Supreme Court
A supreme court or supreme court is a court of that judgments no longer generally appeals may be challenged. In other words, it is the last link in an instance train .
Countries of the continental European legal system usually do not have a uniform supreme court. There are often separate supreme courts and a constitutional court according to legal areas . Often the competencies are separated according to ordinary jurisdiction and public or administrative jurisdiction , but they can also be further diversified.
Most of the countries of the Anglo-American legal tradition ( common law ), on the other hand, have a single highest court, the Supreme Court .
In addition to the national supreme courts listed below, there are various international and supranational courts .
European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA)
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) , based in Luxembourg, is the highest judicial body of the European Union (EU) . The EFTA Court in Luxembourg exercises judicial control over the EEA Agreement .
Continental Europe
Belgium
As the supreme courts at the federal level, Belgium owns
- a court of cassation for civil and criminal matters,
- a State Council for Administrative Matters
and also a constitutional court for constitutional disputes.
Denmark
In Denmark there is a Højesteret as the highest court .
Germany
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The highest federal courts are in Germany according to Article 95 paragraph 1 of the Basic Law
- the Federal Court of Justice (BGH) in Karlsruhe (5th criminal senate in Leipzig),
- the Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG) in Leipzig,
- the Federal Fiscal Court (BFH) in Munich,
- the Federal Labor Court (BAG) in Erfurt and
- the Federal Social Court (BSG) in Kassel.
The Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) in Karlsruhe stands as a separate type of court alongside all other courts and oversees the constitution.
Plans to establish a Supreme Federal Court , as provided for in the original version of the Basic Law, were abandoned in 1968. In its place, the joint senate of the highest federal courts meets as required and has to decide on legal issues if a supreme federal court wishes to deviate from the decision of another highest federal court or the joint senate on a legal issue. The Senate is administered by the BGH.
The Federal Audit Office is not a court.
Not every federal court is a supreme court; the federal government also maintains the Federal Patent Court , the troop service courts and previously the Federal Disciplinary Court .
Finland
In Finland there are
- a supreme court for civil and criminal matters (Finnish Korkein oikeus, Swedish Högsta domstolen),
- a Supreme Administrative Court (Korkein hallinto-oikeus in Finnish, Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen in Swedish) for administrative matters.
France
The top courts in France are
- in civil and criminal matters, the Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation) and
- for administrative matters, the Council of State ( Conseil d'État ).
The Constitutional Council ( Conseil constitutionnel ) is responsible for constitutional questions.
Greece
The top courts in Greece are
- the Areopagus , which as an institution since the ancient times there
- the Council of State (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας / Symvoúlio tis Epikratías).
The Supreme Tribunal (Ανώτατο Ειδικό Δικαστήριο / Anótato Idikó Dikastírio) is responsible for constitutional issues.
Italy
The top dishes in Italy are
- for civil and criminal matters the Court of Cassation ( Corte Suprema di Cassazione ) and
- for administrative matters the Council of State ( Consiglio di Stato ).
The Constitutional Court ( Corte Costituzionale ) is responsible for constitutional issues.
Liechtenstein
The highest courts in Liechtenstein are
- the Supreme Court (for civil and criminal law),
- the administrative court (for administrative law issues),
- the State Court for Constitutional Issues.
Lithuania
The supreme courts in Lithuania are
- the Supreme Court of Lithuania and
- the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania (lit. Lietuvos Vyriausiasis Administracinis Teismas ).
The Lithuanian Constitutional Court oversees the constitution . All courts of justice are based in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius .
Netherlands
The Netherlands have
- a high council as the highest court for civil, criminal and tax law and
- a Council of State as the highest court for administrative law.
Norway
Norway's highest court for civil and criminal law is the Norwegian Supreme Court , based in Oslo .
Austria
(Usually the highest courts supreme courts called) in Austria are
- the Constitutional Court (VfGH) and the Administrative Court (VwGH) for the area of public law (therefore they are also referred to as courts of public law ); Decisions on the merits of these tribunals fare as evidence, they are of grammatical gender ago Neutra ( " the knowledge"), and
- the Supreme Court (OGH) for the area of civil and criminal law , which usually decides through judgments and resolutions.
Portugal
The Portuguese legal system has four supreme courts:
- Supremo Tribunal de Justiça (Supreme Court for Civil and Criminal Matters)
- Supremo Tribunal Administrativo (Supreme Administrative Court), with its own spatial structure at administrative courts, the Tribunais Administrativos e Fiscais
- Tribunal de Contas (Supreme Court of Auditors)
- Tribunal Constitucional de Portugal (Constitutional Court)
Romania
The supreme court in Romania is the Supreme Court and Cassation Court .
The Constitutional Court of Romania is responsible for constitutional issues.
Russian Federation
The Russian Federation installed the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation .
Sweden
The highest courts in Sweden are: for civil and criminal matters the Högsta domstol (Supreme Court), for administrative law the Högsta förvaltningsdomstol (Supreme Administrative Court).
Switzerland
In addition to the federal court in Lausanne , which is in most, but not supreme in all matters Court, the military Court of Cassation is the supreme court of (from the other branches of the judiciary independent) military justice . The Switzerland has established no independent Constitutional Court.
See also: Political system in Switzerland .
Czech Republic
The top dishes in the Czech Republic are
- the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic ( Nejvyšší soud ČR ) and
- the Supreme Administrative Court ( Nejvyšší správní soud ),
both based in Brno .
The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic ( Ústavní soud ) in Brno is a separate type of court alongside the general court system.
See also: Political System of the Czech Republic .
Turkey
The highest courts of Turkey are in accordance with Art. 146, 154 ff. Of the Turkish Constitution
- the constitutional court for constitutional disputes,
- the court of cassation for civil and criminal matters,
- the Council of State for Administrative Matters,
- the Military Court of Cassation as the final instance for judgments by the military courts,
- the High Military Administrative Tribunal for Military Administrative Matters and
- the jurisdiction conflict court for jurisdiction disputes between the courts.
Anglo-American legal family
India
India has a Supreme Court .
Ireland
There is a Supreme Court in the Republic of Ireland .
Israel
The State of Israel has established a Supreme Court .
Liberia
In Liberia , there is a Supreme Court of Liberia .
Canada
There is a Supreme Court in Canada .
Kenya
The Supreme Court of Kenya has existed since 2011 .
Mauritius
In Mauritius , the Supreme Court exists as a supreme court and a constitutional court.
Namibia
In Namibia , whose legal system is both Anglo-American and Roman-Germanic, as in South Africa , the Supreme Court of Namibia exists as a supreme court as well as a constitutional court.
New Zealand
In New Zealand , the Supreme Court was installed on January 1, 2004 with the Supreme Court Act 2003 . The court started its work on July 1, 2004.
Uganda
In Uganda , there is a Supreme Court of Uganda .
United Kingdom
The House of Lords was the highest court in the United Kingdom until October 1, 2009, and its seat was in London . The judicial functions of the House of Lords were withdrawn and the United Kingdom's own Supreme Court, based in London, was established.
United States of America
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States and is based in Washington DC . In addition, there is a Supreme Court in the jurisdiction of the respective state in all 50 states .
East Asian legal family
Japan
Japan has a Supreme Court .
People's Republic of China
The People's Republic of China maintains the Supreme Court of the People's Republic of China .
