Captain General of the Church

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The general captain of the church ( Italian Capitano generale della Chiesa ) was the actual commander in chief of the papal armed forces. The post was usually given to an Italian nobleman with an excellent military reputation, and later to a relative of the Pope . In parallel, there was the office of gonfaloniere of the church , the latter being more of an honorary position than the responsibility of a military leader in battle. Pope Innocent XII. abolished both offices and replaced them with the office of the standard bearer of the Holy Roman Church ( Italian Vessillifero della Chiesa ), which was later bestowed hereditary on the Naro Patrizi family.

Traditionally, the captain general wore a marshal's baton blessed by the pope as a symbol of army command .

List of captains general (incomplete)

Captain general portrait appointing Pope Remarks
James II of Aragon Jaume II.jpg Boniface VIII
(1294-1303)
Gonfalonier, Admiral, and Captain General of the Church; forced to wage war against his own brother (see Sicilian Vespers )
Philip VI from France Robert-Fleury-Philip VI of France.jpg Benedict XII. (1334–1342) circa August 1336
Juan Fernández de Heredia Juan Fernández de Heredia.jpg Innocent VI. (1352-1362)
Daniele del Carretto Gregory XI. (1370-1378)
Carlo Malatesta Boniface IX
(1389-1404)
Temporary Vicar and Captain General of the Church
Braccio da Montone Braccio da Montone.jpg Gregory XII. (1406-1415) appointed in 1414; "Used the army nominally owned by the Pope to conquer Perugia for itself "
Ranuccio Farnese il Vecchio Eugene IV.
(1431-1447)
appointed in 1435; Grandfather of Pope Paul III.
Niccolò Piccinino Niccolò Piccinino.png appointed June 6, 1442; Condottiere ; also the commander of the Duke of Milan and thus one of the first concrete references to the alliance between the Pope and Milan
Jacques Cœur Nicholas V (1447-1455) died as captain general
Ludovico Trevisan Andrea Mantegna - Cardinal Lodovico Trevisano - Google Art Project.jpg Calixt III. (1455-1458) played an important role in the organization of the naval campaign against the Ottomans in December 1455, responsible for the construction of the papal fleet and appointed as "apostolic legate, governor-general, captain and general condottiere ".
Pedro Luis de Borja also city ​​prefect not to be confused with Pedro Luis de Borja de Lanzol Romaní
Antonio Piccolomini Pius II
(1458-1464)
Son of the sister of Pius II, lay relative; Salary of 2000 ducats per year and castellan of Castel Sant'Angelo ; received the title Duke of Amalfi , conferred by King Ferrante , an office that was later also occupied by papal relatives
Girolamo Riario Girolamo Riario.jpg Sixtus IV.
(1471-1484)
Participant in the Pazzi conspiracy ; Brother of the Cardinal Nepot Pietro Riario ; Title lost later
Franceschetto Cybo Innocent VIII (1484-1492) illegitimate son of Innocent VIII.
Roberto Eustachio former condottiere of Milan, led the campaign against Alfonso II. of Naples , and later in the service of the Republic of Venice returned
Niccolò di Pitigliano (Orsini) appointed June 27, 1489 amid a conflict with Ferrante
Juan Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía Book2-318.jpg Alexander VI.
(1492–1503)
Son of Alexander VI, also Duke of Gandía and Gonfalonier; perhaps murdered by his brother Cesare
Cesare Borgia Cesareborgia.jpg Son of Alexander VI .; former cardinal depository, also gonfalonier; often accused of murdering his brother either directly or indirectly; Julius II, the Pope of War , refused to confirm Cesare after his election in his office
Francesco Maria I della Rovere Retrato de Francesco Maria della Rovere, por Tiziano.jpg Julius II
(1503-1513)
Son of Giovanni della Rovere , brother of Pope Julius II, and heir to Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro as Duke of Urbino by adoption ; Retained the post after Julius II's death for one year in return for a payment of 13,844 ducats plus a sum of 30,000 ducats for the maintenance of 200 mercenaries and 100 riders of light cavalry
Giuliano di Lorenzo de 'Medici Raffaello, Giuliano de 'medici.jpg Leo X.
(1513-1521)
Giuliano's son Giulio (the future Pope Clement VII ) was papal legate in the army
Lorenzo di Piero de 'Medici Duke-Lorenzo.jpg appointed after the death of Giuliano in 1516; first commanded the papal army in the war for Urbino (1517)
Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena Bernardo Dovizi.jpg appointed after Lorenzo's wounding, commanded the papal army in the war for Urbino (1517)
Federico II Gonzaga Titian 063.jpg Son of Isabella d'Este , also Gonfalonier; did not intervene in the Sacco di Roma (1527)
Hadrian VI. (1522–1523)
Francesco Maria I della Rovere Clement VII
(1523-1534)
reappointed by Clement VII after Leo X had robbed him of his duchy and then by Hadrian VI. reinstated
Pier Luigi II Farnese Pier Luigi Farnese di Tiziano.jpg Paul III
(1534-1549)
appointed on February 2, 1537, son of Paul III. and former gonfaloniere (appointed January 1535); held both titles at the same time
Giambattista del Monte Julius III.
(1550–1555)
Nephew of Julius III.
Guidobaldo II della Rovere Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Guidobaldo della Rovere.jpg
Giovanni Carafa Paul IV (1555-1559) appointed after the resignation of Guidobaldo, nephew of Paul IV., allegedly "affable and incompetent"
Marcantonio Colonna Marcantonio II Colonna.jpg Gregory XIII. (1572–1585) led the papal fleet during the Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Taddeo Barberini TaddeoBarberini.jpg Urban VIII.
(1623-1644)
Brother of the Cardinal Nepot Antonio Barberini
Antonio Ottoboni AntonioOttoboni.jpg Alexander VIII (1689-1691)

See also

literature

  • DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 28.
  2. ^ Maria Teresa Fattori:  Naro, Benedetto. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 77:  Morlini-Natolini. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2012.
  3. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 142.
  4. Pope Boniface VIII . In: Catholic Encyclopedia , 1913 (English)
  5. Michele Amari, Francis Egerton Ellesmere: History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers . (PDF) R. Bentley, 1850, p. 64.
  6. Jonathan Simon Christopher Riley-Smith, Jonathan Riley-Smith: The Crusades: A History . Continuum International Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-8264-7270-2 , p. 267.
  7. HJA Sire: The Knights of Malta . Yale University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-300-06885-9 , p. 42.
  8. ^ Paul R. Thibault: Pope Gregory XI: The Failure of Tradition . University Press of America, 1987, ISBN 0-8191-5462-8 , p. 64.
  9. ^ Rome . (PDF) In: Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1911, p. 681.
  10. June Osborne, Joe Cornish: Urbino: The Story of a Renaissance City . Frances Lincoln, 2002, ISBN 0-7112-2086-7 , p. 45.
  11. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 162.
  12. ^ Joachim W. Stieber: Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire . Brill, 1978, ISBN 90-04-05240-2 , p. 195.
  13. A King's Treasurer . (PDF) MacMillan's Magazine , p. 320.
  14. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 49.
  15. ^ Maria Bellonci: The Life and Times of Lucrezia Borgia . Harcourt, Brace, 1939, p. 15.
  16. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 59.
  17. ^ New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia . (PDF) Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1911, p. 446.
  18. ^ Philippe Levillain: The Papacy: An Encyclopedia . 2002, p. 799.
  19. ^ John William Bradley: A Dictionary of Miniaturists, Illuminators, Calligraphers, and Copyists . (PDF) B. Quaritch, 1888, p. 291.
  20. ^ Julia Mary Cartwright Ady: Beatrice D'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475-1497: A Study of the Renaissance (PDF) ES Dutton, 1920, p. 43.
  21. ^ Ludwig Pastor: The History of the Popes . (PDF) K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1902, p. 276.
  22. Spinosa: La saga dei Borgia .
  23. ^ Eliakim Littell: The Living Age . (PDF) Making of America Project, Robert S. Littell, Living Age Co., 1888, p. 70.
  24. Borgia . (PDF) In: Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge . JB Lippincott Company, 1901, p. 329.
  25. ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica . 1983, p. 42.
  26. James Dennistoun: Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino . Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London 1851, pp. 340 ( online [PDF; 15.8 MB ; accessed on June 5, 2018]).
  27. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 137.
  28. ^ Christopher Hare ( Marian Andrews ), Baldassarre Castiglione. 1908. Courts & camps of the Italian renaissance (PDF) . C. Scribner's Sons. P. 131.
  29. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 148.
  30. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 153.
  31. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 163.
  32. a b Kenneth M. Setton: The Papacy and the Levant: 1204-1571 . DIANE Publishing, 1984, ISBN 0-87169-162-0 . P. 643.
  33. Hugh Bicheno. 2004. Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571 . Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 1-84212-753-5 . P. 159.
  34. ^ DS Chambers: Popes, Cardinals & War: The Military Church in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe . IB Taurus, 2006, ISBN 1-84511-178-8 , p. 176.
  35. ^ Edward J. Olszewski: Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (1667-1740) and the Vatican Tomb of Pope Alexander VIII . DIANE Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87169-252-X , p. 111.