Friedrich Pollock

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Friedrich Pollock (born May 22, 1894 in Freiburg im Breisgau ; died December 16, 1970 in Montagnola , Ticino ) was a German economist and sociologist . He was a co-founder of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main , as its managing director and financial administrator he worked for decades. His research had a major impact on Max Horkheimerwho, as a social philosopher, headed the institute for over a quarter of a century and with whom he had a close, lifelong friendship that he had in his youth. With his theory of state capitalism , which he developed during his emigration , Pollock contributed to the political and economic foundation of a later version of critical theory .

Life and administrative activity

Youth and Studies

Friedrich Pollock was born on May 22, 1894 as the son of a Jewish factory owner in Freiburg im Breisgau. In 1910 the family moved to Stuttgart . From 1911 to 1915 he received a commercial training. At the beginning of this time he met Max Horkheimer, also the son of a manufacturer from a Jewish family. Both of them sealed their lifelong friendship in 1911 with a written friendship treaty, the preamble of which said:

“We consider our friendship to be our greatest asset. The term friendship includes its duration until death. Our actions should be an expression of the friendship relationship and each of our principles primarily takes this into account. [Understood as] an expression of a critically humane élan [it serves to] create solidarity for all people. "

This contract, which was renewed and supplemented again and again through resolutions and memoranda in the course of her life, summarized the ideal of friendship as "totalitarian, namely the whole person encompassing and penetrating" in a radical bond, as Philipp Lenhard in the first Pollock biography (published in 2019 ) writes.

Between 1913 and 1915, they did internships in Brussels, Manchester and London, which were intended to prepare them for their future responsibilities as company managers in their father's position. Generously endowed with financial means, the friends behaved like “wealthy bachelors” who regularly took young women out to dinner and had their first amorous experiences. From 1916 to 1918, Pollock did his military service without having to go to the front. After completing his Abitur as an external student in Munich with Max Horkheimer, he studied economics, sociology and philosophy in Munich, Freiburg and Frankfurt am Main from 1919 to 1922; He completed his studies in Frankfurt in 1923 with a doctorate under Siegfried Budge on monetary theoryfrom Marx .

Foundation of the Institute for Social Research

Group photo of the participants in the Marxist Work Week with Felix Weil (standing, 2nd from right), Friedrich Pollock (standing, 2nd from left) and Karl Korsch (front row seated, 5th from left)

During his studies, Pollock met Felix Weil , the son of an Argentine grain trader and multimillionaire. The great legacy that his mother had left him at the age of 14 enabled him to later become a patron of the Institute for Social Research. Pollock and Weil had a lifelong friendship. It was through Weil that he met Karl Korsch . On the weekend of Pentecost in 1923, Pollock took part in the Marxist working week in Geraberg(Thuringia), which was organized by Korsch and Weil, whereby Korsch was responsible for the content and Weil for the material equipment. Before that, Weil had already given the idea of ​​founding a Marxist institute independent of party politics. Pollock suggested the innocuous name Institute for Social Research .

In 1923, Pollock was involved in founding the Institute for Social Research, which was officially opened on June 22, 1924. Its first director was the Austrian Marxist Carl Grünberg , who by then a professor of economic history economics at the University of Vienna had taught and founder of the journal Archives for the History of socialism and the labor movement was. Pollock took over the administration. The institution's sponsor was the Society for Social Research , which was set up specifically for this purposewith Felix Weil as chairman of the foundation. Weil's maternal inheritance was enough to build the institute and equip the library; To finance the running of the institute, they still had to rely on the support of Felix Weil's father, Hermann Weil. This gave the Society for Social Research 120,000 marks or 30,000 dollars annually.

Carl Grünberg, who was friends with the director of the Moscow Marx-Engels Institute, Dawid Borissowitsch Ryazanow , had planned a complete edition of the Marx-Engels manuscripts with him. For this purpose the Marx-Engels-Archiv-Verlagsgesellschaft was set up to promote the publication of the Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), of which Felix Weil became the managing director together with Pollock. In 1928 Grünberg suffered a stroke. As a substitute, Pollock took over the management of the Institute for Social Research for the sick Grünberg. At the same time, he began teaching as a private lecturer at the University of Frankfurt . In 1930 Max Horkheimer was appointed the new director. In the same year the decision was made to open a branch in Geneva(Societé Internationale de Recherche Sociale) in cooperation with the International Labor Organization (ILO). Pollock was entrusted with their management. From 1931 onwards he stayed mainly in Switzerland to carry out his new task. In addition to this branch, offices were also set up in Paris and London for the planning of an expected fascist revolution and in preparation for emigration.

emigration

After the National Socialists came to power in 1933, Pollock and Horkheimer emigrated to New York via Geneva and Paris . There he became executive director of the International Institute for Social Research at Columbia University . In February 1933, the Société Internationale des Recherches Sociales (SIRES) was founded in Geneva as the successor to the German Society for Social Research . At Weil's suggestion, Pollock became its director. As executor and trustee of the Hermann Weil Family FoundationFelix Weil concluded a donation agreement with SIRES in order to secure the annual donations to the institute from the dividends accruing to the family assets. After the inheritance dispute among the descendants of Hermann Weil in the mid-1930s, the income foundation was converted into a capital foundation in 1937. The annual donations were replaced by a one-off donation of 2,660,000 Swiss francs; Felix Weil also bequeathed SIRES in full a capital fund of $ 883,000 as a gift. On January 1st, SIRES had a capital stock of 4,560,000 Swiss francs, a year later it was only 3,560,000 Swiss francs; the loss of one million was due to the stock market crash of 1937 and bad speculation by Pollock.

The subsequent austerity measures were not only felt by the more than two hundred supported scientists, whose fees, grants and non-bureaucratic grants were cut; Pollock also tried to convince the permanent institute members to look for alternative sources of income. As his biographer writes, this did not diminish Pollock's role as an “organizer of concrete solidarity”, for example in his commitment as vice-president of the “Selfhelp of German Emigres from Central Europe” (with Paul Tillichas president), in whose network the institute provided practical help. Due to the precarious financial situation, the institute increasingly began to work with other organizations and foundations in order to acquire third-party funding, for example the newly arrived Theodor W. Adorno initially worked with half a position for "Radio Research" headed by Paul Lazarsfeld at Princeton University Project ". Pollock and Horkheimer have often been accused from emigrant circles of having lived on a large scale while cutting other people's salaries; it is true that neither of them ever experienced serious existential fears.

Pollock married his childhood friend Andrée ("Dée") Marx in 1935, who at that time had already been married and divorced once at the age of 37; he was 41 years old. Four years later, his wife succumbed to cancer. Dées death and the outbreak of war plunged him into grief, anger and feelings of helplessness, which he transformed into a specific form of productivity. They spurred Pollock on to write down his theory of state capitalism (see below) which, with the transition from the liberal market to the fascist command economy, replaced the primacy of the economy with the primacy of politicsregistered and thus indicated a theoretical paradigm shift of the institute. This was preceded by the publication of Horkheimer's essay Die Juden und Europa (1939), which was written under the clear influence of Pollock's theory.

After Horkheimer and Adorno had relocated to Pacific Palisades in California in the spring of 1941 and several employees had left the institute due to financial difficulties, he remained in New York as governor of the institute, which had been reduced to Löwenthal and a few others. In the letterhead he was now listed as "Acting Director". The magazine had been discontinued and with it the joint project that had welded the various employees together over all content-related differences and spatial separations. In 1940 he had become a US citizen. He now saw himself as a German-American and participated as a member of the advisory board of the exile magazine Aufbauwhich, with a print run of 30,000, had become the representative mouthpiece of the German-Jewish emigrants. He had excellent contacts in politics, he was a co-founder of the Research Bureau for Post-War Economics and was appointed advisor to the Board of Economic Warfare and the War Production Board ; both boards were established by presidential decree. As a political advisor, he received an invitation to dinner with the President through the politically active Eleanor Roosevelt . In 1946 he married Carlota Weil, an Argentine cousin of Felix Weil, who had a considerable fortune that made him far better financially than the financier of the foundation he headed.

return

In 1950 he returned to Frankfurt to work in the Institute for Social Research, which was newly founded in 1951. Although he did not take on a new administrative function, he was "very present in the early years". After he had started teaching as a private lecturer at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences in 1951 in the summer semester of 1951, the university appointed him an adjunct professor in the 1952 summer semester and a full professor of economics and sociology in 1959. In 1956 he published his main work Automation . Materials for assessing the economic and social consequences . In 1957 he moved with Max Horkheimer to the Ticino town of Montagnola , he kept his professorship in Frankfurt until hisRetired in 1963. The last years of his life were marked by the confrontations with the rebelling students, whom he accused of “reading Marx who was blind to history”. He died on December 16, 1970 in Montagnola. He is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Bern , like his friend Max Horkheimer.

Scientific work

In biographical presentations, Pollock's scientific work is usually presented as subordinate compared to his self-sacrificing administrative work for the Institute for Social Research, although as an economist he has written important works, the publication of which with the publication of the Marxist Writings as the first of an edition planned to be six volumes Started in 2018. According to the intention of the editor Philipp Lenhard, the early writings of Pollock from the Grünberg era dealing with Marx's theory and its reception represent the “Marxist origins of critical theory in its embryonic stage”.

According to Tobias ten Brink , Pollock was “to a certain extent Horkheimer's economic backer,” and his work received a prominent place in the journal for social research . These concentrate on the complexes of crisis-ridden capitalism and the possibility of a socialist planned economy . His thesis that capitalism had entered a new, centrally controlled, post-liberal phase in the wake of the global economic crisis and had overcome its crisis-prone nature, since economic problems presented themselves only as "administrative problems", became the political-economic basis for that of Horkheimer and Adorno represented theory of the "managed world".

Planned economy in the Soviet Union

In 1927/28, Pollock made a trip to the Soviet Union to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution. He used the trip to research the Soviet economic order. He spoke to politicians and economists, engineers and cooperative boards. The conversations, observations and investigations he made on his trip became the basis of his habilitation thesis: The Planned Economy Trials in the Soviet Union 1917–1927 from 1928, which appeared as the second volume of the publications of the Institute for Social Research. The “source-saturated habilitation thesis” was the “first detailed analysis of the young Soviet planned economy”.

Pollock described Soviet economic policy as experimental; the idealistic aims taken from the writings of Marx, Engels and Lenin could not be implemented immediately. Pollock distinguished between two phases of communism: war communism (1917–1921) and the phase of the “New Economic Policy” (NEP) from 1921. The false radicalism in the first phase, in which the market was displaced without it by a functioning administration to replace had led to a deterioration in the supply situation. Pollock's conclusion was: It is difficult to see this as a form of economy that is superior to the transport industry. The actual phase of the planned economy began with the second phase, which sounds paradoxical to Lenhard, because the private sector and trade were legalized again.

According to Helmut Dubiel , in the early 1930s the institute focused on “planned economy”, in which Pollock worked with Kurt Mandelbaum and Gerhard Meyer . The most developed project was the essay on the theory of the planned economy published by these employees in the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung in 1934 .

Pollock's assessment of the planned economy remains ambivalent at this point in time. He takes the view that one cannot theoretically deduce their possibility or impossibility, as Ludwig von Mises did, but must research empirically. However, because of the special conditions in the Soviet Union, he considers the subject of his research to be only of limited suitability for researching the general principles of a planned economy. Peter Kalmbach suspects that Pollock has not yet questioned this because of his critical stance on capitalism.

State Capitalism Theory

Pollock has stood out in particular through his studies of state capitalism, which he has developed since the early 1930s (summarized in: Stages of Capitalism , 1975). Initially he devoted himself to the global economic crisis and its consequences. In doing so, he realizes that the markets are losing their function as indirect control mechanisms and are being replaced by state intervention. Two essays from 1941 that are authoritative for critical theory tie in with it: State Capitalism. Its Possibilities and Limitations and Is National Socialism a New Order? , they are considered the founding documents of his theory of state capitalism.

He had already encountered the concept of state capitalism in his studies of the planned economy in the Soviet Union. It seemed all the more appropriate to him to grasp the transition process that has been observed in Europe and to some extent even in the USA since the end of the First World War, which led to a progressive departure from the market economy . The dynamics of the system are determined by technical rationality, state bureaucracy and entrepreneurial managers form a closed ruling group. He saw the economic principle of laissez-faire through planned economic interventions and state controlreplaced and given the way to an adjustable, in principle crisis-free economic system. In doing so, he countered the crisis theory of capitalism with the draft of a crisis-proof, planned economic order. Since the Soviet experiment was seen as evidence of this general tendency, the economy appeared to be dissolved in technological administrative action in both capitalist and socialist variations. Pollock distinguished between an authoritarian ( fascism and state socialism ) and a liberal ( New Deal ) variant of state capitalism: both had in common the replacement of the primacy of the economy by the primacy of politics .

Without Pollock's economically sound grounding of critical theory, its social theory, based on the philosophy of history, would be shortened. His economic analyzes made a significant contribution to the theory-building process of the main philosophical representatives of the “ Frankfurt School ” and were reflected in the preface to the “ Dialectic of Enlightenment ” by Horkheimer and Adorno. The two authors dedicated this book, which is often regarded as the main work of “ critical theory ”, to him on his 50th birthday. Also in his article Authoritarian Statefrom 1942, Horkheimer adopted the state capitalism theory. Right down to the details of the formulation, he was guided by the theoretical model that Pollock had designed in the two essays of 1941. Adorno, on the other hand, reversed the genesis by insinuating in a letter to Horkheimer Pollock that he had taken motifs from Horkheimer's essay and "simplified and de-dialectized" them in the process. Joachim Hirsch evaluates the theoretical foundation provided by Pollock's contribution to the effect that the economy was no longer seen as a social production relationship, but as a technical process, whereby the institute's work made the characteristic transition from the criticism of political economy to the criticism of technology, which then became the basis of its negative philosophy of history.

Group experiment

After the reopening of the institute in 1951, Pollock did not take on an administrative function, but became the head of the first major study on the group experiment , with which the political opinions of Germans were researched. In terms of method, the study was a “milestone in social science in Germany” in that the empirical method of group discussion developed in the USA was first used in Germany. The results of the investigation were published as Volume 2 of the Frankfurt contributions to sociologyPublished in 1955. In contemporary reviews, the institute was certified that it had "broken new ground in empirical social research" with the study. However, the study also received methodological criticism. The social psychologist Peter R. Hofstätter complained in a "critical appraisal" in the Cologne journal for sociology and social psychology that the researchers themselves provoked the results of their study in order to prove that the Germans were still Nazis. Adorno, who had contributed an extensive monograph on the relationship between “guilt and defense” to the volume, replicated in the same specialist publication. Rolf WiggershausAccording to the "Hofstätter-Adorno controversy [...] for the first time in the Federal Republic of Germany emerged what later went down in sociological history as the positivism dispute".

Automation study

In 1956, at the age of 62, Pollock presented his main scientific work on automation . It was preceded by an eighty-page treatise, Pollock's entitled Automation in USA. Reflections on the “second industrial revolution” in the collection of essays dedicated to Max Horkheimer's 60th birthday ( Sociologica , Volume 1 of the Frankfurt Contributions to Sociology ) in 1955. The book became his greatest success; In 1964 and 1966 it appeared in two further, completely revised editions and was translated into six languages. At the time of publication, Pollock was the first German-speaking scientist who systematically dealt with automation.

Pollock applied his earlier method, first collecting and sifting through empirical material, then moving on to topics of economics and sociology. With Edgar Salin, he understood automation as a “technical-economic-sociological fact”, indicative of a “second industrial revolution” (a term he took from an editorial in the New York Times ). In the individual chapters he discussed the problems that automation raised: technological unemployment, effects on qualifications (“upgrading” or “downgrading”), influence on the stability of the economy and on the size of the company. According to Philipp Lenhard, Pollock described a “downright dystopia the automatic society "with high mass unemployment and a hierarchically structured social structure:

“Automation not only threatens workers and employees with the loss of their jobs, but will make many professional skills superfluous and drastically deteriorate the social status of many people working in business and administration who are not part of the privileged minority of the supervisory, facility and management Repair staff as well as engineers and responsible decision-making employees belong. "

- Friedrich Pollock 1964, Automation, 2nd edition, p. 176.

A central conclusion of the book was that only through a planned economy could the problems caused by automation be rationally overcome. In its time, the sociologist Helmut Dubiel considered the study to be “both theoretical and empirical” as the most solid social science study on the “effects of automation processes in modern companies”. The book has been translated into the main European languages ​​and into Japanese.

reception

The professor for Jewish history and culture at the University of Munich , Philipp Lenhard, published the first biography about Pollock in 2019. In addition to the mostly highlighted administrative work for the Institute for Social Research, it also honors his scientific work. Lenhard is also the editor of the collected writings (2018 ff.) By Friedrich Pollock.

According to Tobias ten Brink , Pollock was one of the first economists to analyze the far-reaching changes resulting from the Great Depression of 1929 from a critical perspective. Although Horkheimer and Adorno gave up the term state capitalism after 1945, their preferred term of late capitalism continued to follow Pollock's theoretical model. The model of a politically controllable late capitalist economy underpinned by Jürgen Habermas and Claus Offe in their analyzes also remained indebted to him in a certain way.

The political scientists Tobias ten Brink and Andreas Nölke have placed Pollock's model of state capitalism in a line of ancestors, the beginning of which they date with the first wave in the late 19th century, when the state with modernization and protective measures of the economy led to a successful integration into the sought to help the capitalist world system. They include Pollock's theory of state capitalism in the second wave, when, after the Great Depression in 1929, as part of the New Deal in the USA and fascism in Europe, the state's scope for state interventionism increasedexpanded, in the direction of a direct replacement of entrepreneurial action and investment management by government development plans and industrial policy. In this context, the concept of state-controlled capitalism or state capitalism arose in the social sciences. Political scientists speak of a third wave, a state-permeated capitalism (State Capitalism 3.0) , with regard to the large emerging countries, especially China. In state-permeated capitalisms, the economic organization is more like a mixed economy; however, they are not to be equated with crisis-free capitalisms.

In retrospect, Peter Kalmbach (1997) found little response from economists, which he attributed to the fact that Pollock had crossed the border between economics and sociology, since he had claimed in his essay on state capitalism that “economics as a social science has lost its subject ", Since economic processes would no longer be coordinated by" natural market laws, but by conscious planning ", Helmut Dubiel speaks of a" barely existing history of theory tradition "of the newer political economy founded by Pollock. Boy Lüthje, who teaches as an endowed professor at a Chinese universityconsiders Pollock's analysis of the capitalist production process “empirically hardly tenable” in a critical comparison with contemporary, globalized capitalism. Only theoretical problems can still be identified from the basic intentions of critical social theory.

Fonts

  • On Karl Marx's theory of money. Inaugural dissertation. Economics and social science faculty at the University of Frankfurt am Main [Masch.] 1923. Reprint: Collected writings. Volume 1: Marxist Writings. ça ira-Verlag, Freiburg / Vienna 2018, pp. 23–127.
  • Werner Sombart's “refutation” of Marxism. Hirschfeld, Leipzig 1926 (= Carl Grünberg, ed., Archive for the history of socialism and the workers' movement , supplements, 3). Reprint: Collected Writings. Volume 1: Marxist Writings. ça ira-Verlag, Freiburg / Vienna 2018, pp. 153–250.
  • The planned economy attempts in the Soviet Union 1917–1927. Habilitation 1928, [LC Hirschfeld, Leipzig 1929] (= writings of the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt am Main , Volume 2). Reprint: New Critique Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971.
  • The current situation of capitalism and the prospects of a planned economy reorganization. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 1st vol. (1932), Issue 1, pp. 8–28.
  • Socialism and agriculture. In: Festschrift for Carl Grünberg. For the 70th birthday. Hirschfeld, Leipzig 1932, pp. 397-431.
  • Comments on the economic crisis. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, 2nd year (1933), issue 3, pp. 321–354.
  • State capitalism. In: Helmut Dubiel / Alfons Söllner (Hrsg.): Economy, Law and State in National Socialism. Analyzes by the Institute for Social Research 1939–1942. Beck, Munich 1981, pp. 81-109. Originally: State Capitalism. Its Possibilities and Limitations. In: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science. Vol IX (1941), pp. 200-225.
  • Is National Socialism a New Order? In: Helmut Dubiel / Alfons Söller (Hrsg.): Economy, Law and State in National Socialism. Analyzes by the Institute for Social Research 1939–1942. Beck, Munich 1981, pp. 111-128. Originally: Is National Socialism a New Order? In: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science. Vol IX (1941), pp. 440-455.
  • (Editor) Group experiment. A study report. ( Frankfurt Contributions to Sociology , Vol. 2). European Publishing House, Frankfurt am Main 1955.
  • Automation. Materials for assessing the economic and social consequences. ( Frankfurt Contributions to Sociology , Vol. 5). European Publishing House, Frankfurt am Main 1956. Completely revised and updated new edition. Frankfurt am Main 1964.
  • Stages of capitalism. Ed. U. introduced by Helmut Dubiel. Beck, Munich 1975.

Collected Writings

  • Collected Writings. Volume 1: Marxist Writings. Edited by Philipp Lenhard. ça ira-Verlag, Freiburg / Vienna 2018, ISBN 978-3-86259-132-9 .

literature

  • Contributions to Marx-Engels research. New episode. Special Volume 2: Successful Cooperation: The Frankfurt Institute for Social Research and the Moscow Marx-Engels Institute (1924–1928). Argument, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-88619-684-4 .
  • Tobias ten Brink : State Capitalism and the Theory of the Managed World. Friedrich Pollock and the consequences. In: WestEnd. New journal for social research. Volume 10 (2013), Issue 2, pp. 128-136.
  • Tobias ten Brink: Economic Analysis in Critical Theory: The Impact of Friedrich Pollock's State Capitalism Concept. In: Constellations. An international journal of critical and democratic theory. 22, Vol. (2015), Issue 3, pp. 333-340.
  • Tobias ten Brink, Andreas Nölke: State Capitalism 3.0 . In: the modern state. Journal of Public Policy, Law and Management . Volume 6 (2013), Issue 1, pp. 21–32.
  • Jeanette Erazo Heufelder : The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-946334-16-3 .
  • Joachim Hirsch : State Capitalism? On the controversy between Friedrich Pollock, Max Horkheimer and Franz Neumann regarding the character of the National Socialist system. In: Ulrich Ruschig, Hans-Ernst Schiller (Hrsg.): State and politics with Horkheimer and Adorno. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2014, pp. 60–72.
  • Peter Kalmbach : Friedrich Pollock (1894-1970). In: Hans Erler , Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich, Ludger Held (eds.): “The world was created for me”. The intellectual legacy of German-speaking Jewry. 58 portraits. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997. pp. 415-419.
  • Peter Kalmbach: Pollock, Friedrich. In: Harald Hagemann , Claus-Dieter Krohn (Hrsg.): Biographical manual of the German-speaking economic emigration after 1933. Volume 2: Leichter branch. Saur, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-598-11284-X , pp. 537-541.
  • Philipp Lenhard: "Something is wrong in Marxian terms". Friedrich Pollock and the beginning of critical theory. In: sans phrase . Journal of ideological criticism. Issue 5, autumn 2014. pp. 5–16.
  • Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock and >> Western Marxism <<. Introduction to the first volume of the collected writings. In: Collected Writings. Volume 1: Marxist Writings. ça ira-Verlag, Freiburg / Vienna 2018, pp. 7–22.
  • Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-633-54299-4 .
  • Werner Röder, Herbert A. Strauss (Eds.): International Biographical Dictionary of Central European Emigrés 1933–1945. Volume 2.2. Saur, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-598-10089-2 , p. 918.
  • Ulrich Ruschig , Hans Ernst Schiller (Ed.): State and politics with Horkheimer and Adorno . Nomos, Baden-Baden 2014, ISBN 978-3-8487-1426-1 .
  • Rolf Wiggershaus : Friedrich Pollock - the last stranger to the Frankfurt School. In: Die Neue Gesellschaft / Frankfurter Hefte. Issue 8/1994, pp. 750-756.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Quoted from: Helmut Gumnior and Rudolf Ringguth: Max Horkheimer in self-testimonials and image documents , Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1973, p. 11. f.
  2. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 165.
  3. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 35 f.
  4. ↑ On the theory of money by Karl Marx. Inaugural dissertation. Economics and social science faculty at the University of Frankfurt am Main [Masch.] 1923. Reprint: Collected writings. Volume 1: Marxist Writings. ça ira-Verlag, Freiburg / Vienna 2018, pp. 23–127.
  5. ↑ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock and >> Western Marxism << . S. 10 f .
  6. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder : The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 42.
  7. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder: The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 41 f.
  8. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 79.
  9. ↑ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock and >> Western Marxism << . S. 14 .
  10. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder: The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 41 f., 51.
  11. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder: The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 50.
  12. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder: The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 54.
  13. ↑ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock and "Western Marxism" . S. 15th f .
  14. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 124.
  15. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder: The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 104 f.
  16. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder: The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 128 ff.
  17. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder: The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 143.
  18. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 153.
  19. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, pp. 153, 160.
  20. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 160.
  21. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 162 f.
  22. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 170.
  23. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 184.
  24. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 203.
  25. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 222 ff.
  26. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 179.
  27. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 232 ff.
  28. ^ Jeanette Erazo Heufelder: The Argentine Croesus. Brief economic history of the Frankfurt School . Berenberg, Berlin 2017, p. 164.
  29. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jewish publisher im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 275.
  30. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, pp. 276, 295.
  31. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 309.
  32. ↑ Philipp Lenhard (Ed.): Friedrich Pollock and the >> Western Marxism << . Introduction to Friedrich Pollock: Collected writings. I: Marxist writings . ça ira-Verlag, Freiburg 2018, pp. 7–22, here p. 18.
  33. ↑ Tobias ten Brink: State capitalism and the theory of the administered world. Friedrich Pollock and the consequences . In: WestEnd. New journal for social research . Volume 10 (2013), Issue 2, pp. 128-136, here p. 129.
  34. ↑ Helmut Dubiel : Introduction by the editor: Critical theory and political economy . In: Fredrich Pollock: Stages of Capitalism . Beck, Munich 1975, pp. 7-17, here p. 10.
  35. ↑ Tobias ten Brink: State capitalism and the theory of the administered world . Friedrich Pollock and the consequences . In: WestEnd. New journal for social research . Volume 10 (2013), Issue 2, pp. 128-136, here p. 128.
  36. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jewish publisher im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 95.
  37. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 97.
  38. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 98 f.
  39. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 99.
  40. ^ Helmut Dubiel: Scientific organization and political experience. Studies on Early Critical Theory . Suhrkamnp, Frankfurt am Main 1978, p. 54.
  41. ^ Peter Kalmbach: Friedrich Pollock (1894-1970) . In: Hans Erler , Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich, Ludger Held (eds.): “The world was created for me”. The intellectual legacy of German-speaking Jewry. 58 portraits . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997. pp. 415-419, here pp. 417 f.
  42. ↑ Tobias ten Brink: State capitalism and the theory of the administered world. Friedrich Pollock and the consequences . In: WestEnd. New journal for social research . Volume 10 (2013), Issue 2, pp. 128-136, here p. 129.
  43. ↑ Stefan Breuer: Critical Theory . Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2016, p. 137.
  44. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 248.
  45. ↑ Helmut Dubiel: Introduction by the editor: Critical theory and political economy . In: Friedrich Pollock: Stages of Capitalism . Edited and introduced by Helmut Dubiel. CH Beck, Munich 1975, p. 17.
  46. ↑ Helmut Dubiel, Alfred Söllner : The National Socialism Research of the Institute for Social Research - its scientific position and its current importance : In: Helmut Dubiel, Alfred Söllner (ed.): Economy, Law and State in National Socialism. Analyzes by the Institute for Social Research 1939–1942 .Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1984, pp. 7–31, here p. 14.
  47. ^ Letter from Adorno to Horkheimer of June 8, 1941. Quoted from Stefan Breuer: Critical Theory . Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2016, p. 138.
  48. ↑ Joachim Hirsch: Capitalism? On the controversy between Friedrich Pollock, Max Horkheimer and Franz Neumann regarding the character of the National Socialist system . In: Ulrich Ruschig, Hans-Ernst Schiller (ed.): State and politics with Horkheimer and Adorno . Nomos, Baden-Baden 2014, pp. 60–72, here p. 62.
  49. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 280.
  50. ↑ group experiment . A study report edited by Friedrich Pollock. Series: Frankfurt Contributions to Sociology , Volume 2. European Publishing House, Frankfurt am Main 1955.
  51. ^ Emil J. Walter: The group experiment - a new method of empirical social research In: Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES) 92 Jg (1956), Issue 1, pp. 109–112, here p. 112.
  52. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 280.
  53. ↑ Peter R. Hofstätter on the “group experiment” by F. Pollock. A critical appreciation . In: Cologne journal for sociology and social psychology . 9th year (1957), No. 1, pp. 97-105. - Theodor W. Adorno: reply to Peter R. Hofstätter's criticism of the “group experiment” . In: Cologne journal for sociology and social psychology . 9th year (1957), No. 1, pp. 105-117.
  54. ^ Rolf Wiggershaus: The Frankfurt School. History, Theoretical Development, Political Significance . 2nd Edition. Hanser, Munich 1987, p. 533.
  55. ^ Friedrich Pollock: Automation. Materials for assessing the economic and social consequences . Series: Frankfurt Contributions to Sociology , Volume 4. Europäische Verlagsanstalt, Frankfurt am Main 1956.
  56. ^ Friedrich Pollock: Automation in USA. Considerations on the “second industrial revolution” . In: Sociologica. Essays dedicated to Max Horkheimer's sixtieth birthday . Series: Frankfurt Contributions to Sociology , Volume 1. European Publishing House, Frankfurt am Main 1955, pp. 77–156.
  57. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jewish publishing house in Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 287 f.
  58. ↑ Herbert Fiedler: Review in: Archive for legal and social philosophy . 51. Jg. (1965), pp. 148-150, here p. 148.
  59. ^ Friedrich Pollock: Automation. Materials for assessing the economic and social consequences . ( Frankfurt Contributions to Sociology , Vol. 5). European Publishing House, Frankfurt am Main 1956, p. 3.
  60. ^ Peter Kalmbach: Friedrich Pollock (1894-1970) . In: Hans Erler , Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich, Ludger Held (eds.): “The world was created for me”. The intellectual legacy of German-speaking Jewry. 58 portraits . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997. pp. 415-419, here p. 418.
  61. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School . Jewish publishing house im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 291.
  62. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 289.
  63. ↑ Helmut Dubiel: Introduction by the editor: Critical theory and political economy . In: Friedrich Pollock: Stages of Capitalism . Edited and introduced by Helmut Dubiel. CH Beck, Munich 1975, p. 14.
  64. ^ Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock. The gray eminence of the Frankfurt School. Jüdischer Verlag im Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 289.
  65. ^ Tobias ten Brink: Economic Analysis in Critical Theory: The Impact of Friedrich Pollock's State Capitalism Concept. In: Constellations. An international journal of critical and democratic theory . 22, vol. (2015), issue 3, pp. 333-340, here p. 336.
  66. ^ Tobias ten Brink: Economic Analysis in Critical Theory: The Impact of Friedrich Pollock's State Capitalism Concept. In: Constellations. An international journal of critical and democratic theory . 22, vol. (2015), issue 3, pp. 333-340, here p. 336.
  67. ↑ Tobias ten Brink, Andreas Nölke: State Capitalism 3.0 . In: the modern state. Journal of Public Policy, Law and Management . 6th year (2013), issue 1, pp. 21–32, here p. 23 ff.
  68. ^ Peter Kalmbach: Friedrich Pollock (1894-1970). In: Hans Erler , Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich, Ludger Held (eds.): “The world was created for me”. The intellectual legacy of German-speaking Jewry. 58 portraits. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1997, pp. 415–419, here p. 418.
  69. ↑ State Capitalism. In: Helmut Dubiel / Alfons Söllner (Hrsg.): Economy, Law and State in National Socialism. Analyzes by the Institute for Social Research 1939–1942. Beck, Munich 1981, pp. 81-109, here p. 91.
  70. ↑ Helmut Dubiel: Introduction by the editor: Critical theory and political economy. In: Friedrich Pollock: Stages of Capitalism. Beck, Munich 1975, pp. 7-17, here p. 17.
  71. ^ Boy Lüthje: Fred Pollock in Silicon Valley. Automation and industrial work in networked mass production . In: Alex Demirovic (ed.): Models of critical social theory. Traditions and Perspectives of Critical Theory . Metzler, Stuttgart 2003, pp. 131-151.
  72. ^ Leo Stern :  The Financing of the Soviet Russian Five-Year Plan. :  The fight. Social Democratic Monthly / The Struggle. Social Democratic Weekly / The Struggle. International revue / The fight. Socialist Review / The Socialist Struggle. La lutte socialiste , born 1932, p. 77 (online at ANNO ).Vorlage:ANNO/Wartung/dks
  73. ↑ The collected writings are laid out in six volumes. The first volume was published in 2018. All of Pollock's published texts are to be collected in the writings, as well as a selection of letters, cf. Philipp Lenhard: Friedrich Pollock and “Western Marxism” , p. 17.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on April 18, 2020 .
personal data
SURNAME Pollock, Friedrich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pollock, Fritz (alternative name); Pollock, Fred (alternative name); Pollock, Frederick (alternative name); Baumann, Karl (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German social scientist
DATE OF BIRTH May 22, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH Freiburg in Breisgau
DATE OF DEATH December 16, 1970
Place of death Montagnola , Ticino