Bethlehem (Galilee)

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Bethlehem in Galilee
Bethlehem in Galilee
Basic data
hebrew : בֵּית לֶחֶם הַגְּלִילִית
arabic : بيت لحم
State : IsraelIsrael Israel
District : North
Founded : 2000 BC BC (Bet Leḥem)
638 (Bait Lahm)
1906 (Bethlehem Colony)
1948 ( Moshav Bethlehem)
Coordinates : 32 ° 44 '  N , 35 ° 11'  E Coordinates: 32 ° 44 '6 "  N , 35 ° 11' 27"  E
Height : 174  m
 
Residents : 825 (as of 2018)
 
Community code : 0430
Time zone : UTC + 2
Telephone code : (+972) 04-9831357
 
Community type: Moshav
Website :
Bethlehem in Galilee (Israel)
Bethlehem in Galilee
Bethlehem in Galilee

Bethlehem in Galilee ( Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם הַגְּלִילִית Bejt Leḥem ha-Glilit , German 'Galilean Bethlehem' ) is a small, cooperative , rural settlement ( Moshav ) of the regional association Emek Jizre'el in the northern district of Israel between Haifa and Nazareth . It is located on the site of the ancient Israelite settlement known as the Bethlehem of Zebulun ( Jos 19:15). The judge Ibzan ( Judges 12 : 8-10) may have come from this Bethlehem . Some historians suspect that even Jesus of Nazareth was born in Bethlehem in Galilee.

geography

Geographical location

Bethlehem is located on the south-eastern forest slopes of the Allonei Abba nature reserve, which close the intensively used Jezreel Valley between Haifa and Nazaret . The site is geographically on the site of the ancient Israelite settlement known as the Bethlehem of Zebulun ( Jos 19:15). Its highest point is 174  m above sea level. NN .

Local division

Bethlehem is a small, cooperative, rural settlement ( Moshav Azori ). Regional planning is in the foreground. Both the settlement of the farms and the development of an infrastructure are planned centrally for the moshavim in a region (around ten to twelve settlements). In the regional center of Bethlehem there is a hospital, a pharmacy and a school.

Neighboring communities

Bethlehem is surrounded by the moshav Allonei Abba in the west, the Allonei Abba nature reserve in the north, the village of Hajajira in the east, and the Jewish village of Zarzir and the Arab village of Manshiyat al-Zabda in the south.

climate

The climate in Bethlehem is determined by its location between the subtropical aridity of the Arabian deserts on the one hand and the subtropical humidity of the Levant on the other hand, and like in the entire northern district (Israel) it is temperate and forested. In relative proximity to the Mediterranean coast, the subtropical Mediterranean climate prevails here , characterized by dry, hot months between April and October. In autumn and winter there are occasional showers, in January and February the sky is often covered with gray clouds, showers are possible. In winter the thermometer can show just above 0 ° C, sometimes it even snows.

history

In antiquity 2000 BC Chr. To 135 AD

The settlement was originally known as "Bethlehem of Zebulun " ( Jos 19:15). In the Jerusalem Talmud it is referred to as Bet Leḥem Zoria because it was part of the Kingdom of Tire at the time. It is possible that the judge Ibzan came from this Bethlehem and was buried here ( Judges 12 : 8-12). Some biblical scholars and archaeologists also claim that Jesus of Nazareth lived here in the year 7–4 BC. Could be born in BC.

In the Roman and Byzantine Empires 135 to 638

After the Bar Kochba uprising (132-135 AD) one of the 24 Kohanim families (Malkija's family according to 1 Chronicle 24, 5-6.9 BU) moved to Bethlehem of Zebulun and served in the synagogue until it was destroyed of the village. It reached its heyday in the late Roman and Byzantine periods. Significant structures and artifacts from that period were found in the site a few years ago, including remains of a massive Byzantine church with a 2nd century cave hidden under the apse . This could indicate that Bethlehem had already become Christian by then and was celebrated as the birthplace of Jesus.

Destruction and Islamization 638 to 1517

In 638 Jerusalem was conquered by the army of the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab . In 691 the Muslims built the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount . From this point on there was a Jewish and a Christian presence in Palestine as well as a Muslim. Ancient Bethlehem was destroyed by the Umayyads and is Arabic بيت لحم Bait Lahm , DMG Bayt Laḥm newly built. Islamization wasfavoredby treating non-Muslims as dhimma .

The dynasty of the Abbasids ( arabic العبّاسيّون, DMG al-'Abbāsiyyūn ) replaced the Umayyads in the government of the caliphate in 750 . The Abbasid dynasty continued through appointments by the Mamluk sultan Baibars . As a result, there was an Abbasid replacement caliphate in Cairo, which was received by the Mamluks and formally transferred the realpolitical exercise of power to the Mamluks and received only less recognition among Muslims outside the ruled area. With the conquest of Cairo by the Ottomans in 1517, the Abbasid dynasty was finally ended.

In the Ottoman Empire, 1517 to 1920

After the conquest of Cairo by the Ottomans in 1517, the 100 percent Muslim village of Bayt Lahm fell to the Ottoman Empire . The population consisted of 27 households and two bachelors who paid a 25% tax rate on agricultural produce including wheat, barley, cotton, vegetable and orchards, occasional income, goats and beehives; a total of 1200 Akçe .

In 1859 the British Consul Rogers declared that the population was 110 and the tillage was sixteen feddans . Victor Guérin came to visit in 1875 and noted for the western world that the ancient Bethlehem had been replaced by a small Muslim village. He also discovered a ruin of the old synagogue and Byzantine church. In 1882 who described Survey of Western Palestine the Palestine Exploration Fund "Ancient Bethlehem Zebulon than a village, which was built mainly of mud at a high level on the border of forested land and its next water in Wady el Melek , the north (Ras el'Ain), and located at the sources at Muwarah in the south ”. A list of souls from 1887 shows that Beit Lahm had about 55 inhabitants at that time, all Muslims.

In the 1890s, the Protestant - millenarist Templars from Württemberg (Germany) bought the village. They built fine stone houses that still exist today, cultivated the land and founded a daughter colony here in Haifa with the place name Bethlehem in 1906 . More than fifty Templar houses were built, which are similar to the architectural style of the Templar houses in Sarona , Wilhelma (today Bnei Atarot) and the German colonies of Haifa and Jerusalem . The Templars believed in the second coming of Jesus Christ and the establishment of his thousand year kingdom (called the Millennium or Millennial Kingdom of Peace ), sometimes with Israel as the politically and religiously dominant world power . They also believed in the near end of the present world, sometimes connected with the creation of a paradise on earth, or in an apocalyptic fatalism related to a millennium.

During the mandate from 1920 to 1948

Bethlehem in Galilee, 1925

In the 1922 census carried out by the British authorities, Bethlehem had 224 inhabitants; 111 Christians and 113 Muslims. Of the Christians, 95 were Pietist Templars and 16 were Melkites . This had increased slightly to 235 people as a result of the 1931 census; 135 Muslims, 99 Christians and 1 Jew, in a total of 51 inhabited houses.

In 1932 the NSDAP won its first two members in Palestine : Karl Ruff and Walter Aberle from the Templar colony in Haifa . In the course of the 1930s, residents of Bethlehem also joined the German National Socialists, which indicates the dwindling affinity for the original ideals of the Templars. After Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, all German language schools abroad that were subsidized or fully financed with Reich funds were obliged to employ teachers who belonged to the National Socialist teachers' association . The Templar functionaries appealed to Paul von Hindenburg and the Foreign Office not to use swastika symbols for German institutions in Palestine and rejected the boycott of Jewish German businesses. This opposition later subsided. By August 1939, 17% of all non-Jewish Germans in Palestine ( Palestine Germans ) were members of the NSDAP. On August 20, 1939, the German government called on conscript non-Jewish Germans in Palestine to join the Wehrmacht , and 350 men volunteered.

After the beginning of World War II , all non-Jewish Germans in Palestine were considered hostile foreigners from September 3, 1939 . British authorities interned them, as did Italians, Hungarians and other Axis nationals, in Sarona , Bethlehem (Galilee), Waldheim (now Allonei Abba) and Wilhelma. In the summer of 1941, 665 German internees (mostly young families with children) were deported to Australia and those who were too old or sick were left behind. In December 1941 and in the course of 1942 a further 400 German internees, mostly wives and children of men who had registered with the Wehrmacht, were released to Germany via Turkey to reunite families , and exchanged for Allied internees.

According to the 1945 Village Statistics, 370 people lived in Bethlehem after the end of the war; 210 Muslims and 160 Christians, and the total land area was 7,526 dunams , according to an official land and population survey . Six dunams of land were for citrus fruits and bananas, 278 dunams for plantations and irrigable land, 4,796 for cereals, while 51 dunams were built-up areas. Italian and Hungarian internees were released in 1945, but the British refused to transfer the remaining German internees to the British occupation zone of Germany. In 1947 they were allowed to emigrate to Australia .

In Israel since 1948

Preserved Templar houses in Bethlehem
villa
villa
villa
Old templar building
villa

On April 17, 1948, the paramilitary Hagana conquered the village and it was re-established as a moshav by Jewish farmers . Many of the residents who moved to the Templar houses were Shoah survivors from Austria and the German occupation zones . After Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, 1948, only 50 Templars remained in the country. According to the Luxembourg Agreement of September 10, 1952 between the Federal Republic of Germany on the one hand and Israel and the Jewish Claims Conference (JCC) on the other, the State of Israel paid the Templars $ 13 million in compensation for their property.

religion

Most of the residents of the moshav are Jews, but not all identify with Judaism. The majority of the residents are secularized .

Culture and sights

Culture and sights
Cultural center with library
Water tower
Monument to the victims of fascism
Agritourism in Bethlehem

Buildings

The village, which is officially called a moshav , is characterized by the typical Templar architecture . But unlike in the well-known Templar settlements that are actively marketed for tourism, such as the German colonies in Haifa and Jerusalem or Sarona in Tel Aviv, there is almost nothing here to indicate the Templars' connection to the town. The Templars had only revived the village in Galilee in 1906 and returned the place name to it. Nowadays, however, there are no information signs or signposts. Nothing that could help tourists understand the story behind the special architecture that opens up there in the middle of Galilee. The splendid “House of the People”, which used to be a school, is empty and unused. In most of the Templar buildings there is one family, and tourists cannot enter the houses. Only the Fleischmann family's pension promises to be “a house and history”. Many Bethlehem residents do not want major tourism either. In 2006 a memorial was erected in memory of the victims of fascism (National Socialism).

Green spaces and recreation

"Alonei Abba" nature reserve

"Alonei Abba" nature reserve
Oak in the nature reserve "Alonei Abba"
"Alonei Abba" nature reserve

In 1994, two kilometers northwest of Bethlehem in Galilee, a 950 dune nature reserve was designated, in which Valonia oaks (Quercus macrolepis) and Palestine oaks (Quercus calliprinos) live. Other plant species in the forest are Palestine pistachio , real storax tree , carob tree , Rhamnus palaestinus and common judas tree . Most of the trees were cut down by Ottoman troops during the First World War and used as fuel for steam locomotives on the Ma Militärūdiyya – Sinai military railway . This small forest only survived under pressure from the Templars in Bethlehem. The nature reserve is named after Abba Berdichev , one of the seven paratroopers captured and executed by Germans during World War II . Most of the reserve is now open to experimental grazing for cattle from Bethlehem. Many visit Bethlehem in Galilee on a sunny weekend in February / March, when the flower meadow slopes of the Allonei Abba nature reserve are a particularly aesthetic destination that offers different aspects of color and height.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

The following UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located near Bethlehem in Galilee: Bet Shearim National Park (9.2 km), Megiddo National Park ( 25.8 km), Bahai World Center in Haifa (25.9 km), Old Town of Acre (34.9 km) km) and the sites of human evolution in the Carmel Mountains (42.5 km).

Sports

Bethlehem has a swimming pool and a sports hall with a gym.

Regular events

The agritourism has replaced agriculture as the main industry in recent years. One of the many farms, the dairy , regularly shows visitors how milk is made. The Templars had built a barn next to almost every house, an infrastructure that is still used today by many of the 800 residents for raising cattle and growing vegetables. There is also a small factory in the village where visitors can learn how to make soaps. There is also an olive oil production facility with a small visitor center. The spice farm of the Zitherspieler family, which also sells its spices in the gourmet departments of German Kaufhof branches and in a flagship store in Düsseldorf under the name “Spicy Way”, is also a landmark in Bethlehem in Galilee.

Possible birthplace of Jesus

Biblical tradition

According to the childhood story of Matthew 2.1-12  EU , Jesus of Nazareth was born at the time of King Herod (7-4 BC) in Bethlehem in Judah , but the value of this theological story as a historical source is questioned. The home of his strictly Jewish family was Nazareth in Galilee , where the later public ministry of Jesus essentially took place. In Matthew 2.6  EU states "You, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, art not the least among the rulers of Judah; for out of you will emerge a prince who shepherd my people Israel." Matthew here quotes the prophet Micah (Mi 5,1 BU) and quotes him incorrectly, because it says: “But you, Bethlehem-Efrat, little to be among the thousands of Jehudas , one of you comes out of you, Walter in Israel to be whose departure is from Ur, from the early days. ”The evangelist Luke , who later wrote down his gospel as Matthew, knew the Matthew report. Many theologians believe that Luke's census is a literary means that should explain why Jesus was born in Bethlehem near Jerusalem: According to this point of view, this should not be regarded as a historical statement, but as a means of expressing the messiahship of Jesus. The evangelist Mark knows nothing about Bethlehem near Jerusalem as the birthplace of Jesus. It begins quite simply: "One day Jesus came from Nazareth in Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan." ( Mark 1.9  EU )

Bruce Chilton , an American scribe of Judaism and early Christianity , suggests in his book Rabbi Jesus: An Intimate Biography (2000) that the Christmas story according to Matthew does not have to be completely invented. Joseph , who came from Bethlehem in Galilee, might have met Mary at work on construction sites in Nazareth or in the nearby Roman palace of Sepphoris , where it is often assumed that Mary grew up there. He could have ridden with the heavily pregnant Maria from her house in Nazareth on a donkey the approximately 11 kilometers to his family in Bethlehem in Galilee, when the due date was approaching. Chilton believes that the evangelist Matthew wanted to win more Jews for the teaching of Jesus with the well-known Bethlehem in Judea because it is mentioned as the hometown of King David . He hoped to create a credible connection between Jesus and King David through the figure of Joseph.

A growing number of biblical scholars claim to have found a considerable amount of evidence to support the theory that the Messiah was by no means foretold for Bethlehem, Judea . Bet Leḥem means "house of bread", efrata means "fruitful". Indeed, the Bethlehem region of Judea is fertile, but so is the Bethlehem region of Galilee. The Bethlehem in Galilee is as insignificant today as it was obviously in the time of the prophet Micah. It has never been one of the leading cities in Judaea . On the other hand, it was always so small among the thousands of Judah. At the time of Jesus' birth, followers of a Jewish denomination also lived in Bethlehem in Gailia, whose prominent figures were Nazarites . Scientists make it credible that the name Nazareth can be translated as Nazarite city. It cannot be dismissed out of hand that a Messiah was more plausible to prophesy from an area in which traditionally particularly pious people lived than from anywhere else. A Nazarite, including Nazarene and Nazarene, was permanent or before the turn of the ages in Judaism consecrated to God for a period of time. The most famous Nazarites were Judge Shimshon (Ri 13,5 BU), the prophet Samuel (1 Sam 1,11) and John the Baptist . All three figures were consecrated as Nazarites to God before they were even born. Paul of Tarsus reports that Jesus appeared to him as a Nazarite ( Acts 22.8  EU ). After his calling , he himself took a Nazarite vow ( Acts 18:18  EU ). He supported others so that they could make Nazarite sacrifices ( Acts 21: 24-26  EU ). The Christian churches are unanimous in the view that with Isa 11: 1-2 BU the Messiah was foretold. “It will happen on that day: The root of Yishaj , which stands as the banner of the nations.” (Isa 11:10 BU) This verse underlines the Messiah prophecy. Jesus may have been understood as a Nezerean (divine scepter) as well as a Nazarite (one who has made a vow) as well as a Nazarene (one from Nazareth). Everything makes the birthplace of Jesus near Nazareth even more likely.

Archaeological evidence

The fact that the value of the theological Christmas story as a historical source is questioned has sparked heated discussions among archaeologists . “Basic medical knowledge tells you that a heavily pregnant woman cannot ride a donkey 150 kilometers without losing her baby,” says Dr. Aviram Oshri, senior archaeologist for the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) . The authority commissioned him in the early 1990s to carry out some salvage work around the building and infrastructure projects in Bethlehem in Galilee. Fascinated by the secret conviction of some Galilean Bethlehemians that Jesus was born in their hometown, Oshri began looking for archaeological remains from the time of King Herod in the other Bethlehem in Judea and found nothing. On behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority, he then carried out excavations in Bethlehem in Galilee for a decade. Two years after he had completed his excavations, he published his research results in the American scientific journal Archeology Vol. 58 No. 6 of November / December 2005, which suggest that the traditionally traditional birthplace of Jesus could be wrong. "I think the real place of the crib is here and not in the other Bethlehem near Jerusalem," says Oshri, referring to old historical records of a fortification wall around the biblical Bethlehem - such a wall was not found in Bethlehem near Jerusalem, but is in Galilee Bethlehem can be seen clearly. Oshri provides evidence that the Galilean Bethlehem was inhabited by Jews at the time of Jesus' birth, while "the other Bethlehem was not inhabited at all". "I know they were Jews because we found the remains of an industry of stone vessels here, and it was only used by Jews and only in the time of Jesus." There were artifacts unearthed, including antique oil lamps with crosses and many pig bones of early Christianity. Excavators discovered the remains of a massive Byzantine church with a cave hidden under the apse . And his team of archaeologists also discovered another two-story building that could have been an ancient khan or a guest house. According to Oshri, this shows that Bethlehem in Galilee had become Christian a few centuries later and was celebrated as the birthplace of Christ in early Christianity. Emperor Justinian I bragged about building a fortification wall around the village of Bethlehem to protect it. The ruins of this wall, says Oshri, still enclose parts of the Galilean village today. The chief archaeologist of the Israel Antiquities Authority believes that other important discoveries must be made that will reveal more about the history of the “other Bethlehem”, but the funds for further excavations are still lacking. Oshri also warns that whatever the evidence may be in Galilee, a revolution in common perceptions of the birth of Jesus is still a long way off. Business interests are too important, and after all these centuries the churches are no longer interested in changing the Christmas story.

In fact, Uzi Dahari, deputy director of the Israel Antiquities Authority, reacted rather reluctantly to Oshri's suggestion that the church and the cave below should be digested again. It is just one of the many Byzantine churches that were built when Helena (mother Constantine the Great) came to Israel. "Everyone who does research and does it says that the historical Jesus was born in Nazareth, his family came from there and the whole story of Bethlehem in Judea should only bind him to the family line of King David." Jerome Murphy-O ' Connor , Dominican and professor of New Testament at the École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem , explained why he believed Oshri's thesis to be wrong in his 2011 article for Biblical Archeology Review Magazine. Clyde Billington, professor of ancient history and executive editor of Artifax Magazine , suggests that a current lack of archaeological evidence in Bethlehem, Judea from the time of Jesus' birth does not necessarily mean that Jesus was born elsewhere.

Economy and Infrastructure

In recent years, agrotourism has replaced agriculture as the main industry.

Companies

The Galili olive oil farm and a dairy farm , the Ktofoti family - pick them yourself , the Zitherspieler family's spice farm and Keren Tzur tree nursery , restaurants and rural accommodation are now among the tourist-oriented businesses in the village.

Public facilities

In Bethlehem there is a cultural center with a library, a swimming pool, a sports hall with a gym and a playground. The oldest survival school in Israel is also located here.

education

Bethlehem has a kindergarten . Older children are taken to a primary school in Ramat Jishaj and a secondary school in the Nahalal moshav .

traffic

The following airports are near the Galilean Bethlehem: Haifa International Airport (16 km), Ben Ya'akov Airport (45 km), Kiryat Shmona Airport (66 km), Sde Dov Airport (79 km), Ben Gurion International Airport ( 85 km). From Bethlehem the road 7513 (Hebrew 7513 Westenיש) leads west, which leads to the Moshav Alonei Abba and further southwest on the road 75 towards Haifa / Nazareth . The speed limit in town is 50 km / h, outside 90 km / h. There is a bus connection from Bethlehem (Galilee) Centrum to Haifa via Kiryat Tivon. You can only get to Nazareth by public transport from the neighboring community of Hajajra, which is 1.2 kilometers away.

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the village

literature

  • Alex Carmel : The settlements of the Württemberg Templars in Palestine 1868–1918. Your local political and international problems . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1973, 2 1997, ISBN 978-3-17-016788-9 , ISBN 3-17-015361-7 .
  • JB Barron: Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine, 1923
  • Ralf Balke: Swastika in the Holy Land: The NSDAP regional group Palestine. Sutton Erfurt, 2001 ISBN 3-89702-304-0
  • Bruce Chilton: Rabbi Jesus. An Intimate Biography. Doubleday, 2000 ISBN 978-0385497923
  • Claude Reignier Conder; Horatio Herbert Kitchener: The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archeology. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1881
  • Edna Dalali-Amos: Bet Lehem Ha-Gelilit Final Report. Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel, 2011
  • Claudine Dauphin: La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726. III: Catalog. Oxford: Archeopress, 1998 ISBN 0-860549-05-4 (French)
  • Department of Statistics: Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine, 1945
  • Victor Guérin : Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale, 1880 (French)
  • Sami Hadawi: Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center, 1970
  • Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth ; Kamal Abdulfattah: Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlangen Geographical Works, special volume 5. Erlangen, Germany: Board of Directors of the Franconian Geographical Society, 1977 ISBN 3-920405-41-2
  • E. Mills: Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine, 1932
  • Avraham Negev; Shimon Gibson: Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land , New York / London, 2001
  • EH Palmer: The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, RE Transliterated and Explained by EH Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1881
  • Harold Rhode: Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century. Columbia University, 1979
  • Gottlieb Schumacher : Population list of the Liwa of Akka . Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169-191, 1888
  • Paul Sauer : From the land around the Asperg in the name of God to Palestine and Australia: The checkered history of the temple society ; Reading on October 20, 1995 in Burgstetten on the occasion of Kirschenhardthof's 750th birthday, printed in the TG series, No. 1 (1996)
  • Friedrich Stummer: A necropolis near Bethlehem in Galilee. In: "Journal of the German Palestine Association (1878-1945)", Vol. 53, H. 3 (1930), pp. 229-232
  • Yotam Tepper: Bet-Lehem Ha-Gelilit. Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel, 2016

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ אוכלוסייה ביישובים 2018 (population of the settlements 2018). (XLSX; 0.13 MB) Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , August 25, 2019, accessed May 11, 2020 .
  2. ↑ Flavius ​​Josephus , Antiquitates 5, 271.
  3. ↑ Dr. Aviram Oshri in Achaeology Magazine , Vol. 58, No. 6 November / December 2005
  4. ^ Negev and Gibson, 2001, p. 80
  5. ↑ Flavius ​​Josephus , Antiquitates 5, 271.
  6. ↑ The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges suggests that Bethlehem mentioned in Judges 12: 8-12 is probably not "Bethlehem in Judea" but "Bethlehem of Zebulun" because the Book of Judges does not deal with Judea . [Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges] on Book of Judges 12. Accessed December 30, 2018
  7. ↑ Dr. Aviram Oshri, IAA in Achaeology Magazine , Vol. 58, No. 6 November / December 2005
  8. ↑ Dalali-Amos, 2011, Bet Leḥem Ha-Glilit
  9. ↑ In the Defter of 1596 it appeared as Bayt Lahm , which is in the Nahiya of Tiberias of the Sanjak of Safad .
  10. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 188
  11. ↑ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad district is not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
  12. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 270
  13. ↑ Guérin, 1880, p. 393 ff.
  14. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 270
  15. ↑ Schumacher, 1888, p. 176
  16. ↑ The Templers: German settlers who left their mark on Palestine (English, with a map of the settlements and the year of their foundation), July 12, 2013, accessed on December 15, 2014.
  17. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 33
  18. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 49
  19. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 88
  20. ↑ Balke, 2001, p. 41.
  21. ↑ Balke, 2001, p. 81
  22. ↑ Sauer, 1996, p. 17
  23. ↑ Sauer, 1996, p. 18 ff.
  24. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 13
  25. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 47
  26. ↑ Sauer, 1996, p. 19
  27. ^ Statistics 1948-1995 (Heb.), In: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics [on-line]. [last accessed: October 23, 2017].
  28. ↑ List of National Parks and Nature Reserves (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2009. Last accessed: January 8, 2019
  29. ↑ Website of the "soap factory" (Hebrew)
  30. ↑ Website of the spice farm Derech Hatavlinim (English)
  31. ↑ Buber , Die Schrift, Vol. 3, p. 680
  32. ↑ The term Israel , like the term Judah , has often been used to refer to the entire kingdom. When it says " Shema Yisrael !", It should not only refer to the tribes from the northern kingdom of Israel . The name Jews for all Israelites is derived from Judah .
  33. ↑ from the Hebrew Nasir (נָזִיר), which can be translated as “ascetic”
  34. ↑ Buber, Die Schrift, Vol. 2, p. 118
  35. ↑ ibid., P. 178
  36. ↑ Buber, Die Schrift, Vol. 3, p. 40
  37. ↑ ibid.
  38. ↑ The Jews loved word and meaning games with names above all else. (Cf. Gen 29: 31-35; 30: 1-24; 31: 47-49; 32: 3, 31; 32, 16)
  39. ↑ Jonathan Cook, Finding the Right Bethlehem, Al Jazeera, December 20, 2004
  40. ↑ Inna Lazareva: Israel's, other Bethlehem ': Have Christians celebrated all the years of Jesus' birth in the wrong place ?; The Telegraph dated December 23, 2014
  41. ↑ Desh Kapoor: Jesus was born in Bethlehem, but NOT near Jerusalem; Patheos of December 26, 2012
  42. ↑ Jessica Steinbach, Was Jesus born in a different Bethlehem ?, The Times of Israel, December 24, 2014
  43. ↑ Jeff Shapiro, Archaeologist Believes Jesus Was Born in a Different Bethlehem, The Christian Post, December 27, 2012
  44. ↑ ibid.
  45. ↑ Bet Lehem HaGelilit (Hebrew). On: RomGalil [on-line]. [Last accessed: January 9, 2019]