Ebora Liberalitas Julia

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The ruin of the forum temple in Évora. The most obvious testimony to the city's Roman past.

Ebora Liberalitas Julia describes a Roman municipality from which the present-day Portuguese district capital Évora in the Alentejo region emerged . While the part of the name "Ebora" indicates a Celtiberian fortification in the area of ​​the later municipality or in its vicinity, the first archaeological evidence of a settlement in the area of ​​the municipality only dates from the beginning of the Roman Empire . Évora was in the Roman province of Lusitania. The ruins of the forum temple and the remains of the late antique city wall still bear witness to the Roman history of Évora. In addition, numerous archaeological investigations have provided further knowledge about ancient Évora in recent decades. After the immigration of Germanic groups at the end of Roman rule on the Iberian Peninsula and the establishment of Visigothic dominance, as well as the conquest by the Moors , Évora seems to have been used continuously. In the High and Late Middle Ages , Évora gained importance as a bishopric and electoral place for the Portuguese kings. The historic center of Évora was built in 1986Listed as World Heritage by UNESCO .

Plan of the Roman municipality Ebora Liberalitas Iulia in the 4th century AD in today's Évora.

location

Évora in the Roman provinces.

Today's Évora is located in the Alentejo region of central Portugal , in the Évora district, about 110 km east of Lisbon . The Roman Municipium lay in the area of ​​today's old town on an elevation that rises about 60 m above the surrounding plain of the Alentejo and about 300 m above sea level. The city is surrounded in the east by a tributary of the river Sado . The forum and the Roman podium temple are located in the highest area of ​​the city hill near the current cathedral and on the forecourt of the Palácio da Inquisição. During Roman rule, Évora was a junction in the road network between the important Roman cities of Augusta Emerita ( Mérida ), Felicitas Iulia Olisipo (Lisbon) and Pax Iulia .

Research history

Beginnings

The investigation of the surroundings of the temple ruins is of particular importance for researching the history of Évora. The beginning of the perception of the Roman building remains as historical evidence goes back to the beginning of the 18th century. A text by Padre M. Fialho from 1702 assigns the temple to the goddess Diana . He apparently relies on older sources, which, however, are not mentioned any further. As a reason for this assumption, he cited a suspected connection with the Roman general Sertorius and his legendary connection to Diana.

In a travel report by the English architect James Murphy from the year 1789, the building stock of the temple was mentioned in detail for the first time. Murphy recognized the building as a peripteral temple building even then . However, the large podium on which the temple stands is missing from these drawings . 30 years later this becomes visible in drawings by Carlos van cells.

Early archeology

In 1845, under the direction of Cunha Rivára, then director of the city library and historian, excavations were carried out in the so-called atrium of the temple . Statuary fragments and fragments of an inscription base were found. The report of these excavations was only rediscovered by C. Fabião in 1990 and excerpts were presented in 1994. Remnants of inscriptions from a statue base in front of the temple were also evaluated by Géza Alföldy . However, further excavations were not possible at this time.

Of particular importance are photographic recordings from the 1870s that show the temple in its condition shortly after it was used as a slaughterhouse for many years. Since the masonry walls between the columns can still be clearly seen in these pictures, conclusions can be drawn about the history of the building.

Modern archeology

In 1982 the Lisbon branch of the German Archaeological Institute carried out a complete construction survey of the temple. This was done as part of a program to research ancient cities and was carried out annually. In the same year, a first typological determination of the temple was carried out, based on studies by Antonio García y Bellido . The aim of this campaign was to research the peculiarities of the building type of temples on the Iberian Peninsula and to establish the connection to the Roman urban area.

Excavations in front of the temple ruins in 1990.

After the start of construction, a total of seven excavations between 1987 and 1995 were initiated by the German Archaeological Institute, the Facultad de Arquitectura da Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa and the Serviço Regional de Arqueologia Zona Sul under the direction of Theodor Hauschild . Initially, large areas were uncovered, but it quickly became apparent that due to recent interventions (e.g. electrical cables), proceeding in smaller excavation sections was more sensible. This made it possible to follow the course of the wall in small sections and to create an entire excavation plan.

In 1987, remains of the wall were found across the temple. Systematic excavations between 1990 and 1992 made it possible to guess the approximate dimensions of the forum square. When the museum was rebuilt in 1993, it was possible to carry out some probes as preliminary investigations, which were then supplemented in 1995 under the direction of Ana Gonçalves during further construction work in the museum. The decisive processing of the stratigraphy for the forum and temple as well as the associated finds was carried out by Felix Teichner .

In earlier, smaller-scale archaeological investigations in the course of construction work, remains of the public thermal baths were uncovered southwest of the former forum. During investigations in the southwest of the late antique city wall, remains of the Roman residential buildings were also discovered.

In the years 2007 and 2009, further investigations during construction took place in the wider area of ​​the former forum, the results of which have so far not been published.

history

prehistory

Numerous menhirs and megalithic tombs in the area around Évora indicate that the area was already settled in the Neolithic , such as the megalithic tombs of the Vale de Rodrigo . The Celtic name "Ebora", which can also be found in other places on the Iberian Peninsula, indicates a pre-Roman hilltop settlement in the area of ​​the later municipality. Archaeological evidence of pre-Roman settlement of the city mountain has not yet been found.

Roman Republic and Imperial Era

“Ebora” in a reconstruction of the Tabula Peutingeriana .

The early Roman activities on the Iberian Peninsula were limited to the areas along the south and east coasts that were previously partially inhabited by Greeks and Punic people. The area of ​​today's Alentejo was probably only around the middle of the 2nd century BC. Under Roman control.

The addition of "Iulia" to the Roman name Évoras was taken as an occasion to mark the emergence of the municipality with the Julians , their representative Gaius Iulius Caesar and his victory in 45 BC. About his adversary Pompey . Since there are no clear traces of extensive infrastructure measures from this time, but also in the surrounding area, it is more likely that Évora only after the final pacification and establishment of the Pax Romana under Octavian 30 BC. Was raised to the Municipium. The addition to the name “Liberalitas Iulia” is to be interpreted in this context as a reference to peace. The name of the municipality is first mentioned in a list of cities in Hispania in the Historia Naturalis Pliny the Elder from AD 77.

The original city layout was probably laid out like a grid. Of the typical urban public buildings from this period, only the forum and the associated temple and a thermal bath have been clearly identified. Other buildings that could be assumed, such as an amphitheater , aqueduct or a first city ​​wall , have not yet been found. In addition, Évora probably had a mint early on . For the following period, various important families of the Roman aristocracy can be traced in Evora and the surrounding area , for example the Iulii, Calpurnii, Canidia and the Catinia.

Late antiquity

Today's coat of arms of Évora.

At the end of the 3rd or beginning of the 4th century AD, as in many other cities of the Roman western provinces of this time, a reduction in the urban area can be assumed. Probably in connection with the incursions of Germanic groups into the Roman Empire and an increased need for security, they withdrew to a smaller area of ​​the city mountain, which was easier to defend. Former residential buildings were built over with a massive city wall, with tombs from the partially cleared necropolis being used. At the beginning of the 4th century AD there is also evidence of a Christian community in Évora, whose bishop Qintiano took part in the first council of Hispania between 300 and 309.

middle Ages

The discovery of Visigothic architectural remains, such as a corresponding capital on the grounds of the forum, show that the municipality continued to be used under the Visigoths even after the end of Roman rule. Extensive finds of Moorish ceramics from the former temple and the forum show that the city was still settled after the conquest by the Moors.

Évora gained special importance after the conquest of the city by Christian troops under the legendary general Geraldo sem Pavor in 1165 during the Reconquista . This event still forms the city's coat of arms today . After the Christian conquest, Évora was the electoral city of the Portuguese kings, the seat of a bishopric and, for a time, the seat of the Order of Avis . The Gothic cathedral still bears witness to this era in the city's history. After the temporary occupation by the Spaniards, Évora gained importance again in the early modern period through the establishment of a university. In 1986 the old town of Évora became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Roman buildings

Roman forum

Forum stamp

The ruin of the Roman forum temple in Évora.

The forum temple was directly connected to the ancient forum and the center of the Roman Évora and is the most obvious architectural evidence of Évora's Roman past. The temple precinct consisted of a podium temple surrounded by a pool of water in the northwest, southwest and northeast. Both were bordered by a courtyard enclosed on three sides by a porticus.

An assignment of the temple, commonly referred to as "Dianatempel", to the goddess Diana is neither historically nor archaeologically verifiable. It is more likely that the temple served the Roman imperial cult . The temple, from which large parts of the podium and 14 of the 28 surrounding columns as well as parts of the architrave and frieze have survived to this day, was located on a terrace in the center of the Roman municipality. The actual temple building was a podium temple with a cella surrounded by columns . The temple, which in many places shows similarities to the Diana temple of the provincial capital Augusta Emerita, was probably built in the second third of the 1st century AD. The temple complex, however, probably dates back to Augustan times.

Floor plan of the forum temple

The base of the temple was a podium made of solid opus caementicium with a height of over 3.50 m, which was framed with granite blocks and its foundation sat directly on the ground. The dimensions are about 15 by 25 m. The podium had plastering imitating marble between the final Kymatia , which covered the walls made of opus incertum . On the temple front, between the temple pedestal and a supporting wall that closed off the forum and was structured by pilasters, stairs led from the southwest and northeast to the level of the main front stairs of the actual temple. The cella of the temple was surrounded by 28 columns with Corinthian capitals . The temple was a peripteros . The bases and capitals of the columns were made of white marble.

The temple podium was surrounded by a pool of water that was 3.78 m wide in the northwest and 4.30 m in the southwest. In the southeast, the two ends of the basin closed off at the access stairs. The walls and floor of the basin were made of opus signinum . The edging of the basin was at least four feet high and between six and eight feet thick. The basin was added to the existing temple podium in a later construction phase, as evidenced by the build-up of soil on the podium.

The temple and basin were surrounded by a courtyard that was bordered to the southeast by the forum's retaining wall. The other three sides were framed by a pillar-supported cryptoporticus. In the course of the excavations, the remains of a sewer were discovered in the north corner of the cryptoporticus. This probably served to drain water from the water basin.

The forum stamp of Évora has three peculiarities compared to other Roman podium stamps of the Iberian Peninsula. The access situation to the temple podium from the sides is unusual, since most Roman podium temples have a front staircase. Side stairs are known, for example, from the Dioskurentempel in Rome. In addition, the water basin surrounding the temple on the Iberian Peninsula is a special case. Parallels are known, for example, from the Capitol temple in Luni . The 28 columns surrounding the cella are also an exception. In most of the Roman podium temples, the columns on the sides or on the back of the cella were only designed as half-columns integrated into the wall. Parallels to Évora can also be seen here at the Temple of Diana in Mérida or the Temple of Minerva in Rome. An example of a “typical” Roman podium temple is the Maison Carrée in Nîmes .

Forum place

The forum square connects directly to the southeastern area of ​​the forum temple. This is a long, rectangular square about 70.6 m in length and about 35.5 m in width. The western boundary of the forum square forms a square with a wide gate opening. This presumably formed direct access to the street. The strength of the walls in the passage area suggests a vaulted passage arch. In the case of the ashlar position, a base layer for buildings that rise further can be assumed. Based on other Roman forum systems, it was probably porticus that formed the southwest and northeast end of the square.

During the investigations of the 1990s under today's museum, an Ionic capital and remains of a column drum as well as remains of foundations from Roman times were found. It can be assumed that in this area or in the area of ​​the adjoining Gothic cathedral of the 13th century a porticus or a basilica formed the south-eastern end of the forum complex. The forums of Nyon and Augusta Raurica ( Kaiseraugst ) can be regarded as examples of such forum systems .

The floor of the square was covered with marble slabs, the orientation of which corresponded to that of the temple. Only the impressions of the panels in the screed below are still preserved. Apart from a fragment that was found in situ , only pieces of marble remain of the floor covering, which were probably used to level the slabs. It can be assumed that the marble slabs were later removed and used for other purposes. Based on the ceramic finds under the screed, the construction horizon could be dated to the early Flavian period . Of particular importance for the dating of the square is the discovery of a coin from AD 41/42 under the screed, which can be used as the term post quem for the expansion of the square.

Rectangular workings in the screed of the forum square suggest that there were statues in front of the temple wall. This is also indicated by fragments of the inscription base of an oversized statue that were found in the area of ​​the temple in the 19th century. The southern corner of the square can be determined from the remains of a Roman wall that currently runs partially under the museum.

Found material

Medieval tombs in the area of ​​the forum square of Evora.

From the early days of the municipality one discovered predominantly early imperial ceramics and statue fragments. These included ceramic inventories from South Gallic Terra Sigillata as well as thin-walled ceramics with a varnish coating (Paredes Finas). Furthermore, fragments of large supply amphorae and some coins were exposed. A letter from the 19th century mentions a large marble plinth with remains of inscriptions. Presumably he stood on the temple podium for a long time. According to Alföldy, the temple is dedicated to the imperial cult according to this inscription. After the base had been recovered and cleaned, it was placed in the nearby museum.

For the term post quem of the renewed forum square, finds of South Gallic sigillata, Paredes finas and amphorae can be cited, most of which were found under the screed of the forum square. Thanks to a coin from Emperor Claudius , which shows hardly any signs of use, the reconstruction phase of the forum square could be dated relatively precisely. The coin dates from AD 41/42, as a result of which the square was probably lined with screed and marble slabs shortly afterwards.

Particularly noteworthy is a Visigoth capital that was recovered on the screed in front of the temple. This find speaks for a continuous sacred use of the temple and forum area.

Furthermore, there are mainly finds from the Islamic period and the high and late Middle Ages. These are mostly common settlement ceramics and everyday objects. Mainly bowls, mugs, jugs and larger storage vessels have been preserved from the Islamic period. Some of the ceramic shards have a yellowish lead glaze and black streak paint. Arab coins found in the same horizon definitively identify the pottery as belonging to the Islamic period. Some parts of weapon belts and fragments of handmade pottery date from the Visigothic period. There were also some coins from the High and Late Middle Ages that give a deeper insight into the development of the city. In front of today's Biblioteca Pública de Évora , a grave inscription was found on a marble slab. This inscription, written in Gothic letters , says something like: "Fernamdus Collus died on the 9th calendar of November in 1289".

In some medieval graves, there were iron spurs with bronze fasteners and other elements of costume . Some bronze buttons showed a lotus-crowned Greek cross , which was one of the symbols of the Avis and Calatrava orders . After the Christian reconquest of Évora, these knightly orders served as Milícia de Évora to protect the city. Anthropological studies of the skeletons showed that there were changes in the hip area in many of the buried, which is evidence of frequent stays in the saddle.

Further use

Évora in a representation from the beginning of the 16th century. In the upper part of the picture to the left of the cathedral, the building incorporating the former forum temple and the towers of the inner city wall ring, which is based on the Roman city wall, can be seen.

In post-Roman times, the temple continued to be used in many ways and has also undergone several renovation phases. Thanks to the photographs from the 19th century, it could be proven that the building in the northern area was expanded like a tower. Likewise, the spaces between the columns were closed by strong walls. It is currently difficult to prove when exactly these modifications took place. A document from the 14th century shows that the temple was used as a slaughterhouse. There is also an illustration from the 15th century that shows the temple as a crenellated building. Apparently, most of the renovation work was carried out in the 14th to 15th centuries. Since 1873 the temple has been in ruins again.

From the Moorish times, a silo was found in the area of ​​the forum square under a younger dry stone wall. In contrast to the medieval storage pits, the entry hole is only a little above the Roman floor and at this height shows the Arabian running horizon . It can also be assumed that the Roman crypto portico was still used in Arab times. During excavations on the northeast corner of the forum square, it was possible for the first time to dig in the area of ​​the formerly Islamic, later Christian castle, Castelo Velho.

Evidence of a Moorish residential development ( barrio islámico ) was also discovered in the inner courtyard of the former bishop's palace . Some of the material from the Roman forum was used for these buildings. The living rooms of these buildings were laid out around a central inner courtyard, whereby the meeting wall lines did not form right angles. This finding also included a latrine , as well as parts of the path lined with slate and a cistern carved into the rock . A brick floor was laid in the living rooms.

Medieval graves under the forum square show that there must have been a sacred area in the immediate vicinity at this time too . Among the buried there were also knights of the Avis Order , who were buried in sarcophagi made of rubble and reused bricks. The Avis Order was a military religious community whose domicile is to be assumed northeast of the Roman forum in the castle Castelo Velho. In fact, a cathedral was built south of Forum Square in 1186. This impressive Gothic building underlines the value of the city of Évora in the Middle Ages. Two different graves with a different orientation were found between the medieval graves. In contrast to the apparently younger graves, the buried here lay in a crouched position . Some Arabic coins in the tombs indicate that these tombs date to the Islamic period.

Discoloration in the screed of the forum indicates storage pits that were later dug. In some of the finds from the high Middle Ages were recovered. In connection with the use of the temple as a slaughterhouse, it is obvious that the former forum square functioned as a marketplace in the 14th and 15th centuries. Since hardly any finds from Islamic or Visigothic times were discovered above the screed of the forum square, it can be assumed that the square was hardly filled up until then and continued to serve as a square.

In the 17th century the Inquisition Palace was built west of the Roman temple, which included the temple on its east side on the first floor. Currently, the premises of the University of Évora are located in the preserved parts of the Inquisition Palace. The museum is located in the former bishop's palace, the Paço do Arcebispo, which was completed in its current form under Bishop Dom José de Melo in the first half of the 17th century. The palace was built on a monastery that probably belonged to the 12th century cathedral.

Thermal baths

Part of the Roman thermal baths can be found in the basement of today's town hall. They are located about 100 m west of the forum square and about 10 m below its level. Today around 250 m² of the original building complex has been recorded. The existing floor plans of the rooms suggest a north-south orientation of the building.

Among other things, the Laconicum is preserved . This round room with a diameter of 9 m has four semicircular apsidal extensions for hot baths and steam baths. In the center of the room there is a round basin with a diameter of 5 m, which could be entered via three steps that are embedded in the floor. Two different wall construction methods were used for the walls of the Laconicum. From the foundation to the level of the floor at that time, heat-resistant opus incertum was used to build the hypocaust . Opus latericium was used for the masonry rising from the floor at that time . The central basin was probably lined with marble slabs on the wall and the floor was sealed with Opus signinum.

Roman city wall

The Portas de Mouro rests on the foundations of a Roman city gate.

The origins of the inner city wall of Évora, which in its core is probably late antique, can be traced back to the end of the 3rd or beginning of the 4th century AD. During this time, parts of the population in Évora withdrew to the countryside, as did many others Roman cities of the western provinces, caused a shrinking urban area. This is clear from the overbuilding of parts of the former Roman residential buildings by the wall in the southwest of the municipality on today's Rua de Burgos. Raids by Germanic gentiles on Roman territory probably led to an increased need for security and the construction of defenses.

The lower parts of the wall, which is still partially preserved today, consisted of opus quadratum , of hewn granite blocks. The edge length of some of the square tower foundations that can still be seen today is 4.5 m long and is ten times that of a Roman cubitus . Parts of the granite blocks used also correspond in height to a cubitus. An origin in Roman times is therefore obvious. The wall had a total length between 1.1 and 1.2 km and encompassed the central part of the city mountain. The built-up area was around 10 hectares and included important public buildings such as the forum and the thermal baths.

Even after the fall of the Roman Empire and the seizure of power in the region, first by the Visigoths and after 711 the Moors, the wall probably continued to exist. In 913 the already damaged city wall was partially destroyed and in 914 it was rebuilt on top of the remains. In the further course of the Middle Ages, the wall was still used as a city wall or inner city wall and adapted and rebuilt several times.

Parts of the original wall are particularly visible in the area of ​​today's Rua do Colégio, where the wall borders a park.

Other buildings

To the southwest of the former forum, the remains of a Roman residential building and parts of the original road system were found under the late antique city wall. From this it was concluded that the original extent of the municipality was larger than the area later enclosed by the city wall. In addition, due to the alignment of the streets, an originally grid-like layout of the city was assumed.

The aqueduct , which is still largely preserved today , is a new building from the 16th century under Johann III. from Portugal. The remains of an aqueduct from Roman times have not survived, but are still mentioned in descriptions from the 18th century. Buildings with high water requirements from Roman times (thermal baths, water basins of the temple) make the presence of an ancient aqueduct, which supplied these structures with water, likely.

Other public buildings typical of a Roman municipality, such as a theater or amphitheater, are suspected. Such buildings have not yet been proven in Évora. Only the remainder of an inscription could indicate the presence and possible location of an ancient theater in Évora.

Remains of a Doric frieze , which are in today's museum, were used in the past to suggest another temple in Évora.

photos

  • Early modern aqueduct in Évora.

  • Roman inscriptions and structural elements in the Museum of Évora.

  • View of the city hill and the old town of Évora.

  • The Roman temple before its dismantling to the ancient structure in 1873.

Web links

Commons : Évora  - collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

  • Jorge de Alarcão: Roman Portugal II: Fasc 3 Evora, Faro & Lagos. Teddington House u. a. 1988, ISBN 978-0-85668-391-6 .
  • Virgílio Hipólito Correia: As termas romanas de Evora. Notícia da sua identificação. In: Humanitas No. 39, 1987-1988, pp. 312-317.
  • Fernando Branco Correia: Em torno da muralha romana de Évora e da sua continuidade em fases posteriores . In: Antonio Rodríguez Colmenero (ed.), Murallas de ciudades romanas en el occidente del imperio: Lucus Augusti como paradigma. Actas del congreso internacional celebrado en Lugo (November 26 - 29, 2005) en el V aniversario de la declaracion, por la UNESCO, de la Muralla de Lugo como patrimonio de la humanidad , Diputación provincial de Lugo, Lugo 2007, ISBN 978- 84-8192-366-7 , pp. 675-683.
  • Ana Gonçalves, Thomas Schierl, Felix Teichner : A change of Pottery Style under Dom Sancho II? A coin-dated pottery sequence from a medieval silo excavated in the colister of the city Museum of Évroa (Alentejo, Portugal) , in: Arqueologia Medieval No. 8, 2003, pp. 237-252. on-line
  • Theodor Hauschild : The Roman Temple of Evora (Alto Alentejo) and the Villa of Milreu, Estoi (Algarve) . In: Hermanfrid Schubard et al. (Ed.), Funde in Portugal , Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, Zurich 1993, ISBN 3-7881-1512-2 , pp. 159–176.
  • Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions . In: Madrid Mitteilungen Nr. 35, 1994, ISBN 3-8053-1586-4 , pp. 314-335.
  • Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press).
  • Panagiotis Sarantopoulos: Thermae de Ebora Liberalitas Iulia . In: C. Fernández Ochoa, V. Garcia Entero (ed.), Termas romanas en el Occidente del Imperio. Coloquio Internacional , Gijón 2000, pp. 281-282.
  • Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Mitteilungen No. 35, 1994, ISBN 3-8053-1586-4 , pp. 336-358. on-line
  • Felix Teichner: The medieval and modern found ceramics from the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Évora (Alentejo, Portugal) . In: Madrider Mitteilungen No. 47, 2006, ISBN 3-89500-533-9 , pp. 295-409. on-line
  • Felix Teichner, Theodor Hauschild: The Roman Temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. In: Madrid Posts. Volume 35, Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-95490-162-3 online .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, pp. 314-315.
  2. ↑ a b Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 3.
  3. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 16–21.
  4. ^ Theodor Hauschild: The Roman temple of Evora (Alto Alentejo) and the villa of Milreu, Estoi (Algarve) . In: Hermanfrid Schubard et al. (Ed.), Funde in Portugal , Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, Zurich 1993, p. 160.
  5. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 24-25.
  6. ↑ a b Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 337.
  7. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 139.
  8. ^ Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, pp. 336-358; Felix Teichner: The medieval and modern found ceramics from the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Évora (Alentejo, Portugal) . In: Madrider Mitteilungen No. 47, 2006, pp. 295–409 and Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman Temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press).
  9. ^ Philine Kalb and Martin Höck: Investigations in the megalithic area of ​​Vale de Rodrigo, Concelho Évora, Portugal. In: Madrid Communications No. 38, 1997, pp. 1-20.
  10. ^ AR Disney: A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. From Beginnings to 1807 I. Portugal , Cambridge a. a., Cambridge University Press 2009, p. 20 f.
  11. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 1–3.
  12. ↑ Pliny, Nat. hist. 4, 117.
  13. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 3–5.
  14. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 4–5.
  15. ^ Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions. In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 323.
  16. ^ Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 345.
  17. ^ Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 315.
  18. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 13,94, 103 and 238.
  19. ^ Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 357.
  20. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 27–30, 44 u. 98
  21. ↑ a b Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions. In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 314.
  22. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 55ff.
  23. ^ Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions. In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 317.
  24. ^ Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 325.
  25. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 126.
  26. ^ Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions. In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 332.
  27. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 128–131.
  28. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 234–250.
  29. ^ Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 343.
  30. ^ Theodor Hauschild: Évora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman Temple 1989–1992. The constructions . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, pp. 322–323
  31. ^ Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 343.
  32. ^ Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 346.
  33. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 268
  34. ^ Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, pp. 345-353.
  35. ^ Theodor Hauschild: The Roman temple of Evora (Alto Alentejo) and the villa of Milreu, Estoi (Algarve) . In: Hermanfrid Schubard et al. (Ed.), Funde in Portugal , Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, Zurich 1993, p. 160.
  36. ↑ a b Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, p. 355.
  37. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 266.
  38. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), pp. 267–268.
  39. ↑ Felix Teichner: The medieval and modern found ceramics from the excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in Évora (Alentejo, Portugal) . In: Madrid Communications No. 47, 2006, p. 300.
  40. ^ Felix Teichner: Evora. Preliminary report on the excavations at the Roman temple (1986–1992). Stratigraphic studies and aspects of the city's history . In: Madrid Communications No. 35, 1994, pp. 345-353.
  41. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 16.
  42. ↑ Ana Gonçalves, Thomas Schierl, Felix Teichner: A change of Pottery Style under Dom Sancho II? A coin-dated pottery sequence from a medieval silo excavated in the colister of the city Museum of Évroa (Alentejo, Portugal) , in: Arqueologia Medieval No. 8, p. 237.
  43. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 252.
  44. ^ C. Fernández Ochoa and V. Garcia Entero (eds.): "Roman Baths in the West of the Empire". International Colloquium Gijón 2000 , pp. 281-282.
  45. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 5.
  46. ↑ Fernando Branco Correia: Notas em torno da muralha romana de Évora e da sua continuidade em fases posteriores. , In: Antonio Rodríguez Colmenero (ed.), Murallas de ciudades romanas en el occidente del imperio: Lucus Augusti como paradigma. Actas del congreso internacional celebrado en Lugo (November 26-29, 2005) en el V aniversario de la declaracion, por la UNESCO, de la Muralla de Lugo como patrimonio de la humanidad , Lugo 2007, pp. 675-678.
  47. ↑ a b Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 4.
  48. ↑ a b Jorge de Alarcão: Roman Portugal II: Fasc 3 Evora, Faro & Lagos , Teddington House u. a. 1988, p. 160.
  49. ^ Theodor Hauschild, Felix Teichner: The Roman temple in Évora (Portugal). Building record, excavation, evaluation. With articles by Géza Alföldy (†), Pedro Manuel Pereira and Thomas G. Schattner (= Madrid articles ), Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (in press), p. 16.