arabic : نتسر سرني
State : IsraelIsrael Israel
District : Central
Founded : 1891 (Bir Salem)
June 20, 1948 (Kibbutz Buchenwald)
Coordinates : 31 ° 56 '  N , 34 ° 50'  E Coordinates: 31 ° 55 '34 "  N , 34 ° 49' 46"  E
Height : 65  m
 
Residents : 823 (as of 2018)
 
Community code : 0435
Time zone : UTC + 2
 
Community type: Kibbutz
Netzer Sereni (Israel)
Netzer Sereni
Netzer Sereni

Netzer Sereni ( Hebrew נֵצֶר סֶרֶנִי, Arabic نتسر سرني, DMG Nitsir Sirinī ) is a place in the Judean hill country of Schefela . The place lies between Ness Ziona , Rechovot and Be'er Jaʿaqov , in the regional association Gezer. From 1948 the inhabitants were organized in the form of a kibbutz . In 1999 the kibbutzniks gave up most forms of cooperative economy and life. Since then, most of the residents have been working away from home, have their own income and consume accordingly on an individual basis. The facilities of the kibbutz are rented and leased to third parties . Many people who are not members of the kibbutz, which now resembles a property management company , also live in local tenement houses .

The place was on an estate founded in 1891 called Bir Salem ( Arabic بئر سالم, DMG Bʾīr Sālim , Hebrew ביר סאלם) created. The estate served as a production, teaching and settlement site for the pupils of the Syrian orphanage . Parts of the estate were leased to adult pupils. During and after the First World War , German and Ottoman forces first used the residential and courtyard buildings, and from January 1918 British forces .

From 1921/28 the facilities served their original purpose again. After the internment of the German employees as hostile foreigners and the confiscation of the estate in 1939, the mandate government leased his lands to Mr. Dajani from Jaffa . The farms were held by Arab sub-tenants. During the War of Independence , on May 9, 1948, the Givʿati Brigade initially took the estate vacated by the British, and a Palmach battalion conquered the leaseholds towards the end of the war. On June 20 of the same year, Shoah survivors, many from Buchenwald concentration camp , founded the Buchenwald kibbutz on the estate . In 1949 the name was changed to Netzer and expanded to Netzer Sereni in 1955 .

Name of the place

In accordance with the missionary claim of the Syrian Orphanage, Johann Ludwig Schneller named the Bir Salem estate ( Arabic بئر سالم, DMG Bʾīr Sālim , but mostly Bir Salem in German-language sources; German: Brunnen des Heils ). The name was retained when the German employees had to leave the estate in 1939 and the British Mandate Government interned them as hostile foreigners. On June 20, 1948, Shoah survivors founded a kibbutz in the buildings of the estate, which they initially called Kibbutz Buchenwald . Some of the founders were already members of the Buchenwald kibbutz of the same name, founded in June 1945 in Germany . This name, with its strong reference to the Shoah in Europe, was replaced by the name Netzer ( Hebrew נֵצֶר, German: scion) replaced.

The Government Committee on Place Names ( Hebrew ועדת השמות הממשלתית) rejected foreign language components of the name. Netzer comes from a verse of the book Isaiah ( Isa 11.1  ELB ). As a result of the split in the HaKibbutz haMe'uchad (הקיבוץ המאוחד, United Kibbutz) In 1951, followers of the new kibbutz association Ichud haKvuzot we-haKibbutzim (איחוד הקבוצות והקיבוצים, Association of the Kvuzot and the Kibbutzim), who had previously lived in the Givuzat Brenner kibbutz , moved to Netzer, including Ada Sereni (née Ascarelli), the widow of Enzo Chaim Serenis .

In order to take account of the influx, the kibbutzniks wanted the addition of Sereni to their name in 1952 in honor of the co-founder of Givʿat Brenner, the Italian-born Enzo Sereni (1905–1944). He had reported to the British armed forces and had jumped as a parachutist for the Special Operations Executive in German-occupied Italy , but was caught by German units and later murdered in the Dachau concentration camp . The naming committee only wanted Netzer Chaim ( Hebrew נצר חיים) containing the Hebrew middle name instead of the Italian last name. In tough struggle, however, the Knesseth member Chaim Ben-Ascher (1904–1998,חיים בן-אשר), a founding member of Givʿat Brenners, who moved to Netzer and was a friend of Enzo Serenis during his lifetime, that Sereni became part of the place name.

Ben-Ascher argued that Sereni's death and the tragic accidental death of his only son Daniel would have erased the memory of the Serenis if the surname did not become part of the toponym. In January 1955, Ben-Ascher won the majority of the Knesseth in favor of the Sereni suffix. Out of respect for the Knesseth, the naming committee accepted this despite its unchanged rejection of foreign-language toponyms in June and the name became official.

location

Netzer Sereni is located eleven kilometers east of the Mediterranean Sea , about 17 kilometers southeast of the center of Tel Aviv-Yafo , about 42 km northwest of the Old City of Jerusalem , four kilometers west of Ramles and four kilometers southeast of the city of Rishon LeZion . To the west borders the city of Ness Ziona , to the north Be'er Jaʿaqov . The highway 431 , which has been developed like a motorway, crosses Netzer Serenis area in the north. Netzer Sereni can be reached by train from the station in the neighboring town of Be'er Jaʿaqov, which was established by the British military railway Lod – Sinai until February 1918 as part of the British advance in World War I. The station name was Bir as-Salem after the British headquarters in nearby Bir Salem. The Palestine Railways retained the station name through the entire mandate after they had taken over the railway operations.

history

Fast lease of land

Johann Ludwig Schneller , founder and director of the Syrian Orphanage in Jerusalem , was looking for a suitable settlement site for his pupils, orphans of Ottoman nationality, whose parents had been victims of the persecution of Christians in the Vilayet Syria (1860) . “The German Templars from Württemberg , who settled in Palestine in 1869, gave him the idea of founding an Arab settlement near Ramle .” For example, “Schneller tried several times between 1877 and 1879, a vacant area in the coastal plain, the ' Philistine Plain ', near the city of ar-Ramla . But the city authorities and the Ottoman governor in Jerusalem refused his wishes. ”When Midhat Pasha took office as governor of Syria in 1878, Schneller raised his hopes again, but in 1879 the Sublime Porte refused.

Thereupon Schneller turned to the German consul in Jerusalem , Thankmar von Münchhausen . "Although Prussia and the German Reich generally treated their subjects' colonization plans in the Ottoman Empire with the greatest caution and restraint, Münchhausen welcomed the Schnellersche project and considered an Ottoman permit possible, since the settlers would be Ottoman subjects." Consolidation of German-Ottoman relations and Kaiser Wilhelm II's first trip to Istanbul in 1889, Schneller was able to lease a plot of 5600 Dönüm (approx. 515 hectares) on his behalf in 1890 on favorable terms for 40 years  .

Establishment of the Bir Salem estate

Fountain with irrigation channels in the orange grove
Farm workers in the orange grove with an irrigation canal
Orange groves and fields around Bir Salem

In 1891 the reclamation began for the purpose of building a country estate that Schneller Bir Salem called. However, “the Syrian Orphanage was prohibited from erecting permanent structures on the leased site. Employees and pupils alike therefore had to make do with wooden barracks. ”After failures in growing grain and raising livestock, they switched to growing vegetables and fruit plantations.

“The Schnellers dug wells and set up pumps, which became the key to cultivating the area. Since the first deep well was made possible by the support of the East Frisian curator Georg Friedrich Schaaf [sic!], The main station was named Friesia and the water source was named Friesiabrunnen  - a unique curiosity in the Holy Land . "

The citrus plantations were "- a first-rate technical innovation for Palestine  - supplied with water via a sophisticated irrigation system with a Deutz engine imported from Cologne in 1895 ". The project made slow progress, however, and the high costs for reclamation, drilling wells (they only found what they were looking for at a depth of 54 m), combating wild growth and mechanization exceeded the proceeds for a long time.

Manager of the Bir Salem estate

The Syrian Orphanage placed the estate under the administration. These goods:

  • 1890–1891: Johannes Haecker, a winemaker from Eberdingen
  • 1893–1894: Johannes Blankenhorn
  • 1894–1917: Matthäus Spohn (1866–1935), Karlshöher deacon, born in Bleichstetten
  • 1917–1919: Teacher Jakub Dschirius (يَعْقُوب جِرْيُس, DMG Yaʿqūb Ğiryus ; provisional)
  • 1919–1923: Estate confiscated and leased to an Australian
  • 1923–1935: Matthäus Spohn
  • 1935–1939: Johannes Spohn (also Hans)

The most formative was Matthäus Spohn's work. He remained - with an interruption due to the war - until his retirement, soon followed by his death, a long-time administrator. Hence the Arabic and Hebrew alternative names of the estate arḍ-ešpon (أرض اشبون, Spohn-Land) and chawwath Spohn ( Hebrew חוות שפון, Spohn Farm).

Attempt to settle the tenants

Adult pupils of the orphanage were trained and employed as farmers. The Bir Salems area was supposed to serve "... to settle the rural part of our pupils, which gradually a village will emerge on it." They were each given an acre of land for private cultivation and, if they worked hard, additional land. “As early as the nineties, however, it was found that the pupils were not satisfied with this arrangement because they could not become landowners. But this applied to the Syrian orphanage as a whole, which itself had only leased the land that was state land (mīrī). "

When the pupils were no longer willing to move to Bir Salem, their status was improved and sub-lease agreements were concluded with them for their plots in the manner of the murābaʿa system. Accordingly, the lease encompassed three quarters of the harvest. From the original twelve tenants only seven remained, because they feared that all cultural and land improvements alone would increase the price of the land, which would then cause the Ottoman authorities to not renew the lease with Schneller, but instead give the land to their supporters off. Since there was a lack of tenants, Bedouins were also hired as farm workers.

Acquisition of Bir Salem as property of the Syrian Orphanage

With Schneller's death in 1896 his heirs, u. a. the sons Ludwig and Theodor , the new head of the Syrian Orphanage facility, enter into the lease agreements. The heirs tried to acquire the land for the Syrian Orphanage as property. However, this process dragged on. In June 1904, all land sales to foreigners were banned. The interior ministry of the gate therefore decided that Schneller's heirs could either renew the lease or receive compensation for the remaining lease time that had expired.

The German Ambassador to the Sublime Porte, Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein , said the orphanage to his support, the Country House for property to purchase. In January 1906, the estate was then put up for auction. However, since the Ge'ula company founded by Meir Dizengoff , which bought land for Jewish colonies, wanted to bid, the Syrian orphanage feared to lose in the bidding process. Theodor Schneller was able to come to an agreement with Dizengoff, so that in October 1906 the orphanage 3754 Dönüm (approx. 345 hectares or 3.45 square kilometers) of the estate was acquired by the Latin Monetary Union for 21 francs per Dönüm. The remaining almost third of 1846 Dönüm (approx. 170 ha) of the estate was acquired by the Ge'ula in addition to the area they had already acquired in the new neighboring town of Be'er Jaʿaqov, which was founded in 1907.

In 1906, an agricultural boarding school for 30 orphans was founded under Spohn's direction, but they had to live in wooden barracks. On this occasion, Theodor Schneller brought the orphans from the Jerusalem Syrian orphanage to Bir Salem. "On the fictitious founding day, November 11, 1907, a date that was determined by the founding of the Syrian Orphanage in Jerusalem on November 11, 1860, the festival guests could already look out over wide fields on which melons and wheat grew".

With an investment of 309,955 Marks (up to and including 1910) 10,000 orange trees, 25 hectares of vineyards, and 8 hectares of oil , fig, mulberry, apricot, peach, pomegranate and almond trees were planted and finally the estate was acquired . The sales proceeds of the annual harvests in 1910 amounted to 20,000 francs, in the fixed rate system of the classic gold standard that was 16,000 marks. The board members of the Cologne Evangelical Association for the Syrian Orphanage inspected Bir Salem in 1910, were extremely satisfied with what had been achieved, but criticized the accommodation of the residents in wooden barracks.

From a trip to the USA to collect donations, Ludwig Schneller brought the first grapefruit seedlings with him in 1912 , which have since supplemented the citrus plantations. At that time, Bir Salem did not have its own mail delivery service. The mail probably went to Ramle to the Hotel Reinhardt, owned by Templer , and was brought to Bir Salem by messenger.

In 1912, under Matthäus Spohn's direction, construction began on massive stone buildings, a school building with a clock and bell tower, the teachers' and philistine orphanage and a director's house. "After intense pressure from the Swabian housefather Matthias [sic!] Spohn (1866–1935), two new buildings were built in Bir Salem in 1913 to accommodate the pupils who had previously had to sleep and live in simple barracks."

In contrast to the facilities of the orphanage in Jerusalem and Nazareth (there from 1910: Galilean orphanage ), this pupil's home in Bir Salem was called the Philistine orphanage . In addition, the local orphanage maintained a primary school for the children of the now adult pupils who lived and worked there.

First World War and post-war period

With the beginning of the First World War , the agricultural boarding school was closed and the students were sent to relatives. Some German employees of military age did military service. Units of the German Asia Corps occupied the Philistine Orphanage , while the Ottoman Army set up its headquarters in Be'er Jaʿaqov. The estate, Matthäus Spohn and other employees stayed, but continued to deliver their products to the Syrian orphanage, which otherwise suffered from a lack of food.

When the British troops under General Edmund Allenby broke through from the south in 1917 after several months of defensive fighting , the allied German and Ottoman units withdrew and with them the remaining German employees of the estate. In mid-January 1918, Allenby had moved his headquarters from Kelab , about 3 km southwest of Chan Yunis , to the Bir Salems school building. There, on April 3, 1918, Chaim Weizmann and a Zionist delegation visited Allenby in order to demand Palestine as a state for the Jewish people after three days of antichambration . Allenby replied quietly that his job was warfare and conquest, and that London was responsible for politics and affairs of state.

Allenby's troops had taken the coastal plain to the north of Tel Aviv and east of Petach Tiquah and Allenby was planning the last offensive in Bir Salem, which he launched on September 19, 1918 and led the forces to Damascus. As the British headquarters, Bir Salem was one of the most photographed targets of the aerial reconnaissance of the 1st Royal Bavarian Aviation Battalion . The photos show the entire manor complex, many in particular the teacher and philistine orphanage.

After Spohn's flight, the teacher Jakub Dschirius took over the management of the agriculture in Bir Salem, but the deliveries to the Syrian orphanage in Jerusalem were interrupted by the front line. After the British capture of Jerusalem on December 9, 1917, the estate returned its products to the orphanage. “On June 19, 1918, the British authorities informed Theodor Schneller that from July 1, 1918, his institutions would be subordinated to the Committee for Supervision of German Educational Institutions under the direction of the Anglican Bishop Rennie MacInnes . This committee then delegated the supervision of the Syrian orphanage to the American Red Cross , which started work in mid-July 1918. “At the intervention of graduates of the orphanage and MacInnes, Bishop of Jerusalem , Theodor Schneller was not expelled from Palestine, like many other Germans in managerial positions, but placed under house arrest in his official residence for two years.

The Bir Salem estate, which has since been confiscated as enemy property, was leased to a demobilized Australian colonel by the British administration for four years in 1919. Edward Keith-Roach , the Public Custodian of Enemy Property of the Palestinian Mandate Government, offered the lease to the Cologne- based Evangelical Association for the Syrian Orphanage on December 20, 1920 , when he would take over the management and supervision of the facility in Jerusalem on his own would.

The massive buildings of the Philistine orphanage as well as the former barracks remained under British possession. In 1920 the 51st (Highland) Division was stationed in them. Later, the British Gendarmerie in Palestine , for which only Britons were recruited from March 1922, their headquarters. The gendarmerie was disbanded in 1926 for financial reasons.

Interwar period

Matthäus Spohn, his wife Luise and son Johannes, who had escaped to Germany via Jerusalem, Nazareth and Asia Minor in 1917 , returned to the Holy Land in 1921. “Thanks to the intervention of the American and Swiss curators [in the American Committee for Relief in the Near East ], Bir Salem, which had actually been leased until 1925/26, returned to German hands on October 11, 1923. However, parts of the English General Staff continued to live in the buildings. Only with the official end of the lease did the estate finally become a branch of the Syrian Orphanage again. ”Spohn took over management of the estate again.

In 1928 the overall management of all facilities of the Syrian Orphanage was passed on to Hermann Schneller (1893–1993), a son of Theodor. Around October 1927, the British armed forces finally returned the buildings in Bir Salem that were still occupied. “Since the barracks on the estate were in a miserable condition, however, Director Schneller applied to the government for a compensation payment of 10,000 marks . After the English missed two negotiation dates, they finally paid the amount of 167 pounds as compensation, so that the renovated Philistine orphanage could be reopened on New Year's Day 1928. "

On Saturday morning, January 15, 1928, on Johann Ludwig Schneller's birthday, Spohn welcomed guests to Bir Salem for the festive gala on the occasion of the reopening of the Philistine orphanage. The bells from the school tower rang. The agricultural boarding school reopened for the 1929/1930 school year. "In 1930 the property comprised 33,287 orange trees, 2,967 olive trees, around 6,000 vines, 2,000 almond trees, 41,818 eucalyptus trees, which were mainly processed into firewood, and a large population of cypresses."

The political uncertainty in Germany triggered a strong flight of capital, which the Reich government fought back in 1931 not with confidence-building measures, but with compulsory foreign exchange rationing , the so-called Reich flight tax . At first, foreign currency was allocated to the churches for missionary purposes in an unbureaucratic manner. But with the tightening of currency rationing under the Nazi government in 1933, the Nazis made the allocation of foreign currency to missions dependent on their political obedience. Bir Salem continued to sell its oranges to Germany, but Jaffa oranges from Bir Salem were a trademark.

However , the Syrian orphanage was no longer allowed to use the proceeds in Reichsmark (ℛℳ) to purchase freely denominated currency in sterling, which was increasingly allocated or denied by the authorities - reserved for armaments-essential imports. As a result, the pound-denominated expenses in Palestine were offset by unconvertible Reichsmark assets in Germany. From 1933 onwards, all currency transactions with Palestine had to be carried out via the Palestine Treuhandstelle zur Beratung deutscher Juden GmbH (Paltreu, Berlin) , founded in July, and the Haʿavara Trust and Transfer Office Ltd. , Tel Aviv.

The owners of Reichsmark credits - mediated by Paltreu and Haʿavara - were only allowed to sell them to those Palestinians for Palestinian pounds who agreed to spend the Reichsmarks acquired in this way entirely on the purchase of non-armament-relevant German export goods. If there was little interest in such German export goods, then only a few holders of Reichsmark credit could sell them for Palestinian pounds. The currency board of the mandate government kept the Palestine pound at 1: 1 parity with the pound sterling . In the 1934/35 season, for example, the Syrian Orphanage was left with an unconvertible ℛℳ 53,000 and 1935/36 22,000 in orange sales. In 1936/37 it was possible to offset at least part of the ℛℳ-proceeds with German export goods for Palestine, of which the orphanage received a share of the payment in Palestine pounds.

In the summer of 1935, Hans Spohn took over management of the estate from his father, Matthäus Spohn, who retired and died that same year. In the same year, the Syrian Orphanage relocated its brickworks, which had been founded at the beginning of the 20th century and which successfully produced roof tiles based on the Marseilles model, to Bir Salem. There were better clay deposits there, but the purchase of a motor vehicle was necessary for the now longer delivery routes.

In Bir Salem, a deacon who had come from the Karlshöhe Ludwigsburg Foundation openly confessed to National Socialism as an SA man soon after the transfer of power to the Nazis . Under Johannes (Hans) Spohn as estate manager, NS events also officially took place in Bir Salem. In 1937 "the German national holiday for the Germans of southern Palestine was celebrated in the Syr [ischen] W [aisenhaus] branch in Bir Salem ..."

The financial situation worsened. In the 1937/38 season, many orange growers were only able to sell their oranges without a profit, including Bir Salem, which still managed a black zero, but tore a financial gap in the main house without the surplus that is usually transferred. In November 1938 the orphanage's debts therefore amounted to 8,500 pounds (the equivalent of 120,955 ℛℳ), at 8% interest p. a., but this was offset by real estate at an estimated price of £ 281,028 (equivalent to ℛℳ 3,999,028.44). The board initially decided to close the orphanages in Nazareth and Bir Salem, but then it was decided to continue operating them and take out a loan.

World War II and post-war period

In the course of 1939 until the outbreak of war, the Reich systematically refused to grant almost any currency. After the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 , the British government of Palestine interned Johannes Spohn, his mother Luise Spohn (1867–1956) and the other German residents and employees from Bir Salem as hostile foreigners . The agricultural boarding school had to close.

From 1940 all interned Germans, Italians and Hungarians were brought together in the Palestinian towns of Bethlehem in Galilee , Waldheim and Wilhelma . The Public Custodian of Enemy Property , Edward Keith-Roach, took over the estate and leased his confiscated land to Mr Dajani (دجاني, DMG Daǧānī ) from Jaffa, who held it until May 1948. The British armed forces took over the school building, teacher, orphanage and director's house.

The 25th Field Company (later renamed 17th Field Squadron) of the Royal Engineers moved into their quarters in the manor buildings. The pioneers also ran a technical school for recruits there. On April 15, 1948, the British cleared the manor buildings.

In the war of independence

During the War of Independence - coming from Be'er Jaʿaqov - the Givʿati Brigade took the Bir Salem estate on May 9, 1948. In doing so, they beat the Arab army of the holy war advancing from Ramle under Hassan Salameh , which took up positions on the farms of the Arab tenants. Towards the end of the war the 52nd stormed Palmach - Battalion tenants houses and expelled the Arab tenants and subtenants, and their family members - together 476 people - from Bir Salem. The tenant houses were destroyed.

In the further course of the War of Independence, a group of Shoah survivors, many from the Buchenwald concentration camp , were assigned to guard the Bir Salem estate. They tried - as far as possible - to get agriculture going again. And so several of them decided to settle in Bir Salem. They applied to the ha-Sochnuth ha-Yehudith (Jewish Agency) responsible for immigrants to have Bir Salem assigned as a settlement.

Establishment of the kibbutz and its development

The former Philistine orphanage in Netzer Sereni, 2007.

On June 20, 1948, the Sochnuth let 14 men and two women lease the Bir Salem estate in order to found a kibbutz , Kibbutz Buchenwald . The founders were Jewish Germans and Jewish Poles who were deported to Germany, "who came together in the Buchenwald concentration camp and decided to live as a collective." In 1949 the name was changed to Netzer and in 1955 it was expanded to Netzer Sereni (see also place names ). The kibbutzniks initially moved into the teachers' and philistine orphanage.

In 1950, in anticipation of a settlement of Israeli claims, the Israeli government had expropriated without compensation all German property seized by the British Mandate Government in the state, including the estate and its agricultural land. The demands related to the integration of an estimated 70,000 refugees and 430,000 survivors of the Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany and Europe, which were then regulated in the German-Israeli Luxembourg Agreement in 1952 .

As early as September 1951, Israel and the Lutheran World Federation , which u. a. represented the interests of the Evangelical Association for the Syrian Orphanage , compensation for all nationalized facilities formerly owned by German Protestant organizations. Israel gave the Lutheran World Federation all its facilities of a sacred character for free use, while it retained and compensated all other facilities of Protestant organizations from Germany as nationalized property.

In the early 1950s there were serious ideological disputes in the kibbutz movement over its relationship to collectivism , communism and the Soviet Union . Part of the member kibbutzim in the HaKibbutz haMe'uchad (הקיבוץ המאוחד, United Kibbutz) resigned in 1951 and merged with an association of Kvuzot. This is how the new kibbutz association Ichud haKvuzot we-haKibbutzim (איחוד הקבוצות והקיבוצים, Association of Kvuzot and Kibbutzim).

Social-democratic kibbutzniks, who took a critical stance towards the Soviet Union, left the mostly socialist kibbutz Givat Brenner in 1952 , so that Netzer's population increased by 120 immigrants, 100 of whom were adult comrades, mostly German (immigrated as part of the Fifth Aliyah ), and to a lesser extent also Italian and Lithuanian descent. “None of them had lived in their home kibbutz for less than 17 years, and some of them made great contributions to its development. It was a heavy loss for Giwat Brenner [Givʿat Brenner]. ”The rift divided friends and even families. “This separation was determined by political contradictions ... but apparently also by emotional moments. One of the main motives that caused many comrades, and especially the women among them, to move out was the urge for more closed family life. The new houses were built so that children sleep with their parents. "

Schoolhouse in Netzer Sereni

The kibbutz school was set up in the school building. From 1952 the children of the kibbutz, until 1962 there were 140, of which 20 whose parents had survived Buchenwald, were taught at all grade levels in Netzer Sereni, “although the number of pupils in the advanced classes was still a few hours after the humanistic and the Real direction was minimal. ”Only after the upheaval of the children at the separation from those in Givʿat Brenner, where they had lived in the community cared for by Metaplot , was the kibbutz decided to bring the sixteen and seventeen year olds into one as a driver To send high school in another kibbutz in the same direction.

At the beginning of the 1960s, the teacher and philistine orphanage became a day care center and the children named the building Chawwath Allenby (חוות אלנבי, Allenby-Hof, -Farm). As is generally the case in the kibbutz, the children were involved in the economic life of the kibbutz at an early age, on five days of the week elementary school students completed tasks for the kibbutz for an hour and a half, and young people worked three hours in all areas. In 1962 the school in Netzer Sereni had 200 students, 60 of them from other places. The school was closed in 2005 and all school-age children have been driving learner since then.

“Netzer-Sereni was built according to the model of Giwat Brenner in its economy.” In addition to intensive agriculture with the main branches of citrus and fruit plantations, but also dairy cattle, the kibbutz ran a large metalworking shop, in which almost exclusively kibbutzniks worked, and a large wage joinery predominantly external employees. At the beginning of the 1960s, 60% of the population were of Central European descent. Agriculture (arable farming, citrus orchards, viticulture and poultry farming) is still the predominant local livelihood, but its importance is declining. A new equestrian center has been added. There are also industries in the Chatzer Sereni industrial park (חצר סרני) near highway 431. Many residents work outside Netzer Serenis.

In 1999 the kibbutzniks decided to give up the kibbutz in its previous form and since 2000 most forms of cooperative acquisition and consumption have been abolished. The former kibbutzniks each received a share of the kibbutz assets and new members are no longer accepted. Anyone who has moved here since then can no longer become a kibbutznik, but does not have to be a shareholder either. The former accommodations for volunteers have been torn down and built instead of their single-family houses, which are rented out for the benefit of the community and thus contribute to the kibbutz income.

Townscape

View 2009 from the Autobahn 431 to the former school with turret and to the former teachers' and orphanage.

The buildings of the estate still shape part of the townscape that can be seen from the motorway. In 1913, at the urging of Matthäus Spohn, the Syrian Orphanage set up permanent accommodation for its pupils who were studying and working in Bir Salem. In today's Hebrew usage, the name Chawwath Spohn ( Hebrew חוות שפון, Spohn-Farm) naturalized.

The operators of the Syrian Orphanage in Jerusalem named the house for the teachers and orphans the Philistine Orphanage because of its location near the land of the ancient Philistines . Allenby used the school building with turret, clock and hour bell for several months as British headquarters in 1918. From the 1950s to 2005 it served as a kibbutz school and kindergarten. The kibbutz students therefore called the school building Chawwath Allenby (חוות אלנבי, Allenby Farm). Today, most of Netzer Sereni's children attend school in Beit Chashmona'i ( Hebrew בית חשמונאי).

The Chawwath Allenby restaurant in the former director's house.

The manor's director's house now houses a restaurant called Chawwath Allenby , with rooms for various events such as family gatherings and lectures. There is also a water reservoir in Netzer Sereni from the beginning of the 20th century, which is Israel's oldest building made of Portland concrete.

Batya Lischanski (בתיה לישנסקי; 1900–1990) created the monument shown at the beginning in 1965 From the Shoah to the rebirth (משואה לתקומה) in memory of the victims of the Shoah and the new beginning. Other on-site facilities include a swimming pool, kindergarten, library, shop and clinic.

population

According to statistics from 2008, there were 585 inhabitants in Netzer Sereni, mainly Jews and a few non-Jews, who are classified as belonging to the Jewish population segment due to their family relationships . For 1945 and 1948 the number of Arab residents at that time is given as 410 and 476, respectively. In 2018 the population had risen to 823.

Known residents

literature

  • Judith Tydor Baumel-Schwartz (יהודית תידור באומל-שוורץ): Kibbutz Buchenwald (קיבוץ בוכנוואלד), Bnei Brak: הוצאת הקיבוץ המאו'חד (Hotza'at haKuchaduz) haMe 1995.
  • Judith Tydor Baumel-Schwartz (יהודית תידור באומל-שוורץ): Kibbutz Buchenwald: survivors and pioneers [קיבוץ בוכנוואלד; Engl.], Dena Ordan (transl.), New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8135-2336-2 .
  • Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר), Norbert Haag, Sabine Holtz: Cultural change in Palestine in the early 20th century: an image documentation; at the same time a reference work for the German mission institutions and settlements from their establishment to the Second World War ; Association for Württemberg Church History (ed.), Epfendorf: Bibliotheca Academica Verlag, 2003; ISBN 3-928471-55-4 ; especially section “Syrian Orphanage - Bir Salem Branch”, pp. 101-106.
  • ʿAbd-ar-Ra'ūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو): German interests in Syria and Palestine, 1841–1898: activities of religious institutions, economic and political influences , (= studies on the modern Islamic Orient; vol. 3 ), Berlin: Baalbek, 1982; ISBN 3-922876-32-3 ; See especially section “The agricultural colony 'Bir Salem'”, pp. 64–67.
  • Who would have believed that - memories in the "Kibbutz Buchenwald" - Netzer Sereni of Hachschará and concentration camps 1939-1945-1985 . Preface Zwi Helmut Steinitz , with a contribution by Ruth and Herbert Fiedler on Hachscharót and the Hachschará site Ahrensdorf , Erhard Roy Wiehn (ed.). Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 1 1998, 2 2010 ISBN 3-86628-298-2

Web links

Commons : Netzer Sereni  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ אוכלוסייה ביישובים 2018 (population of the settlements 2018). (XLSX; 0.13 MB) Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , August 25, 2019, accessed May 11, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Avraham Lewensohn, Travel Guide Israel with street maps and city maps [Israel Tourguide, 1979; German], Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 299.
  3. ↑ a b ʿAbd-ar-Raʿūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو): German interests in Syria and Palestine, 1841–1898: Activities of religious institutions, economic and political influences , (= studies on the modern Islamic Orient; vol. 3), Berlin: Baalbek, 1982; ISBN 3-922876-32-3 ; P. 66.
  4. ↑ a b Tom Segev : 1967: Israel's second birth [ו 1967 ־והארץ שינתה את פניה, Tel Aviv-Yafo: Hoza'ah Kether, 2005; German], Helmut Dierlamm, Hans Freundl and Enrico Heinemann (ex.), Bonn: Federal Center for Political Education , 2007, (= series of publications; vol. 635), p. 638. ISBN 3-89331-789-9 .
  5. ↑ Judith Tydor Baumel-Schwartz (יהודית תידור באומל-שוורץ), Kibbutz Buchenwald: survivors and pioneers [קיבוץ בוכנוואלד; Engl.], Dena Ordan (ex.), New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8135-2336-2 , p. 2.
  6. ↑ Tom Segev: 1967: Israel's Second Birth [ו 1967 ־והארץ שינתה את פניה, Tel Aviv-Yafo: Hoza'ah Kether, 2005; German], Helmut Dierlamm, Hans Freundl and Enrico Heinemann (ex.), Bonn: Federal Center for Political Education , 2007, (= series of publications; vol. 635), p. 637seq. ISBN 3-89331-789-9 .
  7. ↑ “In July 1954 a state ceremony was held in memory of Enzo Sereni and other paratroopers on the shores of the Sea of ​​Galilee near Kibbutz Maʿagan . ... A Piper machine taking part in an air show crashed ... into the crowd. Among the dead were Daniel Sereni, Enzo's and Ada's son, and his wife. ”Tom Segev: 1967: Israel's Second Birth [ו 1967 ־והארץ שינתה את פניה, Tel Aviv-Yafo: Hoza'ah Kether, 2005; German], Helmut Dierlamm, Hans Freundl and Enrico Heinemann (ex.), Bonn: Federal Agency for Political Education, 2007, (= series of publications; vol. 635), p. 638. Omissions not in the original. ISBN 3-89331-789-9 .
  8. ↑ "הכנסת הכירה בשם 'נצר סירני'" , in: דבר (Davar), June 14, 1955.
  9. ↑ Wladimir Jabotinsky : The Jewish Legion in the World War. Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag, 1930, p. 138.
  10. ↑ Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר): Aspects of the life of Johann Ludwig Schneller. In: Eating your own bread with honor: Johann Ludwig Schneller, founder of the orphanage in Jerusalem. Special exhibition in the Easter egg museum (June 2 to November 3, 2002); [Exhibition catalog], Anna Barkefeld (arrangement) on behalf of the Sonnenbühl community, Sonnenbühl-Erpfingen: Sonnenbühl community, 2002; Pp. 8–10, here p. 10.
  11. ↑ ʿAbd-ar-Raʿūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو): German interests in Syria and Palestine, 1841–1898: Activities of religious institutions, economic and political influences , (= studies on the modern Islamic Orient; Vol. 3) , Berlin: Baalbek, 1982; ISBN 3-922876-32-3 ; P. 64.
  12. ↑ a b ʿAbd-ar-Raʿūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو): German interests in Syria and Palestine, 1841–1898: Activities of religious institutions, economic and political influences , (= studies on the modern Islamic Orient; vol. 3), Berlin: Baalbek, 1982; ISBN 3-922876-32-3 , p. 65.
  13. ↑ a b c d e Ejal Jakob Eisler (איל יעקב איזלר), Norbert Haag, Sabine Holtz: Cultural change in Palestine in the early 20th century: an image documentation; at the same time a reference work for the German mission institutions and settlements from their foundation to the Second World War. Bibliotheca Academica Verlag, Epfendorf 2003, ISBN 3-928471-55-4 , p. 101.
  14. ↑ a b c d Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008; ISBN 3-17-019693-6 ; P. 292.
  15. ↑ Father and sons Schneller collected money and received regular support mainly from Württemberg , other parts of Germany, Switzerland and Great Britain (British and Continental Syrian Asylums Association). An important individual donor was Christian Friedrich Spittler until his death, followed by the Spittler & Co. bank , which Johannes Frutiger (1836–1899) continued as Frutiger & Co. in Jerusalem until 1896 .
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g Arno G. Krauß: "Oranges from Bir Salem: 120 Years of Schneller Magazine" ( memento of the original from November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English); in: Schneller Magazine on Christian Life in the Middle East , 4 (2005), p. 18 f., here p. 19. ISSN 0947-5435 . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ems-online.org @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ems-online.org 
  17. ^ Hans Wilhelm Hertzberg: I & II Samuel: a Commentary [The Samuel books, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1960, (The Old Testament; Vol. 10); English], JS Bowden (trl.), Westminster Press, Philadelphia 1964, ISBN 0-664-22318-4 , p. 23.
  18. ↑ Johann Ludwig Schneller: Annual Report 1891 (Syrian Orphanage), Jerusalem: 1892, p. 4, quoted here from Samir Akel (سمير عقل): The development of the Schnellerschulen after the death of their founder. In: Eating your own bread with honor: Johann Ludwig Schneller, founder of the orphanage in Jerusalem ; Special exhibition in the Easter egg museum [2. June to November 3, 2002]; [Exhibition catalog], Anna Barkefeld (arrangement) on behalf of the Sonnenbühl community, Sonnenbühl-Erpfingen: Sonnenbühl community, 2002; Pp. 27–29, here p. 27.
  19. ↑ a b c d "הסטוריה" (historia), in: חוות אלנבי, מרכז כננים ואורועים ( memento of the original from August 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Chawwath Allenby website), accessed September 7, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.halenby.co.il
  20. ↑ The other heirs were Marie Schneller (1859–1946, married Bauer) and Johannes Schneller (1865–1901).
  21. ^ Neville Julian Mandel: The Arabs and Zionism before the World War I. University of California Press, Berkeley u. a. 1976; ISBN 0-520-02466-4 ; P. 24.
  22. ↑ a b ʿAbd-ar-Raʿūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو): German interests in Syria and Palestine, 1841–1898: Activities of religious institutions, economic and political influences , (= studies on the modern Islamic Orient; vol. 3), Berlin: Baalbek, 1982; ISBN 3-922876-32-3 , p. 67.
  23. ↑ a b ʿAbd-ar-Raʿūf Sinnū (Abdel-Raouf Sinno, عبد الرؤوف سنّو): German interests in Syria and Palestine, 1841–1898: Activities of religious institutions, economic and political influences , (= studies on the modern Islamic Orient; vol. 3), Berlin: Baalbek, 1982; ISBN 3-922876-32-3 ; P. 68.
  24. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 , p. 292, footnote 1188.
  25. ↑ Hanna Kildani, Modern Christianity in the Holy Land: Development of the structure of Churches and the growth of Christian institutions in Jordan and Palestine; the Jerusalem Patriarchate, in the nineteenth century, in light of the Ottoman Firmans , Bloomington (Ind.): AuthorHouse, 2010; ISBN 978-1-4490-5286-7 ; P. 556.
  26. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 293.
  27. ↑ Barnet Litvinoff (ed.), The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann : Series B, 2 vols., New Brunswick (NJ): Transactions Books, Rutgers University, 1983, ISBN 0-87855-297-9 ; Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1983, ISBN 965-07-0003-X ; Vol. 2: 'December 1931-April 1952.' P. 266.
  28. ↑ Barnet Litvinoff (Ed.), The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann : Series B, 2 vols., New Brunswick (NJ): Transactions Books, Rutgers University, 1983, ISBN 0-87855-279-0 ; Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1983; Vol. 1: 'August 1898 - July 1931' p. 172, footnote 1.
  29. ↑ For the aerial photos of the aerial reconnaissance see Benjamin Ze'ev Kedar (בנימין זאב קדר) and Moscheh Milner (משה מילנר, Photos), מבט ועוד מבט על ארץ־ישראל: תצלאשומי־אוויול ימומי־אוויול מימומי־אוויור מימו ṭaba ל יול ṭיומינוויו ṿימו (aba ויול ṭ ימומיṭוויו ṿימו נaba ויו ימומימוויו ימו (מaba ויוי ימו ṭaba יו וו מaba ומ aba הול ʻOd mabaṭ ʻal Erets-Yiśraʼel: tatslume-aṿir mi-yeme Milḥemet ha-ʻOlam ha-Rishonah mul tatslumim bene zemanenu), Jerusalem: יד יצחק בן־צבי (Yad Yitsḥaḳ Ben-Tsevi) and Tel Aviv: משןרד הrad haבטחו biṭaḥon), 1991. ISBN 965-05-0586-5 .
  30. ↑ a b Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Evangelical and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3- 17-019693-6 ; P. 296.
  31. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 299.
  32. ↑ This unit was mainly made up of British people who had served in Ireland. 650 former members of the Black and Tans began their service in Palestine in April 1922. In contrast, Arab and Jewish Palestinians served in the Palestine Gendarmerie . The Handbook of Palestine , p. 5 . Retrieved September 7, 2010.
  33. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 302.
  34. ↑ At the usual exchange rate until the pound devaluation in 1931, 167 Palestine pounds corresponded to 3,411.64 ℛℳ. See article: Coins in: Der Große Brockhaus: Handbuch des Wissens in twenty volumes ; Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1928–1935 15 ; Vol. 13, p. 52.
  35. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 305.
  36. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 321.
  37. ^ Arthur Ruppin, Syria as an economic area ( 1 1917), Berlin and others: Harz, 2 1920; P. 301 f.
  38. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 307.
  39. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 311.
  40. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 140.
  41. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; Pp. 321 and 324.
  42. ↑ At the usual exchange rate after the pound devaluation in 1931, 1 Palestine pound was equivalent to ℛℳ 14.23. See article: Coins in: Der Große Brockhaus: Handbuch des Wissens in twenty volumes ; Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1928–1935 15 ; Vol. 13, p. 52.
  43. ↑ Roland Löffler: Protestants in Palestine: Religious Policy, Social Protestantism and Mission in the German Protestant and Anglican Institutions of the Holy Land 1917–1939 , (= Denomination and Society; Vol. 37), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 3-17- 019693-6 ; P. 324.
  44. ↑ Palestine ( Memento of the original from June 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , at: Britains-smallwars.com , accessed September 7, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.britains-smallwars.com
  45. ↑ a b Population according to Bir Salim ( memento of the original from November 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at: palestineremembered.com , accessed September 7, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.palestineremembered.com
  46. ↑ Margarete Turnowsky-Pinner , The Second Generation of Central European Settlers in Israel , Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1962, (= series of scientific treatises of the Leo Baeck Institute of Jews from Germany; Vol. 5), p. 128.
  47. ↑ On the numbers: Niels Hansen : From the shadow of the catastrophe: The German-Israeli relations in the era of Konrad Adenauer and David Ben Gurion. A documented report with a preface by Shimon Peres ; Research and sources on contemporary history 38; Düsseldorf: Droste, 2002; ISBN 3-7700-1886-9 ; P. 186.
  48. ↑ Israel paid 3.585 million DM total compensation for all institutions of Protestant and Lutheran organizations from Germany together. Cf. Niels Hansen: From the shadow of the catastrophe: German-Israeli relations in the era of Konrad Adenauer and David Ben Gurion. A documented report with a preface by Shimon Peres ; Research and sources on contemporary history 38; Düsseldorf: Droste, 2002; ISBN 3-7700-1886-9 ; P. 268.
  49. ↑ Kvuzot ( Hebrew קבוצות, vg .: Kvuzah קבוצה) were early founded communal agricultural settlements, which are regarded as a pre-form of the actual kibbutz.
  50. ^ A b Margarete Turnowsky-Pinner, The Second Generation of Central European Settlers in Israel , Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1962, (= series of scientific papers of the Leo Baeck Institute of Jews from Germany; Vol. 5), p. 120.
  51. ↑ Margarete Turnowsky-Pinner, The second generation of Central European settlers in Israel , Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1962, (= series of scientific treatises of the Leo Baeck Institute of Jews from Germany; Vol. 5), p. 128. Addition in square brackets not in the original.
  52. ↑ In 1979 the differences were largely overcome and both kibbutz associations merged to form HaTnoʿa HaKibbuzit HaMe'uchedet (התנועה הקבוצית המאוחדת, Abbr. Takam; United Kibbutz Movement). Cf. Michael Wolffsohn , Douglas Bokovoy: Israel: Grundwissen-Länderkunde; History, politics, society, economy (1882–1996) ; Basic knowledge - country customers, 3; Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 4 1995; ISBN 3-8100-1310-2 ; P. 344.
  53. ↑ Margarete Turnowsky-Pinner, The second generation of Central European settlers in Israel , Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1962, (= series of scientific treatises of the Leo Baeck Institute of Jews from Germany; Vol. 5), p. 128. Omission not in the original .
  54. ↑ a b c d Margarete Turnowsky-Pinner, The Second Generation of Central European Settlers in Israel , Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1962, (= series of scientific papers by the Leo Baeck Institute of Jews from Germany; Vol. 5), p. 129.
  55. ↑ Margarete Turnowsky-Pinner, The Second Generation of Central European Settlers in Israel , Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1962, (= series of scientific treatises of the Leo Baeck Institute of Jews from Germany; Vol. 5), p. 129 f.
  56. ^ A b Margarete Turnowsky-Pinner, The Second Generation of Central European Settlers in Israel , Tübingen: Mohr (Siebeck), 1962, (= series of scientific papers of the Leo Baeck Institute of Jews from Germany; Vol. 5), p. 130.
  57. ↑ Population according to ishuv2008 ( memento of the original from September 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (Hebrew) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cbs.gov.il
  58. ↑ אוכלוסייה ביישובים 2018 (population of the settlements 2018). (XLSX; 0.13 MB) Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , August 25, 2019, accessed May 11, 2020 .