Gut Duderstadt
The Good Duderstadt was founded in 1450 noble estate and is now a town in the municipality of Löningen . The old watermill , built around the same time, formed the economic basis of the estate . After the founder, Johann von Bockraden (also Bockroden), other noble families followed as landowners .
From 1698 to 1803 the barons of Korff-Schmising, who had their ancestral home at Gut Tatenhausen , used Gut Duderstadt as their residence and official residence for their work as the Prince-Bishop's Droste of the Cloppenburg Office .
In 1853 the entire estate, including the water mill, was sold to the tenant tenants. The manor house was destroyed by fire in 1824 and never rebuilt. The water mill could be operated with water power until 1951 . In 1953 the mill was completely stopped. In the mill building, which was listed in 1980 , after its restoration in 2000, the café and restaurant “Alte Wassermühle - Gut Duderstadt” was set up.
history
Establishing the estate
Around 1450 Johann von Bockraden (also "Bocroden") built the Duderstadt estate in the valley of the Mühlenbach in the area of the Wiek Löningen between the Benstruper and Lodberger Marks. In the first documentary mention from 1510 he is called "Johan van der Duderstat", the "de aldererst de Marcke der van Loningen hebbe betimmert".
Johann von Bockraden, who came from an old Burgmann family from Quakenbrück, was enfeoffed in 1424 by the Prince-Bishop of Münster, Heinrich II von Moers, with goods in the office of Cloppenburg . One of his ancestors, Willo von Bockraden, was still in 1331 as bailiff at Cloppenburg Castle in the service of the former Mecklenburg sovereign .
The water mill , which was probably built at the same time, formed the economic basis of the newly founded estate . The watermill and manor building were in close proximity to each other and were surrounded by a wide moat , which was fed by the Löninger Mühlenbach .
The location of the property is probably also responsible for its name. "Dude" or "dudde" are old Low German words for reed . Duderstadt ("dude stat") is then a place called a reed site, which indicates a wet, boggy area overgrown by reed areas.
After marrying Stine von Bockraden, the daughter of the manor's founder, Andreas von Langen came to Duderstadt. He probably came from a noble family who bought the main farm in Meppen - Oberhof via the Löninger Hof - in 1392.
Other aristocratic landowners
Around 1510 Otto von Dincklage became a landowner and mill owner in Duderstadt through marriage.
After 1570, Cord von Dincklage, married to Friderica von Bockraden from Gut Calhorn, was the landlord of Duderstadt. He was a judge in Löningen from 1585 to 1586.
His son Jobst von Dincklage owned the estate during the Thirty Years' War . He was married to Catharina a commoner who came from a farm in Bahlen near Dinklage .
After his death in 1646, his son Hermann von Dincklage inherited the estate and watermill. In 1660 he married Anna Maria von Hövel from Gut Ravenshorst. After his death in 1685, Henricus Arnoldus von Goes, husband of Anna Judith Wilhelmina von Dincklage, Hermann von Dincklage's first daughter, managed the estate until 1694.
The estate heiress Maria Frederica von Dincklage, the second daughter of Hermann von Dincklage, married Johannes Benning, sergeant of the Münster regiment Raesfeld in 1694.
They sold the heavily indebted estate together with the three good-hearing offices (Taschen in Neuenbunnen, Knobbe in Helmighausen and Gr. Brinker in Kneheim) in 1698 for 6000 Reichstaler to Baron Friedrich Matthias von Korff-Schmising (1660-1727), 4. Heir to the Tatenhausen estate and moated castle and married to Hedwig von Velen from the Assen estate. In 1691 he took over the Drostenamt in Cloppenburg on behalf of the Prince-Bishop of Münster and returned his Iburger Drostenamt in 1697.
After taking over the property, the manor buildings were renewed and expanded. The watermill was also expanded further and received “Ano 1707” - this year is carved into the end beam above the former waterwheel - essentially the structure that still exists today. The number of hiring jobs belonging to the estate also increased from two to three at the beginning of the 18th century.
Caspar Heinrich Freiherr von Korff-Schmising , privy councilor of Prince-Bishop Clemens August in Münster , bearer of the Grand Cross of the Michael Order and member of the Brotherhood of the Great Kaland in Münster , was hereditary successor and official resignation . He was married to Helena Antonette von Landsberg from Gut Erwitte, heiress of the Landsberger Hof in Münster (later the Großer Schmisinger Hof). In 1742, the baron took part in the coronation of Charles VII as emperor in the Frankfurt Cathedral as an envoy from Münster . After his death in 1765 he was buried in the Löninger church in the Duderstadt hereditary funeral.
In 1765 Franz Otto became Freiherr von Korff-Schmising , married to Elisabeth Droste zu Vischering , Droste and landowner. He was also a privy councilor to the Prince-Bishop of Münster as well as a knight and holder of the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael.
After his death in 1785 Clemens August Freiherr von Korff-Schmising , married to Elisabeth Bernardina von Nagel zu Lohburg and Keuschenburg , came to Duderstadt as an official and landlord. He kept the Drostenamt until 1803. In addition, he was Prince-Bishop of Munster Colonel Marshal, secretary and war councilor as well as president of the Medicinal Collegium and councilor. In 1798 he traveled with his two eldest sons to pay homage to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. to Berlin and from 1808 was a permanent deputy of the Prussian Minster in Paris. In 1816 he received the Count's diploma from the Prussian King for his loyal attitude .
Maximilian Friedrich Freiherr von Korff-Schmising received the Drostenamt in 1803 and inherited the Duderstadt estate in 1821 as the 8th heir to Tatenhausen. His first wife was Sophie Luise Countess von Galen . After her death he married Therese Freiin von Boeselager von Gut Eggermühlen.
Maximilian Freiherr von Korff-Schmising had a major influence on the new building of the Löningen Church between 1809 and 1811. At his instigation, the plan by the Münster architect Johann Nepomuck Schmidts for the new church was implemented.
In 1840, Clemens August Graf von Korff-Schmising , married to Pauline Countess von Merveldt , became the 9th heir to Tatenhausen Castle, the owner of the Duderstadt estate.
Gut Duderstadt as the official seat
After the castle in Cloppenburg was destroyed by a conflagration on August 24, 1716, the Droste Freiherr Friedrich Matthias von Korff-Schmising moved his official residence from Cloppenburg to his place of residence in Duderstadt. Even under his successors, Duderstadt remained the seat of the Drostenamt until the offices of Cloppenburg and Vechta were joined to the Duchy of Oldenburg in 1803.
In 1811, Maximilian Freiherr von Korff-Schmising resigned as the last Droste in the Cloppenburg office and withdrew entirely to his estate at Tatenhausen at the end of the French occupation . He handed over the management of the property to the Löningen parish bailiff Ignatz Cordes.
After joining the Duchy of Oldenburg, the old office of Cloppenburg was divided into the new offices of Cloppenburg, Friesoythe and Löningen in 1814 . The parishes of Löningen , Essen , Lindern and Lastrup belonged to the Löningen office . The seat of the newly created office was the rented mansion in Duderstadt . Until the complete destruction of the mansion by fire in 1824, managed the first magistrate , the official auditor of Lentz Höfften Dr. Münzebrock (then Koltfärber) and the rest of the official staff from Duderstadt from the Löningen office.
In 1879 the offices of Löningen and Friesoythe were dissolved and reassigned to the office of Cloppenburg.
Sale and distribution of the property
After the burned down mansion was not rebuilt after 1824, Clemens August Graf von Korff-Schmising sold the entire estate in Duderstadt to his tenants in 1853 for 15,500 Reichstaler. In the sales deed of February 20, 1853, the division of the land belonging to the estate into ten equal parts is documented. The tenants who were sitting there paid the total sum of 11,182 Reichstaler for their house and land.
The previous mill leaseholder Johann Heinrich Joseph Raters acquired not only his land share, but also the water mill with the rights and obligations attached to it for 4,318 Reichstaler.
The good-hearing water mill
Use as a grain mill
The stowage and mill right ("mill shelf") belonged to the sovereign rights of the sovereign and was exercised directly by him or given as a fief to aristocratic or monastic manors.
Up until the beginning of the 19th century, two watermills fed by the water-rich Mühlenbach supplied Löningen and the surrounding villages with the grinding of bread grain. In addition to the manorial watermill of the Duderstadt estate, about three kilometers downstream was the Löninger watermill (founded in the 13th or 14th century) , located close to the village ( prince-bishop's ).
Affiliation to one of the two grain mills was strictly regulated until the 19th century. A catchment area has been established for each recognized flour mill. The residents in this area (ban district) were assigned to a specific mill (mill ban ) . Only there they were allowed to bring their grain to be ground (mill compulsion). The ban area of the Duderstadter mill was clearly delimited from the mill ban of the Löninger mill and extended to the villages of Lodbergen , Holthausen, Benstrup and Elbergen.
Both mills were run by tenants who had to make a payment for this in the form of goods or shares in the "Multer". The mill customer ("Mahlgast") paid the mill for grinding the grain he brought to the mill. The Multer, ie the income of the miller, was between 1/10 and 1/20 of the finished goods in the Prince Bishopric of Münster . The measurement took place before the introduction of the decimal scales with hollow vessels, whereby the miller was prescribed exactly how he had to hold the measuring vessel.
After 1803 (transfer of the offices of Cloppenburg and Vechta to the Duchy of Oldenburg ), the usual rules in Oldenburg applied: The miller paid a mat fee for scrapping grain and a bag fee for grinding and processing it into fine flour. The miller took the “mat” with the mat vessel, the so-called inch measure, out of the delivered grain sack and placed it in the customs box, a spacious oak chest. This process was therefore popularly referred to as paying tribute. At the beginning of the 19th century, the mat fee in the grand-ducal oldenburg office of Cloppenburg was between 1 ⁄ 15 and 1 ⁄ 30 of the delivered grist.
The Duderstadter mill had two millstones with a diameter of 175 cm and 140 cm, and also had a bag passage of 150 cm in diameter for shot-free fine grinding. The diameter of the water wheel was 650 cm.
Technical extensions and retrofits
Around 1900, the use of water power was supplemented by a steam engine , for the accommodation of which the mill building was enlarged by an annex about four meters in length, a machine house . By using the steam engine, it was possible to keep the mill running in summer when it was dry and therefore with little water or in winter when there was ice.
In 1914 the wooden water wheel in need of repair was replaced by a Francis water turbine with an initial output of 40 hp.
Supplementary operational parts
After Johann Heinrich Joseph Raters, his son Hermann Friedrich Raters took over the mill operation and added a sawmill to it in 1876 , in which horizontal gates and circular saws for woodworking were driven by the power of the mill's water wheel .
A black bread bakery was operated in a bakery that was built a little later . The baking house was built opposite the water mill on the foundation walls of the right wing of the burned down manor house.
Grain and sawmills could still be operated with water power until the storage right was sold in 1951. After that, the company switched to electric motors, but grinding for a fee was given up just two years later.
The sawmill was continued in the same location until 1965 and then rebuilt on a nearby plot of land and expanded into today's Raters wood shop in the following years .
Conversion to a café and restaurant
After the abandonment of the wage operation, the building of the old grain mill than up to the task of agriculture in 1979 granary and warehouse use.
As part of the straightening of the Löninger Mühlenbach in 1966, the course of the brook was moved further to the south-east and today no longer has any connection with the old water mill of the former Duderstadt estate.
The mill building was created in 1980 as historically valuable architectural monument under monument protection provided. Between 1995 and 2000, the great-grandson of Hermann Friedrich Raters and heir Karl Joseph Ernst Raters restored the badly dilapidated watermill while preserving the old structure and prepared it for use as a café and restaurant with an art gallery for local artists.
The use of the idyllic property with the old manor mill and miller's house for gastronomic purposes can look back on a long and very successful tradition that began with Johann Heinrich Joseph Raters in the second half of the 19th century. In a letter dated May 4, 1883 to the Grand Ducal Office of Cloppenburg, his son Hermann Friedrich Raters applied for “the concession to continue the coffee business that had been in operation up to now”.
The garden restaurant "Zum Grünen Wald" with bowling alley and hall operation was a very popular excursion destination for the Löninger society around 1900, and became the first club of the rifle club "Lodberger Viertel" founded in 1865 (which initially also included the villages of Benstrup and Steinrieden) and was the venue for the Lodberger shooting festival until the 1950s.
The inn “Zum Grünen Wald” gained wide national recognition thanks to the traditional Emmaus exit, which on Easter Monday brought young people and young adults in droves to Duderstadt on foot, by bike or by motorized vehicle.
After the closure of the “Zum Grünen Wald” inn, the long gastronomic tradition on the mill property will be continued by the “Alte Wassermühle - Gut Duderstadt” café. The café and restaurant in the old watermill of the Duderstadt estate tie in with the concept of the "coffee business" of the 19th century.
literature
- Sister M. Thiatilde (compiled): The family of knights, barons and counts von Korff called Schmising zu Tatenhausen. Fölling SND, 1985/88.
- A. Benken: The history of the Duderstadt estate. In: Volkstum und Landschaft. Home pages of the Münsterländische Tageszeitung, supplement No. 122, Cloppenburg 2003.
- L. Kohli: Handbook of a description of the Duchy of Oldenburg including the inheritance of Jever and the two principalities of Lübeck and Birkenfeld, first part. Bremen 1824.
- E. Raters: Mill history of the municipality Löningen. In: Löningen in the past and present. Loeningen 1998.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Division of the Duderstadt estate. In: Volkstum und Landschaft, No. 85, August 1972.
Coordinates: 52 ° 45 ′ 23.1 ″ N , 7 ° 47 ′ 47 ″ E