Peace treaty between Israel and the United Arab Emirates

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The peace treaty between Israel and the United Arab Emirates was signed in front of the White House in Washington on September 15, 2020.
In front of the White House in Washington with the treaty: Trump, Netanyahu, Nahjan and Al Sajani.
In front of the White House in Washington with the treaty: Trump, Netanyahu, Nahjan and al-Sajani.

The Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel (also called the Abraham Agreement ) was signed by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Foreign Minister on September 15, 2020 in front of the White House in Washington, DC of the Emirates Abdullah bin Zayid Al Nahyan in the presence of US President Donald Trump . At the same time, a peace treaty between Israel and Bahrain was signed by Foreign Minister Abdullatif bin Raschid al-Sajani .

At the signing, Netanyahu stated:

"You have successfully conveyed the historic peace we are signing today, a peace that has widespread support in Israel, in the Middle East, in America - indeed around the world - ... will bring hope to all of Abraham's children."

Abdullah bin Sajid Al Nahjan said of the signature:

“I stand here today to hold out a hand to peace and to receive a hand to peace. In our faith we say: Oh God, you are peace and from you comes peace. The search for peace is an innate principle, but principles are effectively realized when they are translated into action ... We are already witnessing a change in the heart of the Middle East that will bring hope worldwide ... We are seeing a new trend today, a better one Making way for the Middle East will ... "

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Map: Israel (blue) and UAE (red)

UAE hostility to Israel

After the State of Israel declared independence in 1948, the Arab League declared Israel to be its enemy, so that several neighboring states attacked Israel at once. Israel remained the enemy for them even after the direct hostilities of the Palestine War ended. After the United Arab Emirates (UAE) declared independence in 1971, then President Sheikh Sajid bin Sultan Al Nahjan also referred to Israel as “the enemy”.

Michael Sussman, author of the book Variety of Multiple Modernities: New Research Design , based this on Arutz Sheva with the Arabic mu-wazana (from Arabic وَزَنَ , wazana, German: "weigh up"), the necessity to correspond to the status of the neighbors. It is the concept of equilibrium to maintain equilibrium with other tribes or nations. Mu-Wazana therefore comes from the time before the rise of Islam, when the Arabs were still nomads and wandered through the desert with their camels . This concept of balance derives from the nomadic “way of the desert” when it was common for tribes to fight for scarce resources, including water. The Bedouin proverb read: “I am against my brother; my brother and I are against my cousin; My cousin and I are against the stranger. "

Jews in the UAE

"Abrahamic family house"

About 3000 Jews live in the two emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai (as of 2020). Most Jews live in Dubai, where two synagogues were built in 2008 and 2019 . In 2019, the UAE government recognized the presence of a Jewish community in the country. After the signing of the normalization agreement, the UAE should accept the Jews from Yemen , where civil war is raging (as of August 2020).

The AJC ( American Jewish Committee ) announced on September 2, 2020 that it would open an office in the United Arab Emirates. The planning for an AJC office in the United Arab Emirates - the first in the Arab world - has been running since 2019. The ADL ( Anti-Defamation League ) and the JCE ( Jewish Council of the Emirates ) announced plans on September 2nd, to deepen cooperation. Rabbi Yehuda Sarna, Chief Rabbi of the JCE, said: “Our living community, the first new Jewish community founded on Arab soil in centuries, is preparing to grow many times over after the milestone of the Abrahamic Agreement ... [ and] ... will increase tenfold over the next three years ... "Sharon Nazarian, ADL Senior Vice President for International Affairs, stated," ADL is committed to the welfare of Jewish communities around the world and looks forward to serving you in the months ahead to cooperate with the JCE ”.

2022 should in Abu Dhabi, the "House of the Abrahamic family " (Abrahamic Family House) , designed by David Adjaye will be opened, which also includes a large synagogue.

Military cooperation

Since the 2nd Gulf War in 1990, there were initially strategic relationships with the USA, which after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, established a military airfield in Al Dhafra, 32 km south of Abu Dhabi .

In 2012, the Ambassador of the United Arab Emirates to the USA, Yousef Al Otaiba , contacted the former Israeli brigadier general Uzi Rubin , who is known as the "father of the Iron Dome " and who headed the Israeli anti-missile defense system Iron Dome from 1991 to 1999. The subject of the negotiations was the interest of the Emirates in buying the Israeli missile defense system to defend against Iran.

In August 2016, UAE and Israeli Air Force pilots took part in a joint exercise with pilots from Pakistan and Spain in the United States, in Nevada . In 2017, the Israeli Air Force and the UAE took part in the joint exercise Iniohos 2017 with colleagues from the USA, Italy and Greece in Greece.

A delegation from the UAE arrived in Israel in July 2018. Together with the American delegation, at a trilateral meeting they discussed the possibility of acquiring F-35 fighter aircraft . After the normalization agreement has been signed, these are to be sent to the United Arab Emirates. The UAE authorities have canceled the planned meeting on August 21, 2020 with Israeli and US ambassadors to the United Nations in New York , according to a report by Walla News . The reason was uncertainties as to whether the secret clause to lift the arms embargo on the UAE was included in the normalization agreement. The UAE want to acquire F-35 fighters from the US. The canceled meeting was organized by the US Ambassador to the UN Kelly Craft , the Israeli Ambassador to the UN Gilad Erdan , and the Ambassador of the UAE Lana Zaki Nusseibeh .

As tensions with Iran increased in August 2019, the Israeli foreign minister issued a public statement on military cooperation with the UAE. The United Arab Emirates supports the Saudi-led and US-sponsored opposition to the Iranian nuclear program and against Iran.

Covid-19 research

The first indications of a normalization of relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates were two direct flights from Etihad Airlines , the national carrier of the UAE, to Ben Gurion Airport during the coronavirus crisis. APEX National Investment , based in the United Arab Emirates, and the Israeli Terra Group signed a partnership agreement for Covid-19 research on August 16, 2020 . It is the first cross-border trade agreement between two companies in the two countries since the normalization of relations on August 13, 2020. Israel's Terra Group is "the first company to open trade, business and effective partnerships between the UAE and Israel," said Khalifa Yousef Khouri, Chairman of APEX National Investment . The cross-border trade agreement is a "strategic trade agreement".

On August 17th, the Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center (ADSSC) and Israeli colleagues signed a cooperation agreement on COVID-19 research. On August 25, Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) agreed to cooperate in the field of health care. The health ministers of Israel and the Emirates wish to work together in the fight against the corona virus. After normalization, a student exchange should also begin.

Sports

At the end of October 2018, Abu Dhabi hosted the judo tournament in the Grand Slam series, in which Israeli athletes took part - officially for the first time under their national symbols. On October 28, 2018, the Israeli judoka Sagi Muki became the winner in Abu Dhabi in the up to 81 kg category and received a gold medal and the national anthem of Israel HaTikwa was performed in his honor for the first time in history at the Abu Dhabi stadium. The HaTikwa was announced by the speaker with the words: “Ladies and gentlemen, please rise for the national anthem of Israel.” Miri Regev , Minister for Culture and Sport , attended the award ceremony.

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Robert O'Brein et al. Jared Kushner (first and third from right) and Mike Pompeo u. Avi Berkowitz (fifth and sixth from right) at the announcement of Donald Trump's Abraham Agreement between Israel and the United Arab Emirates on August 13, 2020

Israel and the United Arab Emirates announced on August 13, 2020 the conclusion of an agreement to normalize relations between the two countries , according to a report by Reuters . The initiation of this peace agreement was mediated by Jared Kushner , Avi Berkowitz, Mike Pompeo and Robert O'Brein .

The government of Egypt and Sunni- Arab nations, especially the two countries bordering the Persian Gulf such as the Kingdom of Bahrain and Oman , also helped normalize relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates .

Netanyahu therefore also thanked the governments of Egypt, Oman and Bahrain: “I would like to thank the Egyptian President al-Sisi and the governments of Oman and Bahrain for their support of the historic peace treaty between Israel and the United Arab Emirates, the Circle of Peace expanded and will be good for the entire region "

However, the impending conclusion of this contract, known as the "Abraham Agreement", was only announced on August 13, 2020 in a telephone conversation between US President Donald Trump , Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Sheikh Mohammed bin Sajid Al Nahjan , President of the UAE, made public. Trump, Netanyahu and Sajid Al Nahjan said in a joint statement: "This historic diplomatic breakthrough will promote peace in the Middle East region and testify to the bold diplomacy and vision of the three leaders, as well as the courage of the United Arab Emirates and Israel to break new ground that will unleash the great potential in the region. "

Content

Anwar bin Mohammed Gargasch , Foreign Minister of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), wants direct cooperation in the areas of tourism, security, communication, technology, energy, health, culture and the environment.

Embassy

The content of the agreement includes the establishment of mutual embassies and the exchange of ambassadors between countries. On August 20, 2020, Gargash announced that the UAE diplomatic embassy in Tel Aviv would open. An embassy in Tel Aviv is scheduled to open in late 2020 or early 2021. At this embassy, ​​Israelis who wish to visit the UAE can obtain a travel visa.

Direct flights

On the occasion of a direct flight from Tel Aviv to Abu Dhabi on August 31, 2020, the inscription "Salam, Peace, Shalom" was affixed to the Boeing 737 of the Israeli airline EL AL. Peace in Arabic, English and Hebrew.
Direct flight Tel Aviv-Abu Dhabi

Direct flights from Abu Dhabi International Airport to Ben Gurion Airport are also part of the agreement. On August 16, 2020, the Israeli airline Israir announced that it had applied for a landing permit in the UAE and for a permit to fly directly between Tel Aviv and Abu Dhabi. The media reports that flights can start before the end of 2020. On August 31, 2020, US and Israeli officials flew from Tel Aviv to Abu Dhabi, for the first time through the airspace of Saudi Arabia, although Israel does not yet have official relations with Saudi Arabia. US and Israeli delegations met from August 31 to September 1 with high-ranking representatives of the UAE in the capital Abu Dhabi to work out the details of the so-called Abraham Agreement - the treaty to normalize relations between Israel and Israel the UAE. From September 1, 2020, the Emirates airline Etihad Airways began selling tickets for flights to Israel. Etihad Airways has opened an official representative office in Israel. The Tal Teufa office in Tel Aviv will be its official representative in Israel. Emirates , another airline from the Emirates, is expected to open an office in Israel in the near future. Both UAE airlines are expected to serve routes from Tel Aviv in the next few months. On September 2, 2020, it was reported that Saudi Arabia had accepted a request from the UAE to “fly into the UAE through Saudi Arabian airspace in order to be able to travel to all countries from the UAE,” said the official Saudi press agency citing a source from the Civil Aviation Authority. Referring to the benefits for international travel and tourism, Netanyahu said: “… Israeli planes and planes from all countries can fly direct from Israel to Abu Dhabi, Dubai and back. This will reduce the cost of air travel, reduce the time, and enable enormous tourism. It will boost our economy ... [and] ... will open the East. If you fly to Thailand or anywhere else in Asia, hours and prices are reduced. ” According to Arutz Sheva , the Israeli airline EL על AL אל is only planning cargo flights to Abu Dhabi, while the Israeli airline Israir is negotiating civil flights with the UAE (as of September 2020). The opening of the Saudi Arabian airspace to aircraft from Israel significantly shortens the flight time from Tel Aviv to Thailand and the Philippines. This enables cheaper flight tickets and cheap flights from Israel to other Asian countries.

Internet

The restrictions on Israeli websites were lifted in the UAE on August 16, 2020.

phone

Anwar bin Mohammed Gargasch and the Israeli Foreign Minister Gabi Aschkenasi established a telephone connection between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel on August 16, 2020. The UAE established the telephone connection to Israel for the first time by unblocking direct dialing to the Israeli country code +972. The Israeli communications minister Yoaz Hendel thanked him for this: "I congratulate the United Arab Emirates on their release."

Finances

The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates and the Israeli Ministry of Finance and financial authorities have agreed at a meeting in Abu Dhabi from August 31 to September 1, 2020 that a joint committee will be set up from Israel and the United Arab Emirates to discuss cooperation in the fields Promote finance and investment.

F-35

Arutz Sheva reported that the peace treaty also included shipping F-35 fighter jets to the United Arab Emirates. According to a report by Ynetnews, theUS is tosell F-35 jets to the UAE as part of a secret clause in the agreement. The sale of advanced weapons systems to the United Arab Emirates would have been a prerequisite for the conclusion of the contract that the UAE placed. After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the US had givenassurances that advanced weapons systems would not be sold to any other country in the Middle East without Israel's consent. This guarantee was kept until the UAE-Israel deal of August 13, 2020. Israel denies that this secret clause exists. Reaper drones and EA-18G growlers are also to be delivered.

boycott

After the declaration of independence by the State of Israel in 1948, the Arab League declared Israel to be its enemy, even after the direct fighting of the War of Independence ended. All Arab states refused diplomatic recognition to Israel and subsequently participated in the boycott of Israel by the Arab League with the aim of destroying Israel economically. Corresponding boycott laws against Israel came into force in 1972. It was not until the 1990s that the Gulf Cooperation Council decided to relax the boycott, so that business relationships with states and companies that also had business relationships with Israel were permitted again. The direct boycott of Israel on the part of the United Arab Emirates remained in force, however: This concerned diplomatic recognition, trade, cooperation and all other relationships with Israeli companies and institutions.

On the occasion of Israel's participation in the world exhibition Expo 2020 in Dubai in the UAE, which had been planned for some time, the UAE Foreign Minister, Anwar bin Mohammed Gargasch , declared in April 2019: “Many, many years ago there was an Arab decision not to have any contact with Israel to have. In retrospect, that was a very, very wrong decision. "

According to reports from the state news agency WAM , on August 29, 2020, the President of the Emirates, Sheikh Khalifa bin Sajid Al Nahjan , issued a decree lifting the boycott of Israel . Trade and relationships are now allowed. The emirates had banned trade and business with Israeli companies and citizens in 1972.

Reactions

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    • Israel

    Flags of Israel and the United Arab Emirates on the Peace Bridge in Israel.

    In Netanya , on the occasion of the agreement, the flags of Israel and the United Arab Emirates were hoisted together with the flag of the city of Netanya on the Peace Bridge. Tel Aviv City Hall was illuminated in the colors of the United Arab Emirates flag on the evening of August 13. On the occasion of a direct flight from Tel Aviv to Abu Dhabi on August 31, 2020, the inscription »Salam (Arabic سلام ), Peace, Shalom (Hebrew שלום )« was affixed to the Boeing 737 of the Israeli airline EL על AL אל . Peace in Arabic, English and Hebrew.

    Palestine

    Hanan Ashrawi , spokeswoman for the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), did not spare criticism of the agreement and said that the UAE had now "disclosed its secret deals". The left-wing nationalist anti-Zionist Fatah accused the UAE of neglecting "its national, religious and humanitarian duties" to the Palestinian people, while the Islamist Hamas described the agreement as a "treasonous stab in the back of the Palestinian people". Mohammed Shtajjeh stated that the agreement was an "obvious violation of the Arab peace initiative".

    United States

    Kelly Craft , US ambassador to the UN , praised the announcement as a huge win not only for Donald Trump, but for the world. She added that Middle Eastern states recognize the need to oppose Iran, as its regime is the main state sponsor of terrorism.

    Kuwait

    30 non-governmental organizations from Kuwait rejected the treaty between Israel and the United Arab Emirates.

    Yemen

    The government of Yemen has spoken out against the agreement and has declared that it will "continue to support the Palestinian cause".

    Turkey

    The Turkish Foreign Ministry under Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu condemned the agreement on the grounds that it violated the Arab peace initiative of 2002. The behavior of the UAE is "hypocritical" and the rejection of the agreement by the Palestinians is "correct".

    Iran

    The aligned Iranian news agency Tasnim News Agency described the agreement between Israel and the UAE as "shameful". The Iranian Foreign Ministry condemned the agreement as “strategic stupidity” by the UAE and Israel and spoke of a “stab in the back for Muslims”.

    Tunisia

    The Tunisian parliament condemned the agreement between the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Israel to normalize relations, which violated the "rights of the Palestinian people".

    Libya

    Mohamed Amari Zayed, a member of the Libyan Presidential Council formed by the UN Security Council in December 2015 , told al-Jazeera- TV that "the losses to the Islamic community through the policies of the UAE are much higher" than the losses incurred as a result of the policies of Israel.

    South Africa

    The South African government regretted that the UAE-Israel agreement decided "the fate of the Palestinian people" "without having asked them". Several pro-Palestinian activists in South Africa condemned the agreement, calling it a "stab in the back of the Palestinian people," said Muhammed Desai of the activist organization Africa4Palestine to the Anadolu agency .

    See also

    Web links

    Commons : Agreement between Israel and the United Arab Emirates  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahjan the German translation. Heiko Maas, Federal Foreign Minister, meets Abdullah bin Said Al Nahjan, Foreign Minister of the United Arab Emirates. Augsburger Allgemeine August 18, 2020
    2. ↑ Heiko Maas, Federal Foreign Minister, meets Abdullah bin Said Al Nahjan, Foreign Minister of the United Arab Emirates. Mercury 8/18/2020
    3. ^ A b Gary Willig, 09/15/20 7:36 PM: Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. Historic day: Signing of the Abraham Accords. Israel enters into peace agreement with Gulf states UAE and Bahrain in historic ceremony at the White House. ' Arutz Sheva, September 15, 2020, accessed on September 15, 2020 : “You've successfully brokered the historic peace we are signing today, a peace that has broad support in Israel, in the Middle East, in America - indeed, in the entire world, ”the prime minister said, adding that the deal is“ bringing hope to all the children of Abraham… To all of Israel's friends in the Middle East, those who are with us today and those who will join us tomorrow, I say salaam alaikum… This [was] unimaginable a few years ago, but with resolve, determination, a fresh look at how peace is done… I know the price of war… The people of Israel well know the price of war. I know the price of war. I was wounded in battle. A fellow soldier, a very close friend of mine, died in my arms. My brother Yoni lost his life while rescuing hostages held by terrorists Entebbe… This peace will eventually expand to include other Arab states and ultimately help bring an end to the Arab Israeli conflict once and for all… Despite the many challenges and hardships that we all face Let us pause for a moment to appreciate this remarkable moment, ”and“ put all cynicism aside… Let's us feel on this day the pulse of history. For long after the pandemic is gone the peace we make today will endure. ”“
    4. ↑ Gary Willig, 15/09/20 19:36: Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. Historic day: Signing of the Abraham Accords. Israel enters into peace agreement with Gulf states UAE and Bahrain in historic ceremony at the White House. ' Arutz Sheva, September 15, 2020, accessed on September 15, 2020 : "" I stand here today to extend a hand of peace and receive a hand of peace. In our faith, we say, Oh Gd, you are peace and from you comes peace. The search for peace is an innate principle, yet principles are effectively realized when they are transformed into action ... Today, we are already witnessing a change at the heart of the Middle East, a change that will send hope around the world, "he added . "We are witnessing today a new trend that will create a better path for the Middle East… This new vision is not a slogan that we raise for political gain as everyone is looking for a more prosperous future… As for us in the United Arab Emirates, this accord will enable us to continue to stand by the Palestinian people and realize their hopes for an independent state within a stable and prosperous region "
    5. ↑ a b c d Emirates lift boycott of Israel. Tagesschau, August 29, 2020, accessed on August 29, 2020 : “The President of the Emirates, Sheikh Chalifa bin Said al-Nahjan, issued a decree for this, as the state news agency WAM reported. Previously applicable penalties in connection with the boycott will be abolished. "
    6. ↑ Kristian Coates Ulrichsen: Israel and the Gulf States: Drivers and Directions of Change . September 2018
    7. ^ Gerhard Preyer, Michael Sussman: Varieties of Multiple Modernities: New Research Design BRILL, Leiden 2016.
    8. ↑ a b Michael Sussman: Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. The cultural genius of the Abraham Accord. Arutz Sheva, September 13, 2020, accessed on September 13, 2020 : “mu-wazana means maintaining balance with other tribes or nations. In the Middle East, this is considered not only a positive, natural phenomenon, but a matter of survival ... This concept of balance derives from the nomadic “way of the desert,” when it was common for tribes to fight over scarce resources, including water… It was thus advantageous for a tribe to have more people and better weapons, for example, to safeguard its survival …… The flip side in Arab culture — revealed in folklore that dates back to the period prior to the advent of Islam in the seventh century, when nomads would sing to the hoof beats of their camels as they trekked through the desert — is revealed in a widely quoted Bedouin proverb: “I am against my brother; my brother and I are against my cousin; my cousin and I are against the stranger. "
    9. ↑ Israel and Emirates agree diplomatic relations Die Welt August 14, 2020
    10. ↑ Yousra Zaki: A tolerant UAE is welcoming Jews into the country , Gulf News
    11. ^ Yemen's remaining Jews to be transferred to UAE following Israel deal , Middle East Monitor
    12. ↑ Mustafa Deveci: Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. American Jewish Committee to open office in the United Arab Emirates. Move comes in the wake of the historic agreement to establish full diplomatic relations between the UAE and Israel. Arutz Sheva, September 3, 2020, accessed September 3, 2020 .
    13. ^ ADL and Jewish Council of the Emirates Explore Partnership in Wake of Historic Abraham Accord. ADL, September 3, 2020, accessed on September 3, 2020 : "Rabbi Yehuda Sarna, Chief Rabbi of the Jewish Council of the Emirates, added:" Our vibrant community, the first new Jewish community established in centuries on Arab soil, is preparing to grow many times over in the wake of the landmark Abraham Accord. We are planning for a flourishing 'lighthouse' community, a platform open for interfaith engagement throughout the region. We anticipate the Jewish population will increase tenfold over the next three years and intend to do so along with ADL's mentorship on a broad array of best practices. "
    14. ^ ADL, Jewish Council of the Emirates explore new partnership. Arutz Sheva, September 3, 2020, accessed on September 3, 2020 : “The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the Jewish Council of the Emirates announced plans to explore cooperation in the wake of the historic Abraham Accord between Israel and the United Arab Emirates facilitated by Washington. “ADL works to support the well-being of Jewish communities around the world and looks forward to partnering with the Jewish Council of the Emirates in the months ahead,” said Sharon Nazarian, ADL Senior VP for International Affairs . "
    15. ↑ House of the Abrahamic Family in Abu Dhabi OBRIST-Impulse August 17, 2020
    16. ^ Peace project "Abrahamic Family House" UBM
    17. ^ Clayton Swisher, David Hearst: EXCLUSIVE: UAE sought Gaza was assessment from 'father' of Israel's Iron Dome. Middle East Eye, August 13, 2020, accessed August 13, 2020 : "I heard a compelling presentation by the father of Israel's Iron Dome anti-missile system, Uzi Rubin."
    18. ↑ Israeli Air Force holds joint exercise with United Arab Emirates, US and Italy - Israel News - Haaretz.com
    19. ^ Israel, UAE to fly together in Greek air force exercise | The Times of Israel
    20. ↑ Danger zone: UAE and Israel in joint air-force drills | The New Arab / Al-Araby Al-Jadeed
    21. ↑ EXCLUSIVE: Israel hosted UAE military delegation to review F-35s, sources say , i24NEWS
    22. ↑ UAE to receive F-35 fighter jets, just like Israel's. Arutz Sheva, August 18, 2020, accessed on August 18, 2020 : “The UAE will be receiving sophisticated F-35 fighter jets that Israel has also been supplied with by the United States. The shipment of planes is part of the new agreement between the US, Israel, and the UAE. "
    23. ^ Nahum Barnea: US to sell F-35 jets to UAE as part of secret clause in Israel ties agreement. Ynetnews, August 18, 2020, accessed on August 18, 2020 : "Sale of advanced weapons systems to United Arab Emirates that could end Israeli military superiority in the region was a condition imposed by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed before deal could be finalized."
    24. ^ Nahum Barnea: US to sell F-35 jets to UAE as part of secret clause in Israel ties agreement. Ynetnews, August 18, 2020, retrieved on August 18, 2020 : “In the wake of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the United States gave assurances to Israel that it would be able to maintain military superiority and that no sale of advanced weapons systems would be made to any other Middle East country without Israel's agreement. These assurances had been observed ever since, until the US deal. "
    25. ↑ Barak Ravid: The UAE has canceled a meeting with Israel and the United States because of the F-35. News1.news, August 24, 2020, accessed on August 24, 2020 : “The meeting was scheduled to take place at the UN on Friday between the countries' ambassadors. Walla News (וואלה! NEWS) learned that the reason for the cancellation was a disappointment in the emirates because the prime minister publicly opposed the plane deal with the Americans. The country is interested in conveying a message that as long as Israel's position on the issue is not clarified, there will be no public political meetings. "
    26. ↑ Bradley Bowman: Israel Meets With UAE, Declares It's Joining Persian Gulf Coalition , Breaking Defense, August 17, 2020
    27. ↑ Adam Entous: Donald Trump's New World Order The New Yorker, August 17, 2020
    28. ↑ Yochanan Visser: Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. ANALYSIS: What the UAE - Israel deal means for the Middle East. The Middle East is becoming divided into 2 camps, one led by Iran and Turkey, and one led by Israel, Egypt and other Sunni states. Arutz Sheva, August 18, 2020, accessed on August 18, 2020 : “The first sign something was changing in de relationship between Israel and the UAE were two direct flights by Etihad Airlines, the national carrier of UAE, to Ben Gurion Airport during the coronavirus crisis. "
    29. ↑ Farah Elbahrawy: UAE, Israel Companies Sign First Deal After Breakthrough in Ties. Bloomberg, August 16, 2020, accessed on August 16, 2020 : “United Arab Emirates-based APEX National Investment agreed to conduct research on the coronavirus with Israel's TeraGroup in what could be the first cross-border deal after the two countries began normalizing relations . ... The UAE announced last week that it's moving toward normalizing relations with Israel, joining Egypt and Jordan as the only Arab countries to do so, in what was hailed by US President Donald Trump as “a truly historic moment.” “
    30. ↑ Farah Elbahrawy: UAE, Israel Companies Sign First Deal After Breakthrough in Ties. Bloomberg, August 16, 2020, accessed August 16, 2020 : "TeraGroup is" the first business to inaugurate trade, economy and effective partnerships between the Emirati and Israeli business sectors, "APEX National Investment Chairman Khalifa Yousef Khouri said in a statement on the state-run Emirates News Agency on Sunday. The deal was described as a "strategic commercial agreement."
    31. ↑ Stem cells research centers in UAE and Israel sign MoU to cooperate in research to combat COVID-19 virus , WAM.ae
    32. ↑ Mustafa Deveci: Israel, UAE to cooperate on health. Israeli, Emirati health ministers discuss cooperation in fight against coronavirus. Anadolu Agency, aa.com.tr, August 24, 2020, accessed August 24, 2020 .
    33. ↑ Itamar Katzir: Israel's Anthem Plays in Abu Dhabi for First Time as Judoka Wins Gold. In: Haaretz.com. October 28, 2018, accessed October 30, 2018 .
    34. ↑ Hagay Hacohen. Israeli Judoka Sagi Muki wins gold medal in Abu Dhabi , The Jerusalem Post
    35. ↑ In first, 'Hatikva' anthem played at UAE contest as Israeli judoka wins gold. In: The Times of Israel online. October 28, 2018, accessed October 30, 2018 .
    36. ↑ First Israeli anthem played in Abu Dhabi. In: derStandard.de. October 28, 2018, accessed October 30, 2018 .
    37. ^ Israeli national anthem played in Abu Dhabi as Sagi Muki clinches gold , i24News
    38. ^ Israeli minister fights back tears of joy at Abu Dhabi judo gold , Reuters
    39. ↑ Steve Holland: With Trump's help, Israel and the United Arab Emirates reach historic deal to normalize relations. Reuters, August 13, 2020, accessed on August 13, 2020 : “Israel had signed peace agreements with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994. But the UAE, along with most other Arab nations, did not recognize Israel and had no formal diplomatic or economic relations with it until now. It becomes the first Gulf Arab country to reach such a deal with the Jewish state. "
    40. ^ David Rosenberg: Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. UAE, Israel reach historic peace deal. Arutz Sheva, August 13, 2020, accessed on August 13, 2020 : “The Abraham Accords, Israel's first peace deal with an Arab state since the treaty with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1994, was negotiated in large part by President Trump's son- in-law and senior adviser Jared Kushner, along with Middle East envoy Avi Berkowitz, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and National Security Advisor Robert O'Brein. "
    41. ↑ Yochanan Visser: Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. ANALYSIS: What the UAE - Israel deal means for the Middle East. The Middle East is becoming divided into 2 camps, one led by Iran and Turkey, and one led by Israel, Egypt and other Sunni states. Arutz Sheva, August 18, 2020, accessed on August 18, 2020 : “The normalization of relations between Israel and the UAE came into fruition after hard work behind the scenes by US officials such as Jared Kushner and David Friedman, who serves as US ambassador in Jerusalem, but also due to the help of the governments of Bahrain, Oman, and Egypt. "
    42. ↑ Yochanan Visser: Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. ANALYSIS: What the UAE - Israel deal means for the Middle East. The Middle East is becoming divided into 2 camps, one led by Iran and Turkey, and one led by Israel, Egypt and other Sunni states. Arutz Sheva, August 18, 2020, accessed on August 18, 2020 : "" I thank Egyptian President al-Sisi and the governments of Oman and Bahrain, for their support of the historic peace treaty between Israel and the United Arab Emirates, which is expanding the circle of peace and will be good for the entire region, "Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu said in a statement."
    43. ^ Trump & Amb. Friedman: 'The Abraham Accord' unites 3 great faiths. Arutz Sheva, August 13, 2020, accessed on August 13, 2020 : "President Donald Trump stated that the new agreement between America, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates will be known as" The Abraham Accord. "US Ambassador to Israel David Friedman noted that this name is appropriate since Abraham was the father of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, represented by the three parties to the accord.Thus the accord is fittingly named since Abraham symbolizes a common ancestral bond that unites these three faiths. "
    44. ^ Inga Rogg: Israel and the United Arab Emirates make peace. NZZ, August 14, 2020, accessed on August 14, 2020 .
    45. ^ Matthias Brüggmann: Comment: Trump's Middle East coup uses his election campaign and the region. In: handelsblatt.com. August 14, 2020, accessed on August 14, 2020 .
    46. ↑ Maha El Dahan, Jeffrey Heller, Steve Holland: Israel, UAE to normalize relations in shift in Mideast politics; West Bank annexations on hold Reuters, August 13, 2020
    47. ↑ Phone link between Israel and UAE inaugurated. Phone calls between Israel and UAE open, Israeli sites available in UAE following normalization agreement. Arutz Sheva, August 16, 2020, accessed on August 16, 2020 : “In addition, restrictions on Israeli websites in UAE were removed. Anwar Gargash, the United Arab Emirates Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, told the Walla on Friday! Hebrew language news website: "... I say that the issues that interest us are agriculture, food security, cyber defense, tourism, technology ... We are the two largest economies in the region." "
    48. ↑ a b PM: Agreement with UAE includes diplomatic relations & direct flights. Arutz Sheva, August 13, 2020, accessed on August 13, 2020 : “Speaking at a press conference this evening, PM Netanyahu revealed that the agreement reached today with the United Arab Emirates includes full diplomatic relations, exchange of ambassadors, and direct flights between Tel Aviv and Abu Dhabi. "
    49. ^ UAE embassy to be in Tel Aviv. Arutz Sheva, August 20, 2020, accessed on August 20, 2020 : "The UAE Foreign Minister has stated that his nation's embassy in Israel will be established in Tel Aviv .."
    50. ↑ UAE: 'Peace with us is warm, unlike cold peace with Egypt and Jordan'. Arutz Sheva, August 20, 2020, accessed on August 20, 2020 : "The UAE Foreign Minister enthusiastically expressed his hopes today for the nature of the peace agreement signed with Israel." Our peace agreement with Israel is warm ... "the foreign minister said , adding that the UAE embassy in Israel will be established in Tel Aviv. "
    51. ^ UAE embassy to be in Tel Aviv. Arutz Sheva, August 20, 2020, accessed on August 20, 2020 : "The UAE Foreign Minister has stated that his nation's embassy in Israel will be established in Tel Aviv .."
    52. ↑ Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. UAE looking to open consulate in Nazareth or Haifa. UAE hoping to open consulate in northern Israel in area with large Arab population, either in Haifa or Nazareth, senior official says. Arutz Sheva, September 2, 2020, accessed on September 2, 2020 : "The official said the UAE would likely open an embassy in Tel Aviv - rather than Jerusalem - in the next three to five months, adding that once the embassy is operational, Israelis looking to visit the UAE will be able to receive travel visas. "
    53. ↑ With EL AL to Abu Dhabi Jüdische Allgemeine, September 3, 2020
    54. ↑ Israel's Israir Seeks United Arab Emirates Landing Permission. Simple Flying, August 17, 2020, accessed August 17, 2020 .
    55. ↑ UAE's Etihad Airways opens Israel office. Arutz Sheva, September 1, 2020, accessed September 1, 2020 .
    56. ↑ Abraham Accords. Historical Israel-UAE Agreement. Watch: US and Israeli delegations leave for historic flight to UAE. Senior US and Israeli officials leave Israel aboard historic flight to Abu Dhabi for talks with UAE to finalize peace treaty. Arutz Sheva, August 31, 2020, accessed on August 31, 2020 : “The discussions will be held in working groups composed of Israeli, Emirati and American representatives in the following areas: Diplomacy; finances; aviation and entry visas; health; culture and tourism; space, science and investments; innovation and trade. "
    57. ↑ Saudi Arabia allows UAE flights to Israel to enter its airspace. Saudi government announces it will permit United Arab Emirates flights 'to all countries' to enter its airspace. Arutz Sheva, September 2, 2020, accessed on September 2, 2020 : "Saudi Arabia has accepted an Emirati request to allow" crossing the kingdom's airspace for flights heading to the UAE and departing from it to all countries, "the official Saudi Press Agency said, citing a source from the civil aviation authority. "
    58. ↑ Netanyahu: 'This is a tremendous breakthrough'. 'Flying over Saudi Arabia will shorten flight times, reduce costs,' Netanyahu says, after Saudis permit flights to Israel in Saudi airspace. Arutz Sheva, September 2, 2020, accessed on September 2, 2020 : "" Now, there is another huge breakthrough: Israeli planes and planes from all countries will be able to fly directly from Israel to Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and back. It will reduce flight costs, it will shorten time, it will allow tremendous tourism, it will open our economy. "It will do another thing - it will open the East. When you fly to Thailand or anywhere else in Asia, it will shave hours and prices. This is great news for you, the citizens of Israel. These are the fruits of true peace. "
    59. ↑ ANALYSIS: Israel's changing position in the world. The list of countries interested in establishing or improving relations with Israel in a variety of ways is increasing rapidly. Arutz Sheva, September 9, 2020, accessed on September 9, 2020 : “El-Al currently only operates cargo flights at Abu Dhabi airport, but Israel is negotiating with the UAE about civilian flights. The opening of Saudi airspace to Israeli civilian planes shortens routes to Asian countries significantly and is expected to cause a significant drop in ticket prices to countries such as Thailand and the Philippines. "
    60. ↑ a b UAE Foreign Ministry announces phone link with Israel. Arutz Sheva, August 16, 2020, accessed on August 16, 2020 : "United Arab Emirates Spokeswoman Hend Al Otaiba said:" His Highness Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, UAE Foreign Minister and His Excellency Gabi Ashkenazi, Israeli Foreign Minister, today inaugurated a phone link between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel following the historic Peace Accord signed by the two countries Friday. ""
    61. ^ Israel and UAE launch direct phone links after historic accord. BBC News, August 16, 2020, accessed August 16, 2020 : "Israel's communications ministry said telecoms providers in the UAE had unblocked calls to numbers with Israel's +972 country code ..." I congratulate the United Arab Emirates on the unblocking, "said Israeli communications minister Yoaz Hendel. "
    62. ^ Mordechai Sones: UAE visit ends, delegation takes off for Israel. Arutz Sheva, September 1, 2020, accessed on September 1, 2020 : “The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates, the Finance Ministry, and the relevant financial regulators in Israel have reached the understanding that a joint committee of Israel and the United Arab Emirates will be established to promote cooperation in the fields of finance and investment. "
    63. ↑ UAE to receive F-35 fighter jets, just like Israel's. Arutz Sheva, August 18, 2020, accessed on August 18, 2020 : “The UAE will be receiving sophisticated F-35 fighter jets that Israel has also been supplied with by the United States. The shipment of planes is part of the new agreement between the US, Israel, and the UAE. "
    64. ^ Nahum Barnea: US to sell F-35 jets to UAE as part of secret clause in Israel ties agreement. Ynetnews, August 18, 2020, accessed on August 18, 2020 : "Sale of advanced weapons systems to United Arab Emirates that could end Israeli military superiority in the region was a condition imposed by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed before deal could be finalized."
    65. ^ Nahum Barnea: US to sell F-35 jets to UAE as part of secret clause in Israel ties agreement. Ynetnews, August 18, 2020, retrieved on August 18, 2020 : “In the wake of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the United States gave assurances to Israel that it would be able to maintain military superiority and that no sale of advanced weapons systems would be made to any other Middle East country without Israel's agreement. These assurances had been observed ever since, until the US deal. "
    66. ↑ David Brennan: Israel-UAE Peace Accord. Israel Denies It Gave Green Light for US F-35 Jet Sale to UAE After Deal. Newsweek, August 18, 2020, accessed August 18, 2020 .
    67. ↑ Ben Ariel: Report: Netanyahu supported sale of F-35s to UAE. Officials say PM Netanyahu privately went along with Trump administration's plan to sell advanced weapons to the United Arab Emirates. Arutz Sheva, September 4, 2020, accessed on September 4, 2020 : “… to sell a package of cutting-edge weapons to the Emirates, including F-35 fighter jets and Reaper drones. The deal also includes EA-18G Growler jets - electronic warfare planes that pave the way for stealth attacks by jamming enemy air defenses. That element of the package has not previously been reported. "
    68. ↑ Israel at World Expo 2020 in Dubai Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State of Israel / Office of the Prime Minister, April 25, 2019
    69. ↑ Israel and the United Arab Emirates - the new Middle East? Deutsche Welle , August 13, 2020
    70. ↑ ISRAEL AND THE EMIRATES: The historical dimension of a pragmatic cooperation FAZ, August 14, 2020
    71. ↑ With EL AL to Abu Dhabi Jüdische Allgemeine, September 3, 2020
    72. ^ Israel, UAE announce normalization of relations with US help. In: AlJazeera.com , August 13, 2020 (English).
    73. ↑ Lubaba Zoukan: Fatah, Hamas hold joint protest against UAE-Israel deal: Leading Palestinian political groups slam move as 'painful stab'. Anadolu Agency, August 19, 2020, accessed on August 19, 2020 (English): “Palestinian Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh said“ the Emirati move is a painful stab and a flagrant violation of the Arab Peace Initiative. ”"
    74. ↑ US envoy: UAE-Israel deal 'huge win' for Trump . AP. August 13, 2020
    75. ↑ Muhammed Abdulgaffar: Kuwaiti NGOs denounce Israeli-UAE deal. Over 30 NGOs issue joint statement rejecting any kind of normalization with Israel Anadolu Agency, aa.com.tr, August 17, 2020
    76. ↑ Mohamed al-Samei: Yemen supports Palestine amid UAE-Israel deal Anadolu Agency, aa.com.tr, August 14, 2020
    77. ↑ Daren Butler, Tuvan Gumrukcu: Turkey may suspend ties with UAE over Israel deal, Erdogan says Reuters, August 14, 2020
    78. ↑ Iran: UAE-Israel deal a 'stab in the back' to Muslims aljazeera.com, August 14, 2020
    79. ↑ Adel al-Thabti: Tunisian parliament slams UAE-Israeli deal Parliament stresses its solidarity with Palestinian people in liberating their land and establishing an independent state Anadolu Agency, aa.com.tr, August 18, 2020
    80. ↑ Mucahit Aydemir: Libya: UAE-Israel deal 'betrayal that doesn't surprise'. Recent losses of Muslims due to UAE policy much higher than Zionist regime killed, displaced last 50 years, says official. Anadolu Agency, aa.com.tr, August 14, 2020, accessed on August 14, 2020 : "Speaking to Al-Jazeera TV, Mohamed Amari Zayed, a member of the Libyan Presidential Council, said" this is a betrayal of the UAE state that doesn't surprise. With its destructive role in Libya, Syria and Yemen, it is a natural result of the embargo imposed on Qatar, Palestine and the independent nations of the region ... The recent losses of the Islamic Ummah as a result of This policy of the UAE are much higher than the Zionist regime killed and displaced in the last 50 years. ""
    81. ↑ Hassan Isilow: South Africa Concerned about Israel-UAE deal. Anadolu Agency, aa.com.tr, August 15, 2020, accessed on August 15, 2020 : “South Africa said while the UAE has the sovereign right to set diplomatic relations with the government of Israel, it is regrettable it has done so based on yet another agreement related to the fate of the Palestinians people without engaging the people of Palestine. "
    82. ↑ Hassan Isilow: South African activists irked by UAE-Israeli agreement. Activists describe deal brokered by US as 'stab in the back' of Palestine's struggle for freedom. Anadolu Agency, aa.com.tr, August 14, 2020, accessed on August 14, 2020 .