Volkshaus
As People's House (also Arbeiterheim or Volksheim , Scandinavian: folkets hus , French: du maison peuple , Russian: Narodny dom ) were building referred to as an economic, political and cultural centers of the labor movement starting around the 1890s in continental Europe were built cities or set up .
history
With the establishment of trade unions and workers' parties at the end of the 19th century, the problem often arose that there was a lack of appropriate meeting rooms, since the mostly middle-class restaurant owners were not prepared to rent rooms for this, or only at high costs. In order to be independent of this, workers' associations and trade unions started their own initiatives in many cities to build their own houses or to acquire and convert existing buildings. There were also some socially committed industrialists who operated or promoted the construction of such houses. Such a building typically included offices of the union and a workers' party, one or more ballrooms, and rooms used for educational purposes. Occasionally they also included a consumer cooperative store . The pioneers of the movement were the Scandinavian countries , followed by Russia , Belgium , Germany , Switzerland , France and Austria-Hungary . Some of these folk houses were later also built in the Mediterranean and South America .
After 1945, new people's or workers 'homes were built in Western countries, but without the architectural demands of the early buildings of the workers' movement. In the socialist states , however, there were numerous new buildings, initially mostly in the neoclassical style of the Stalin era . From the building type of the people's house there developed that of the culture house , in larger cities that of the culture palace .
List of European folk houses (selection)
Belgium
- 1896–99 Maison du Peuple Brussels , architect Victor Horta , demolished in 1965 despite international protests.
- 1901 Maison du Peuple Antwerp , architects Jan van Asperen and Émile Van Averbeke
- 1913–14 Maison du Peuple Vooruit Gent , architect Ferdinand Dierkens
Denmark
- 1879 Folkets Hus Copenhagen , Rømersgade 22, "Arbejdernes Forenings- og Forsamlingsbygningseit", since 1982 workers' museum (Arbejdermuseet)
- 1889 Folkets Hus Elsinore
- 1893 Folkets Hus Aarhus
- 1896 Folkets Hus Odense
- 1898 Folkets Hus Nykøbing Falster
- 1899 Folkets Hus Roskilde
- 1899 Folkets Hus Randers
- 1890 Folkets Hus Horsens with public park
Germany
In Germany, after the repeal of the Socialist Act in 1890, numerous people's houses were built, mostly as association houses of the SPD and the trade unions, but in some cases also through socially committed entrepreneurs. On May 2, 1933 , the union offices of NSDAP organizations in over 160 cities were occupied, the free unions were smashed and the people's houses were transferred to the German Labor Front . After 1945, the unions in the west got their buildings back - often destroyed in the war. In the GDR, on the other hand, they remained in state or communal ownership and the social buildings were mostly converted into so-called culture houses .
- 1898–1903 Volkshaus Jena , built by the Carl Zeiss Foundation , architect Arwed Roßbach
- 1905-06 Volkshaus Leipzig , built as a union building
- 1906 Volkshaus Halle (Saale) , built as a club house of the SPD
- 1906-08 Volkshaus Weimar , built as a club house of the SPD
- 1907 Volkshaus zum Mohren in Gotha, acquired as an older traditional restaurant by the local SPD association and supplemented by a union building, demolished in 2007 despite international protests
- 1907–09 Volkshaus Düsseldorf , built as a union building
- 1910 Tiedthof , Hanover , built as a trade union building, architect Rudolf Schröder
- 1925 Haus zum Regenbogen , Erfurt, acquired by ADGB as an older restaurant and converted into a people's house
- 1925–27 House of the People in Probstzella, built on behalf of the industrialist Franz Itting
- 1926–28 Volkshaus Bremen , built as a union building
- 1930 Volkshaus Leverkusen , built by the KPD
- 1930 Volkshaus Riesa , built by GEWOG Dresden as a union building with apartments, architect Hans Waloschek
Finland
- 1900 Puistotorni Tampere , built by the workers' association, expanded in 1912 and 1930, architect Bertel Strömer
- 1908 Paasitorni Helsinki , renovated in 1919, extended in 1925, architect Karl Lindahl
France
- 1902 Maison du Peuple Nancy
- 1920 Maison du Peuple Saint-Malo architect Edmond Eugène Mantrand
- 1925 Maison du Peuple La Cité , Rennes , architect Emmanuel Le Ray
Austria
- 1905-07 Workers' home Ottakring , Vienna , destroyed in the February uprising in 1934
- 1901–02 Arbeiterheim Favoriten , Vienna, converted into a hotel at the end of the 20th century while retaining the ornamental facade.
- 1948–49 Volxhaus (Slovenian Ljudski dom ), Klagenfurt , built as a publishing and printing facility for Volkswille , architect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky
Norway
- 1907 Folkets Hus Oslo , replaced in 1962 by the new building of the Norwegian trade union LO and the Oslo Congress Center
- 1926 Folkets Hus Eydehavn
- 1931 Folkets Hus Sauda , Skulegata 20, architect: Gustav Helland
Russia
From the 1880s onwards, numerous people's houses (Narodni Dom) were built in Russia, around 20 in Saint Petersburg alone . They contained libraries, theaters and restaurants and served above all for adult education for both workers and the middle class. As a rule, they were financially supported by the municipalities and the state, as well as through donations from private sponsors. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, the name Volkshaus was no longer used, but replaced by the Kulturhaus or Kulturpalast .
- 1882 Narodny Dom, Tomsk
- 1899–1900 People's House of Tsar Nicholas II , Alexander Garden, Saint Petersburg .
- 1904 Narodny Cathedral, Moscow , Vvedenskaya Square, architect Illarion Alexandrowitsch Ivanov-Schitz
Sweden
In Sweden, the facilities were mainly created in industrial communities, often outside the city center. After that, the idea spread from the south to the north, creating a total of over 692 Folkets Hus.
- 1899 Folkets Hus Kristianstad , created by converting a theater building
- 1901 Folkets Hus Stockholm , Barnhusgatan 14. Renewed in three stages in 1951 and 1960
- 1905–06 Folkets hus Helsingborg , Gustav Adolfs torg, architect Harald Berglin
- 1948 Folkets Hus Malmö , architect Hans Westman, today a conference center
Switzerland
- 1899 Volkshaus St. Gallen , demolished in 1950
- 1910 Volkshaus Zurich , built by a foundation of the SP, the trade unions and the city
- 1914 Volkshaus Bern , founded by the SP
- 1919 Casa del Popolo , Bellinzona
- 1925 Volkshaus Basel , former brewery restaurant with concert hall from 1874, alterations in 1925 by Henri Baur-Schwarz and in 2012 by Herzog & de Meuron
- 1932 Volkshaus Biel , by Eduard Lanz
- 1938 Volkshaus Winterthur , architect Hans Hofmann , demolished in 2004
Czech Republic
- 1906–07 Národní dům Prostějov
- 1907 Lidový dům, Prague , created through the reconstruction of the former Losyovský Palace captured by Carlo Lurago in 1651–57
- 1912 Lidový dům, Karlovy Vary
See also
- Kōminkan , comparable cultural and educational centers introduced in Japan in the 1940s
literature
- Klaus-Dieter Mahn: People's houses . Volume 1 and 2, Halle (Saale) 1982; DNB 831147865 ( Dissertation A University of Halle 1982, 189 pages - in two volumes).
- Robert Schediwy : City images - reflections on the change in architecture and urbanism . Lit, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7755-8 , p. 93 ff.
- Ernst Seidl (ed.): Lexicon of building types. Functions and forms of architecture . Philipp Reclam jun. Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-15-010572-6 .
- Anke Hoffsten: The people's house of the workers' movement in Germany - community buildings between everyday life and utopia, Vienna, Cologne, Weimar 2017, Böhlau-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-412-50734-3
Web links
- Folkets Hus och Parker - Swedish umbrella organization (English) ( Memento of 17 May 2003 at the Internet Archive )
- Folkets Hus Landsforbund - Norwegian umbrella organization
- Folkets Hus in Copenhagen
Individual evidence
- ↑ Sergey Prokofiev Diaries 1907–1914 trans. Anthony Phillips. Faber, London 2006, p. 292.
- ↑ Kyril FitzLyon, Jenny Hughes: The companion guide to St Petersburg. Boydell & Brewer, 2003, pp. 64-65.
- ↑ Sankt Peterburg: Music Hall. Carthalia - Theaters on Postcards, accessed December 4, 2011 .