Hildesheim Cathedral Monastery

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The Hildesheim Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption

The cathedral chapter Hildesheim is a spiritual corporation at the Hildesheim Cathedral and was 815 with the emergence of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hildesheim founded and dissolved on 15 December 1810th According to the patronage of the Hildesheim diocese, St. Mary was also the main patroness of the cathedral monastery. Other patron saints were, for example, St. Cecilia , St. Valerianus and St. Tiburtius . The community of canons, which is also known as the cathedral chapter , supported the bishop in his pastoral and religious duties and was involved in the administration of the diocese and the monastery . Due to its increasing independence from the bishop, the Hildesheim Cathedral Foundation developed into an influential spiritual and secular body. The choice of the bishop was one of the most important privileges that the cathedral monastery had acquired. The cathedral monastery, which was newly founded in the 19th century, still exists today.

Historical overview

Emergence

The Diocese of Hildesheim (purple) and the Archdiocese of Mainz (yellow) from the foundation to the rewrite in 1821/1824 .

The beginnings of the cathedral monastery lead back to the foundation of the bishopric, to which a spiritual community was affiliated. Initially, as part of his plan to integrate Saxony into the Franconian Empire , Charlemagne had chosen Elze as the new location of an East Westphalian diocese and built a church and a mission station there. In the summer of 815, however, Emperor Ludwig the Pious decided at the Imperial Assembly in Paderborn to relocate the site to Hildesheim, constituted the diocese and provided it with privileges for protection against the king and immunity. Hildesheim was considered a strategically favorable traffic and trade hub and had a more central location than Elze. The spatial expansion of the newly founded diocese ranged from the Leine in the west to the Oker in the east and from the Aller in the north to the northern edge of the Harz in the south. This area of ​​the newly founded diocese was assigned to the ecclesiastical province of Mainz.

The first bishops came from the Archdiocese of Reims , to which there was a close partnership, and were close to the Ottonians and Salians . The intercession of the Ottonians brought the diocese many goods and royal rights. In addition, the kings influenced the election of the new bishops, often from the royal chapel.

One of the main goals of the Hildesheim bishops soon became the consolidation and expansion of sovereignty in the area of ​​the diocese. In 1235, all the princes at the Reichstag in Mainz finally confirmed that the Hildesheim bishop was responsible for sovereignty over the Hildesheim monastery . After a further expansion of the domain, the high point of territorial expansion was reached in the 15th century.

The Hildesheim Cathedral Monastery was also involved in this development. Clear indications for the work of this early cathedral clergy come from the tenure of Bishop Altfrid (851–874), who had a residential building built for the canons near the cathedral . The so-called Cathedral Brothers were still predominantly members of the local clergy until the term of office of Bishop Bernwards (993-1022). By means of the first royal diploma in usus fratrum, Ludwig the German bequeathed them part of the royal property near Peine in 871 . Bishop Wigbert (880–908) finally arranged that a third of the entire property of the Diocese of Hildesheim should be used as prebendal property for the canons. Bishop Waltbert (908-919) implemented this decision and appointed a provost to manage the transferred property, so that management was no longer the responsibility of the bishop.

Step by step, a clerical corporation developed from the initial cathedral brotherhood with its own constitution, a cathedral monastery which faced the authority of the bishop. While the owners of the bishopric changed, the cathedral clergy stood for continuity.

Developments in the Middle Ages

Hildesheim Monastery 1643: Small and Large Hildesheim Monastery.

As an expression of the autonomy of the corporation, Otto III. and Henry II established a formal prayer fraternity with the cathedral clergy. Furthermore, the Hildesheim Cathedral Monastery soon became a role model, as the canons' coexistence was characterized by great rigor. A reform effort and standardization of the German cathedral chapters with regard to order, liturgy and spirituality emanated from the cathedral monastery. Because of this special position, Hildesheim canons were increasingly appointed to the royal court to take on tasks such as pastoral care, the care of relics, but also the issuing of documents and political advice. This royal trust was also shown in the fact that between 918 and 1167 44 Hildesheim canons were raised to bishops or archbishops. So many bishops emerged from no other cathedral monastery in the entire Ottonian Empire.

The observance of the strict and exemplary lifestyle decreased increasingly in the 11th century. The reasons for this were an increasing increase in wealth as a result of donations, the securing of which gained priority, as well as the dissolution of the community of canons, who then moved into individual apartments in the city. In addition, the cathedral monastery was also destroyed with the cathedral fire in 1046. A reorganization took place under Bishop Hezilo (1054-1079), who, together with Dompropst Benno, set the maximum number of fully endorsed canons to 45. Seven other jobs were financed with minor benefices. There was also a separate payment for the royal chaplains , who were also employed by the Hildesheim diocese and their number was not limited.

Despite extensive possessions, a major problem of the Hildesheim cathedral monastery was its high debt. This was related, among other things, to the complex feuds. The area bordering on the Hildesheimer Hochstift largely belonged to the Guelphs , so that conflicts between these parties repeatedly led to military conflicts, especially with the Dukes of Braunschweig-Lüneburg . The climax of these disputes was the so-called Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde (1519-1523). This was ended in the Quedlinburg Recess on May 13, 1523, which was passed by the Hildesheim Cathedral Foundation, the Guelph dukes and the city of Hildesheim. For the Hildesheim bishopric this meant a considerable reduction in the size of the territory, as the remaining so-called 'small monastery' only comprised the two cities of Hildesheim and Peine, the offices of Steuerwald, Peine and Marienburg and the Dompropstei, to which 90 villages belonged. The cathedral monastery had to pass the remaining areas to the two dukes Heinrich d. J. von Wolfenbüttel and Erich von Calenberg-Göttingen resign.

Effects of the Reformation

The effects of the Reformation could also be felt in the 'Small Pen'. In 1542 the city of Hildesheim declared itself to be Protestant. The dean of the cathedral, Ludolf von Veltheim, who was in office at the time, held on to the catholic orientation of the cathedral chapter, although the Hildesheim council advised the canons to accept Protestant preachers and teachers. Efforts to assert the Catholic faith against Protestant influence were, however, also subordinated to securing property and safeguarding the canons' individual interests. Thus, in the course of the 16th century, people who turned to Protestantism joined the cathedral monastery. The resulting danger of turning away from Catholicism and the impending secularization could, however, be limited by the election of Ernst von Bayern as Hildesheim bishop in 1573 .

Dissolution in 1810

The Hildesheim Monastery finally came into Prussian possession on August 3, 1802. Soon thereafter, the abolition of the men's monasteries began, whose property was confiscated by the state. At first the cathedral monastery remained in existence as a corporation, but the cathedral capitulars were deprived of most of their sovereign rights. Vacant positions could no longer be filled. Since the Principality of Hildesheim came into Westphalian possession in 1807 , the Westphalian government, in accordance with the decree of King Jérôme on December 1, 1810, only 14 days later, the cathedral monastery was dissolved. The goods and property were incorporated into state administration or sold. The new cathedral chapter did not begin its work until 1828.

Constitution and Administration

coat of arms

Coat of arms of the Hochstift Hildesheim.

On the coat of arms of the cathedral monastery, the patroness Maria is depicted, holding the baby Jesus and a scepter in her hands. In addition, the cathedral monastery used the coat of arms of the Hildesheim monastery. A special feature is that the Dompropstei, evidenced from the 17th century, had its own coat of arms.

Political influence, bishop's right to vote and other privileges

In the 12th century, at the Synod of Lent of March 18, 1179, under Bishop Adelog (1171–1190), essential rights of the cathedral monastery were codified. In the so-called 'Great Privilege', the canons were guaranteed economic independence and independence. The right of consensus ( ius consistendi ) also stipulated that from now on the bishop had to ask the cathedral monastery for advice on banishment, granting of fiefs and major economic activities. These legal concessions resulted in a loss of episcopal power, so that the importance of the cathedral monastery in government affairs was confirmed.

As a result of the Worms Concordat and strengthened by the 'Great Privilege', the canons also managed to claim sole bishop's right to vote. Despite the original provision according to which the bishop should be elected by the clergy and the people, the kings and emperors had insisted on the sole right of appointment of the Hildesheim bishops. When finally Bishop Konrad I of Querfurt from Pope Innocent III. was relieved of his office because he had not asked for papal permission after his election, commissioned Innocent III. the Hildesheim Cathedral monastery to the exclusion of laypeople to elect a new bishop. This fell to Provost Hartbert . The election set a precedent in that the cathedral monastery acted for the first time as a sole voting body in the election of a bishop. At the end of the 12th century, candidates were proposed and elected by the cathedral monastery in a bishopric election. The canons' decision as to which candidate to vote for was not necessarily based on content-related interests, but on the party relationships within the cathedral monastery and the influences of the great powers such as Prussia, Austria, Bavaria and Hanover. Bribes were also not excluded. In the subsequent episcopal elections , the cathedral monastery enforced the rights and privileges granted to it by means of electoral surrenders . These agreements, made with the candidates for office before the election, ensured that the monastery would be observed and further involved in government affairs.

Another prerogative to which the Hildesheim cathedral monastery was entitled was the interim state administration, which the cathedral monastery was entitled to during periods of vacancy . These vacancies could last for a long time, resulting in a powerful position for the cathedral monastery. In the 18th century alone there were two long vacancies. The office of bishop remained vacant from 1702 to 1714, as the successor of Bishop Jobst Edmund von Brabeck (1688–1702), the Bavarian Prince Joseph Clemens , fought against the emperor in the War of Spanish Succession and therefore declared an enemy of the state and an inadmissible candidate has been. The second vacancy concerned the period from 1761 to 1763. The surprising death of Bishop Clemens August von Bayern (1723–1761) occurred in the middle of the Seven Years' War . As a result, both Hanover and Prussia expressed an interest in secularization of the Hildesheim Monastery, which is why the election was delayed. Ultimately, however, the canons elected one of the cathedral capitals as the new bishop.

Consolidation of the internal constitution and part of the first state estate

With the introduction and implementation of the 'Great Privilege' and the right to vote, the internal constitution of the cathedral monastery was largely concluded in the 13th century. The achieved independence from the bishop was shown primarily in the legally binding decisions that were made in the meetings organized by the monastery itself. The influence in worldly affairs pushed the body's initial spiritual character increasingly into the background. Thus goals such as securing rule and increasing one's own wealth gained priority.

At the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century, a compendium of laws was created, which was intended to allow the participation of the state in the Hildesheim Monastery. The cathedral monastery belonged to the first state in the Hildesheim monastery. In contrast to many other spiritual territories, the new constitution was not only based on the classic three choir system, which included the cathedral monastery, the knighthood and the cities, but was supplemented by the donor curia, which included monasteries and monasteries. The cathedral monastery was still considered a leading political corporation.

Personnel composition

From the late Middle Ages, the Hildesheim Cathedral Monastery consisted of 42 canonicals, making it one of the largest cathedral chapters in the imperial church. This number remained until its dissolution in 1810.

Requirements for admission

Already at the end of the 12th century it became apparent that the majority of the members of the cathedral monastery belonged to the Lower Saxon nobility. The proportion of the high nobility initially predominated until more members from the lower nobility were accepted from the 14th century. A resolution of February 26, 1387 finally legally stipulated as a requirement for admission that the members of the aristocracy or knighthood had to have emerged from a marital relationship or that they had to demonstrate an academic degree in theology, medicine, civil or canon law . An additional resolution of December 1, 1575 completely ruled out the admission of non-nobles, in that four noble ancestors on the father's and mother's side had to be proven. In a decree of 1602 this was extended to 16 ancestors. In addition, in 1419 a three-year study in Germany or a one-year study abroad was declared as a mandatory requirement for full admission to the monastery.

In addition to these qualifications, additional requirements were required to be accepted into the monastery. In order for a candidate to be proposed for office, they had to be at least 14 years old. After completing the 21st year of life, the teaching by the scholaster ended, which is also known as emancipation from the official. If the canon had already been ordained a subdeacon at this point and he had completed his studies at the university, he was now entitled to receive the income from his prebend. A final admission, which meant a seat and a voting right in the cathedral monastery, did not take place until the age of 25. Until the 13th century, the bishop and the monastery shared the right to appoint the canonicals, until it finally passed completely to the monastery. By 1500, the cathedral monastery provided 17 of the 34 bishops of the Hildesheim diocese.

Because of the few noble families residing in Hildesheim who made candidates for the canonicals, most of the canons came from outside, such as from the Rhineland or Westphalia. It was quite common for a canon to obtain benefices from other cathedral monasteries, for example in Münster or Osnabrück. It is also noticeable that a certain group of families had formed, which made up most of the canons. The 196 Hildesheim canons active in the 18th century came from just 76 families.

Qualifications

The qualifications of the canons of the Hildesheim cathedral monastery were the degrees of priest , deacon and sub-deacon . A large part of the staff of the Hildesheim Cathedral Foundation consisted of sub-deacons, who made up 42% in the 18th century. If all requirements were met and at least the subdiaconate was ordained, one could exercise all chapter offices except for the office of bishop and the dignities of provost and dean. Nonetheless, officials were able to resign to the secular class without major difficulties. If a son of a noble family who was not entitled to inheritance was accepted into the cathedral monastery, he could leave the clerical status again in the event of the death of his older brother and in this way preserve the family heritage.

Dignities and Abbey Offices

Provost

No later than the 10th century, the dignity of the originated in the Hildesheim cathedral chapter provost , who was elected from the ranks of the cathedral chapter. During the Middle Ages these were mostly deacons or sub-deacons. The cathedral provost was responsible for the entire administration of the cathedral property. At chapter meetings he only had a vote on worldly matters, not on spiritual matters. From the 12th century onwards, the Dompropste's property, the Dompropstei, comprised the villages of Itzum , Hasede and Losebeck , to which other villages were added. In the 18th century the fixed annual salary of the cathedral provost was 4,500 reichstaler.

Cathedral dean

Another important dignity in the Hildesheim cathedral monastery was that of the cathedral dean . This was also elected by the canons of the monastery and had to be a priest as a prerequisite for the exercise of the office. On the one hand, the cathedral dean was primarily responsible for the services that took place in the cathedral and, on the other hand, exercised disciplinary authority over the members of the monastery as well as jurisdiction over the associated clerics living in freedom from the cathedral. After the Hildesheim cathedral monastery was raised to the status of the first state in the Principality of Hildesheim, the cathedral dean also acted as landscape director. In the 18th century, his annual salary was 2000 Reichstaler.

Schoolboy, cantor, sexton, waiter

In addition to these two dignities, the Hildesheim Cathedral Monastery had four other monastery offices. This included the office of scholaster, cantor, sexton and waiter. The scholaster directed the cathedral school and was responsible for the training of the young canons, while the cantor was responsible for choral singing in the church service. In contrast, the sexton took care of the upkeep of the church, like the paraments and the church treasures, and the waiter took care of the administration of the taxes. Although the office holders received only a few rights, which is why the offices were also referred to as titular offices, they were able to post quite lucrative income. In the 18th century, for example, the scholasters received 1200 Reichstaler, the cantor 500 Reichstaler, the sexton 800 Reichstaler and the waiter also received 800 Reichstaler. Regarding the occupation, the Hildesheim Cathedral monastery was only entitled to choose the provost, the dean and the waiter, while the scholasters, the sexton and the cantor were appointed by the bishop.

Accumulation of ecclesiastical and secular offices

In the late 17th century, there was a further accumulation of ecclesiastical and secular offices in some areas, which was due, among other things, to the shortage of staff. This could be observed, for example, in the office of vicar general, which had been exercised by a canon since 1688. Also in the 18th century the office of the government president and the chairman of some secular higher authorities, the court chamber, the secret council and the court court was exercised by a cathedral capitular. In addition, canons were appointed as court judges, drosten, chamber, government and war councilors. In 1802/03 the cathedral monastery consisted of 42 canons, 31 vicars, 27 church servants and 41 male officers.

Vicars

The vicars played an important role in pastoral care. Bishop Hartbert (1199–1216) was the first to create the conditions for the positions of three vicars by providing prebends . At the beginning of the 13th century the number of vicars increased to seven. Originally these represented the bishop, the cathedral dean or the cathedral provost in pastoral matters such as church services. Due to the frequent absence of the cathedral capitals, this also extended to their spiritual obligations. Their representatives were called vicarii chori . There was also the vicarii stacionarii , which held masses at special altars as a result of mass foundations. At the beginning of the 17th century there were already 41 vicars working at Hildesheim Cathedral. Bishop Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern (1650–1688) reduced the number of posts to 33 in 1657. The decision on the occupation of the vicarages was made by the bishop, the cathedral monastery or by archdeacons or priests. In contrast to the canons, the candidates were predominantly of bourgeois origin. As a qualification they needed a theological training, which in some cases also included ordination as a priest.

Religious and Spiritual Life

Relics and pilgrimages

The Hildesheim Marian reliquary .

In the course of its founding, Ludwig the Pious provided the diocese with relics, for which the cathedral monastery was responsible, among other things. Due to the patronage of St. Mary, the emperor bequeathed part of the Aachen robe to the diocese, which was kept in the ' Lipsanotheca Mariana ', a gold-plated silver capsule. The bishop took this relic with him to important legal transactions. In addition, the canons and knights' oath of allegiance was taken in front of the sanctuary and in times of plague, war and hunger the relic was carried through the city. In addition to other relics, such as those of St. Cäcilia and St. Valerianus, there was also the grave of Hildesheim Bishop Godehard , canonized in 1131 , and pilgrimages to his grave even before his canonization. In 1194 the cathedral monastery was also able to claim the head and right arm of St. Bernwards for itself.

Cathedral school

Due to the uncertain sources, the founding time of the Hildesheim Cathedral School is not completely certain. However, it is assumed that the institution, which served to train the young clergy, came into being with the establishment of the Hildesheim diocese. The first cathedral scholaster mentioned by name and later cathedral dean was Thangmar (probably 940-1019). Since then, the cathedral school has been sponsored by the bishop and the emperor and staffed by the cathedral monastery through the cathedral scholaster. The school soon gained supraregional importance as it was one of the most respected educational institutions in the entire empire until the 12th century. It was not until the 13th century, when the universities gained influence, that the school's position was weakened. This now functioned as a Latin school for the offspring of the monastery. Around 1550, between 400 and 600 students attended the school and were taught free of charge. After the Jesuits had settled in Hildesheim, which the cathedral monastery was initially critical of, they founded a Jesuit grammar school in 1595, which took over the higher classes of the cathedral school. The cathedral school continued to exist as an elementary school until the 19th century.

Cathedral Hospital

The time when the cathedral hospital was built is also not entirely guaranteed. Due to the obligation of the cathedral monasteries to operate or support hospitals, it can be assumed that the diocese of Hildesheim was established during the founding period. The cathedral provost Rainald Dassel had a new building built on the Innerste at his own expense in 1161 , to which a hospital church with the patronage of St. John was attached. A fraternal hospital community was established there, from which a small canonical convent emerged, the Johannis pen. At the beginning of the 13th century, on the one hand, the property of the hospital and the monastery was separated and, on the other hand, the hospital church was granted parish and synodal rights over the Hildesheim district 'Auf den Steinen' by Bishop Hartbert (1199–1216). In 1282 a structural expansion took place and the cathedral monastery arranged that only people from a group of people determined by it were allowed to be admitted. The hospital burned down in the course of the destruction of the dam city in 1332 and was rebuilt by 1352. In the 15th century the hospital was one of the largest in Hildesheim. Finally, the cathedral waiter Burchard Steinhoff financed the construction of a new building. Even after the Reformation, the cathedral monastery retained the management of the hospital.

capital

The assets of the Hildesheim Cathedral Monastery were divided into Präbendalgut and Chapter property. The foundation of the Präbendalgut consisted of the goods made available by Bishop Waltbert (908–919) as part of the church property. At the beginning, these goods were roughly 300 to 400 Hufen in size , however, as a result of donations until the middle of the 11th century, there was a steady increase in property. It was a matter of free float, which was spread over an area of ​​1000 km², but within a radius of no more than 40 km. In the course of the 12th and 13th centuries, these goods were combined into larger villication systems, so that in 1382 there were a total of 14 villications. There were 139 places, six mills, three fisheries, 30 ½ large and six small tithe included . The total number of elevations of 985 ¼ corresponded to an area of ​​about 30,000 acres (about 7,500 hectares). The levies were often a third of the grain harvest or half of the yield from a specified part of the country.

In order to further increase its assets, the cathedral monastery acquired some sovereign castles and the offices attached to them, whereby the management of the highest administration was transferred to the cathedral monastery in addition to the judicial districts. An example is Steinbrück Castle , which was initially a pledge in 1394 and finally became permanent property of the cathedral monastery in 1425. The Marienburg was also given to the cathedral monastery as a pledge in the 15th century, before it soon became part of the property of the cathedral monastery.

The chapter property arose from the problem that the possession of the cathedral monastery had become so large in the middle of the 11th century that it could no longer be brought together under one central administration. From now on, additional administrations, so-called obedienzen, were created for other goods, which individual canons took over as obediences. These had to pay corresponding fees to the central administration of the cathedral monastery, for example for foundation purposes. Some of the money earned in this way was reinvested in goods, so that in the late 13th century the social goods were already 500 Hufen. The amount of the taxes and the amount of social goods often correlated with the dignities and offices. The radius of this free float was twice as large as that of the Präbendalgut and was 80 km.

Hildesheim Cathedral Chapter from 1828

With the bull Impensa Romanorum Pontificum from 1824 between the royal house of Hanover and the Pope, the diocese of Hildesheim was rewritten. It now consisted of large parts of the Kingdom of Hanover east of the Weser and was expanded in 1834 to include the Duchy of Braunschweig. The newly founded cathedral chapter resumed its function with the first investments on July 1, 1828 and initially consisted of a cathedral dean and six other canons. They had the power to choose the bishop from a list of candidates. In 1965 the number of cathedral capitals, which had been reduced to five in 1929, was increased to seven with two non-resident members.

See also

literature

The article is largely based on the detailed monastery book entry by Hans-Georg Aschoff, which is why the short references almost exclusively refer to the respective pages of this article. However, the other literature was also used to prepare this article.

  • Hans-Georg Aschoff : Art. Hildesheim. Cathedral monastery of St. Maria. In: Josef Dolle (ed.): Lower Saxony monastery book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, commendants and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginning to 1810. (= publications of the Institute for Historical Research at the University of Göttingen , Volume 56). Bielefeld 2012, pp. 654–681.
  • Hans-Georg Aschoff: The Hildesheim cathedral chapter. Basic lines of its development from 815 to the early modern period. In: Thomas Scharf-Wrede (Ed.): The Hildesheim Cathedral Chapter. Committed to the diocese. (= Hildesheim Chronicle. Contributions to the history of the Diocese of Hildesheim , Volume 21). Sarstedt 2012, pp. 31-42.
  • Alexander Dylong: More than a mere supply instrument for subsequent aristocratic sons . The Hildesheim Cathedral Chapter in the 18th century. In: Thomas Scharf-Wrede (Ed.): The Hildesheim Cathedral Chapter. Committed to the diocese. (= Hildesheim Chronicle. Contributions to the history of the Diocese of Hildesheim , Volume 21). Sarstedt 2012, pp. 43-54.
  • Alexander Dylong: The Hildesheim Cathedral Chapter in the 18th century. (= Sources and studies on the history of the Hildesheim diocese , Volume 4). Hanover 1997.
  • Alexander Dylong: The cathedral chapters of Hildesheim and Osnabrück on the eve of secularization. In: The Diocese of Hildesheim in the past and present , Volume 71 (2003), pp. 117–130.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, pp. 655f.
  2. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 656.
  3. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 661.
  4. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 661.
  5. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 662.
  6. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 654.
  7. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 657.
  8. ↑ See Alexander Dylong, supply instrument, p. 46.
  9. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, pp. 657f.
  10. ↑ See Alexander Dylong, supply instrument, p. 46.
  11. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, pp. 657f.
  12. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, pp. 658f.
  13. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 659.
  14. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 662.
  15. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 658.
  16. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 658.
  17. ↑ See Alexander Dylong, supply instrument, pp. 45f.
  18. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 662.
  19. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 660.
  20. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 663.
  21. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 664f.
  22. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 665f.
  23. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 666.
  24. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, pp. 659f.
  25. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 666f.
  26. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 663.
  27. ↑ Thomas Scharf-Wrede: The Hildesheim Cathedral Chapter in the 19th and 20th centuries. In: Thomas Scharf-Wrede (Ed.): The Hildesheim Cathedral Chapter. Committed to the diocese. (= Hildesheim Chronicle. Contributions to the history of the Diocese of Hildesheim , Volume 21). Sarstedt 2012, pp. 91-102.
  28. ↑ See Hans-Georg Aschoff, Art. Hildesheim, p. 663.