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City of Emmerich on the Rhine
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| Height : | 19 (13-82) m | |
| Area : | 16.36 km² | |
| Residents : | 4731 (Dec. 31, 2008) | |
| Population density : | 289 inhabitants / km² | |
| Incorporation : | 1st January 1975 | |
| Postal code : | 46446 | |
| Area code : | 02828 | |
Location of Elten in North Rhine-Westphalia |
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 Look at Hoch Elten of Spyck from
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Elten is a district of the city of Emmerich am Rhein in the Kleve district in North Rhine-Westphalia . Elten has an area of around 9 km² and 4731 inhabitants, a not insignificant minority of whom are Dutch . It is located on the Lower Rhine in close proximity to the Netherlands on the A3 motorway from the Ruhr area to Arnhem . This is also where the B 8 begins , which runs 800 kilometers through Germany to Passau on the Austrian border.
history
First documentary mention
In 884 Hamaland was divided into a northern and a southern county. The castles Hauberg, Eltenberg and the place Elten belonged to the southern county. A count's castle was built on the Eltenberg, in which Count Wichmann resided. The count's castle must have been of considerable size and furnishings, because in 944 King Otto I and his entourage visited his relatives there. When Count for Southern Hamaland Otto appointed I. Count Wichmann of Hamaland, which the nobility in the year 967 on the Eltenberg convent founded.
Development from the Middle Ages to 1800
The first church in Niederelten was probably a thatched wooden structure. When a stone building was planned in the first half of the 11th century instead of the previous wooden structure, Bishop Bernulph von Utrecht removed the St. Martinus Church from belonging to the monastery and made it subordinate to the St. Aldegundis Church in Emmerich. In order to promote the construction of the church, Count Herrmann von Zutphen determined between 1051 and 1054 that the income from the church of Zevenaar in the form of interest and grain should go to the Niederelten church until it was built. At that time, the small town of Elten was already playing a significant role in trade and traffic on the Lower Rhine . The annual local Vitus market soon became famous far and wide.
With the blossoming of the women's monastery, the place also grew. Craftsmen settled in greater numbers, and more than ever merchants made their way via Elten. Because Elten was on the old trade route from Cologne to Amsterdam, which at that time led past Elten to the east.
In the middle of the 12th century, the small settlement at the Vitus pen and around the Heltnon farm (the probable origin for the current name Elten) had become a larger place, which was granted in 1142 by the privilege (of the Archbishop of Cologne) for seven places, namely Wesel , Xanten , Rees , Emmerich , Doetinchem , Elten, and its meaning later stood between Rees and Emmerich. In the deed, Elten was placed on an equal footing with the other places in terms of trade, traffic and freedom from customs duties , but never received city rights. The respective abbess of the monastery was “city mistress”; she had market and court rights. The citizens of Niederelten elected two "police jury", who bore the name "Burmeister" (mayor), which was common at the time, namely a first and second mayor. But since the mayors could neither read nor write at that time, the judge took care of the written business. In addition to these two mayors, the population also elected a council of mayors called the “magistrate”. Niederelten later had its own police force, its own civil justice system and even had a place of execution. There was a gallows on a small hill in the forest area east of Elten, today called "Galgenberg".
In 1412 there was already a public elementary school in Elten, the teachers of which were employed and paid by the abbess. The teacher, who at the same time held the office of sexton at St. Martinus Church, did not, however, receive a fixed salary; his remuneration was partly in money and partly in kind. He also received a small fee for his office as sexton. Because the teacher's earnings were not enough to lead even a miserable life, he was dependent on “charitable gifts” brought by the children. At the beginning of the 15th century Elten had a population of 5,000. 32 breweries in the abbey area shipped their beer to Sweden and Norway . The name “Oppenhof” for the area along today's main road to Emmerich from the end of the village to the railway crossing arose from the old name “Hopenhof”, i.e. H. Hopfenhof, and still bears witness to the large hop fields that supplied the hops for the Elten beer, valued by the Scandinavians, there in earlier centuries. But Elten beer seemed to have been less popular with the Elten population, because Elten also imported beer from abroad.
The heyday of Elten, in which the community was particularly important on the Lower Rhine due to the imperial women's monastery and the Vitusmarkt, has an impact on today's citizens: The people of Elten are self-confident, proud of their place and very careful that today's district of the city of Emmerich receives attention in the committees of the city.
In 1719 a great fire, the cause of which is not known, destroyed large parts of Elten. The population seems to have recovered quickly from this, because as early as 1722, a few years after the fire, the Klosterstrasse was paved with stone.
End of the independence of the Reichsstift
Despite almost constant disputes with secular power, especially when it came to the abbess's investiture, the monastery on Eltenberg retained its duties as a supply institute for noble ladies until June 6, 1802. On that day, King Friedrich Wilhelm III. from Prussia Stift and Abbey Elten as compensation for the areas west of the Rhine that fell to France into the possession of the state. This also made it possible for the first time that Protestant citizens could take up residence in Elten, since until then every Protestant was forbidden to settle in Elten.
With the secularization , the Elten monastery lost its imperial immediacy. Shortly before the French became master of Elten, on February 15, 1806, the Prussian Minister of State, Count von Schulenburg, denied the place all special rights that Elten had had for centuries under the abbess's government. The designation "Magistrate" for the citizens' committee was just a title. Elten was subordinated to the Emmerich District Administrator von Sonsfeld and the Emmerich District Court. The criminal jurisdiction was transferred to the Brandenburg criminal court in Wesel . Elten with Lobith and Wehl belonged by the contract with the French to a French administrative area that included almost the entire former Rees district with the exception of the city of Wesel.
When Joachim Murat , the Grand Duke of Berg and sovereign, was appointed King of Naples by Napoleon , Napoleon ordered the complete abolition of the monastery and the abbey on the Eltenberg on March 18, 1811, thus putting the line under an era of eight and a half centuries, which was of great importance for the land around the Eltenberg. The abbey's rich land holdings became French state property. The vestments and church implements and thus also the so-called church treasure, which is exhibited today with its remains in the St. Martini Church in Emmerich, were given partly to the parish church in Elten and partly to the churches of the county of Bentheim . The parish of Hochelten was subordinated to the parish of Niederelten. The canons were granted a retirement pension.
Around twenty particularly valuable pieces from the original reliquary treasure of the St. Vitus Abbey Church were restored at the beginning of the 20th century with financial support from the Prussian government of the Rhine Province. The scope essentially concerned relics from the East , a late Gothic gripping claw, a shell relic , an Arabic crystal bottle in the shape of a fish, a silver figure of St. Michael, a ciborium with silver groups on an enamel background and various pectorals . The poor condition of these parts was due to lack of care after the pen was dissolved. In 1900 it was decided to restore this treasure in order to exhibit it at the 1902 art exhibition in Düsseldorf. The work was carried out by the goldsmith Paul Bremmers from Düsseldorf. They included bulging individual pieces, replacing missing rivets, securing loose parts by soldering, and replacing improper tin soldering with silver solder. The total cost of this work was about 500 marks. 321 marks of this were paid from a fund approved for the art exhibition in Düsseldorf.
Napoleon I in Elten
However, French rule over Elten did not last long. Since Napoleon's campaign against Russia in 1812 ended in a crushing defeat for the French, Napoleon left his army and fled in forced marches west towards France. His escape route also led via Elten. There Napoleon met Andreas Jansen, a volunteer from the Elten city administration, who spoke perfect French because his mother was French. It is said that Napoleon stayed in Elten in what is now the Het oude Posthuis . After the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, Napoleon's power over Germany collapsed. On April 5, 1815, the unification of the territories in the Rhineland ceded to France with Prussia was announced; so Elten also came back under Prussian rule. Due to the constant chaos of war that had swept over the city of Elten and its citizens since the 16th century, the population had sunk to less than 1500 inhabitants.
Demolition of the monastery building
At the beginning of 1834 the monastery buildings were auctioned off by the Prussian state for demolition after they had searched in vain for any charitable purpose. Except for the church, the Drusus fountain and two former abbess apartments, the buildings fell victim to the pickaxe. The former houses of the abbesses and canons as well as most of the property on the Eltenberg were acquired by the Emmerich provost Goossen as an extension of his Voorthuysen estate.
Infrastructure in the 19th century
In 1856 Elten was connected to the railway network ( Holland route ) with a first station . From 1865 the Zevenaar - Kleve railway line also ran via Elten. Shortly afterwards the hospital was built. By 1900 Elten already had its own power station , street lighting and a teachers' seminar, which was of great economic importance for the community.
Destruction in World War II
Due to the effects of the war in the Second World War , the St. Vitus Church on Eltenberg was completely destroyed except for half the church tower, the Peace Cross, the Hox restaurant, the Catholic pastorate and the Kurhaus, and the house of the Jesuit Fathers had suffered badly. All houses on the Eltenberg were uninhabitable.
Most of the forest on the Eltenberg had been destroyed, the trees in the upper part of the lime tree avenue had suffered so badly that they had to be felled in 1953 and new ones had to be planted. Most of the buildings in Niederelten had been damaged by the artillery fire , the choir of the St. Martinus Church was destroyed, the Kolping House and the herb factory were only ruins. Around 3,600 people populated Elten.
Dutch order management from 1949 to 1963
Elten is located in an area that has always been surrounded by the Netherlands in three directions . This area - like about 20 other German communities of different sizes - was added to Dutch territory on April 23, 1949 ( Dutch annexation plans after the Second World War ) on the initiative of the Netherlands with the approval of the British occupation administration, while a definitive peace settlement with the was defeated German Reich waited. The community formed a Dutch Drostambt .
Overall, this annexation affected areas of around 70 km², in which around 10,000 people lived, around 3600 of them in Elten. Due to the Algemeen Verdrag , which was concluded between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands in 1960, most areas of the Federal Republic of Germany were returned in 1963 against payment of 280 million DM. Resourceful business people used the reclassification on August 1, 1963 to a coup that became known as the “Eltener Butternacht”: trucks from all parts of the Netherlands drove to the town, loaded with goods subject to duty. At midnight, Elten and the rolling mountains of butter also became West German without customs duties being levied on the goods imported in this way.
Incorporation
The Office Elten included to 1969 alongside the community Elten the communities Borghees , Hüthum and small Netterden . After the office was dissolved, the municipality of Elten was independent until 1974. On January 1, 1975 it was incorporated into Emmerich.
The high-priced Dutch real estate market and tax incentives have resulted in large numbers of new Dutch residents living in Elten since 1999/2000. In 2007, 57 percent of purchases in Elten were made by Dutch people.
Infrastructure
Although a district of the city of Emmerich since 1975, Elten has a school center with a small swimming pool, a sports field, tennis courts, two kindergartens, the Kolping House / cultural center, two old people's homes (including a large old people’s home with a care center), four doctors, a pharmacy and a bank branch as well as a savings bank branch, three hotels, several restaurants, three self-service markets and some retail stores; In addition, there is a weekly market on Fridays on Elten's market square. The fact that this is so, on the one hand, has to do with the border location with the Netherlands, but on the other hand it has to do with the history, the forest, the motorway connection and the fact that Elten is a state-approved resort with some leisure facilities on the Eltener Berg.
Elten is on the Holland route , but the stop here was out of service between 1965 and July 2019. The Rhein-IJssel-Express (RE 19 Düsseldorf – Arnhem) stops in Elten once an hour . Elten is also served by bus routes 94 (Emmerich - Elten) from Niederrheinische Verkehrsbetriebe and 566 (Spijk - Elten - Zevenaar) from breng .
politics
Elten coat of arms
Blazon : In red with a silver (white) border over a golden (yellow) tripod on a blue shield base separated by a wavy line, a silver (white) double-headed eagle, in the right a blue sword with a golden (yellow) handle and in the left a golden one holding (yellow) lily scepter. The municipality of Elten had a rare shield shape with incisions on both sides, the corners of which are rolled up in four places in the shield head and base.
Meaning: The imperial eagle stands for the Reichsstift Elten , which stood on the Eltenberg from the 10th century until 1834. The sword and scepter stand for the pen's own jurisdiction. The red and the silver border are derived from the zingulum (belt) worn by the nuns. The Dreiberg stands for the Eltenberg and the blue shield base for "Die Wild", a former arm of the Rhine.
Attractions
There are 33 listed buildings in Elten, 29 of which are signposted. On the market square there is an information board with a map and the name of a monument path.
Former imperial monastery and St. Vitus church in Hochelten
The Romanesque church is the center of the Catholic parish of Hochelten. In 1967 the 1000th anniversary of the church was celebrated after it was restored after the war damage in German-Dutch cooperation.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a stone representation of Saint Machutus with a handicapped child in the front left of the church developed into a pilgrimage site for the handicapped. After research by a Jesuit, the sculpture was reshaped by an unknown stonemason from a statue of Mary with the baby Jesus.
The Drususbrunnen , a medieval fountain, is located opposite the Freedom Cross on the Eltenberg. It is named after the Roman general Drusus . The well was created to supply the women's monastery with water and served until 1931 (opening of the water pipe on August 1, 1931) to supply water to the Hochelten population. The well is 57 meters deep and its water level is 21½ meters above sea level.
The so-called Freedom Cross is in Hochelten . It became the centenary of the Elten Beautification Society in 1897. V. straightened up for the third time. The first freedom cross stood in the cloister of the imperial direct monastery. Whoever touched the cross submitted to the jurisdiction of the abbess, who at that time was milder than the secular courts.
St. Martinus Church in Niederelten
In 1313 it was mentioned for the first time that Niederelten had an independent parish church, the St. Martinus Church. In 1450 the Romanesque church building was replaced by a new building in the late Gothic style. Why this new building took place is not known. Since then, two bells are still in service: The first is from 1473. It is dedicated to Mary, the Mother of God. The bell founder was the well-known Gerhard van Wou . The strike tone is é, the diameter is 133 cm and the mass is 1600 kg. The second of these bells dates from 1512 and is dedicated to St. Anne and St. Vitus. It has the strike note c sharp, its diameter is 149 cm, and it has a mass of 2000 kg. In 1865 the sacristy was added to the church and at the beginning of the 20th century the tower with the house stone gallery was provided with corner pinnacles and an eight-sided slate pyramid. This church has shaped the townscape of Elten since 1450. In Niederelten, the St. Martinus Church is the center of the Catholic parish .
Gerritzens Mühle is a windmill in Niederelten, built in 1846 and restored in the 1990s. It is in operation sporadically and can be visited; The operator is the Mühlen- und Verkehrsverein Gerritzens Mühle eV
The stone gate and the chair of the abbess are two granite sculptures that were created by the stone sculptor Christoph Wilmsen-Wigmann from Kalkar as part of the art project Sculpture Axis Hochelten - Kleve . The abbess's chair was made to a design by Franz Joseph van der Grinten .
freetime and sports
Elten has many leisure facilities ready, such. B. a small swimming pool, a model airfield, Nordic walking routes, a barefoot path , as well as equestrian facilities, a sports field and tennis facilities.
Personalities
- Hermann-Josef Gerritschen (* 1956), singer and guitarist for 6-cylinder
- Robin Gosens (* 1994), soccer player
literature
- Jacob Schneider : The Eltenberg and Monserland near Emmerich. A contribution to the history of the Roman fortifications on the right bank of the Rhine. With two views drawn from nature and two topographical plans. Emmerich 1845.
- Günther Binding , Walter Janssen, Friedrich Karl Jungklaass: Elten Castle and Abbey on the Lower Rhine. Archaeological investigations from 1964/65 . Rhenish excavations, Volume 8. Rheinland-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1970.
- Walter Axmacher, Gerdi Köster: Elten the last 100 years. Emmericher Geschichtsverein, Emmerich 1997, ISBN 3-923692-20-X .
- Tim Terhorst: When we came to Holland ... Elten under Dutch order management 1949–1963. Publishing house of the historical association for Geldern und Umgegend eV, Geldern 2008, ISBN 978-3-921760-44-4 .
- Part of the abbey history was processed by Jan van Aken in the novel The Monk's Confession ; ISBN 3-426-63226-8 .
- [1] Dr. Wolfgang Woelk. Full-time lecturer (Institute for History) Uni Koblenz: The Dutch border corrections 1949-1963 in the politics of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and their effect on the population of the contract administration areas
Web links
- Website of the city of Emmerich am Rhein
- so-called border corrections 1947–1963, including Elten (nl)
- Elten - 14 years of Dutch knowledge, University of Münster
- Photos of the effects of the war (World War II)
- Elten resort
Individual evidence
- ↑ Edmund Renard . In: Report on the activities of the Provincial Commission for the Preservation of Monuments. Part VIII. Report on the work carried out . 1903, pp. [20-21] 12-13. Online version
- ^ Text of the Dutch treaties (border, compensation and financial treaty)
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 297 .
- ↑ Emmerich: What Deutsche Bahn is planning for Elten. RP-Online, April 22, 2017
- ↑ Marco Virgillito: Opening of the stop: From July 1st, trains will stop in Elten again. June 4, 2019, accessed June 13, 2019 .
- ↑ Heraldry in the World coat of arms description
- ↑ Information board in the St. Vitus church in Hoch-Elten
