Heinar Kipphardt

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Dramaturge Heinar Kipphardt (center) discussing a stage design for the German Theater in 1953 between director Wolfgang Langhoff (below) and set designer Heinrich Kilger (right)

Heinrich "Heinar" Mauritius Kipphardt (born March 8, 1922 in Heidersdorf / Silesia ; †  November 18, 1982 in Munich ) was a German writer and an important representative of the documentary theater . His time-critical plays In the Case of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Brother Eichmann achieved the greatest fame .

Life

Childhood and youth in Silesia and the Rhineland

Heinar Kipphardt was born in Heidersdorf, Lower Silesia, in the home of his mother Elfriede Kipphardt. His father Heinrich Kipphardt was a dentist without a university degree after completing a practical training course that was possible at the time. After Heinar's birth, the family moved to Gnadenfrei . He attended the village school there from 1928 to 1932 and then various high schools. Heinar was the only child in the family who had a close relationship with his mother and was more tense with his father. Heinar was described as "irrepressible" and "rowdy". On the night of February 27, 1933 ( Reichstag fire ), the father was  arrested by the National Socialists as "outside the German national community" - he was considered a staunch Marxist - and interned first in the provisional concentration camp Breslau-Dürrgoy and later in the Buchenwald concentration camp . In 1937 he was released on condition that he leave Silesia. The family moved to the Rhineland, where the father had relatives and opened a practice in Krefeld . In 1943 he was again by the Gestapo in protective custody taken, then the army and as a 47-year-old to the front sent. Heinar Kipphardt attended grammar school at Moltkeplatz in Krefeld from 1937 and graduated from high school in 1940. In 1939 he met his future wife Lore Hannen, who studied at the Krefeld School of Applied Arts.

Medical studies and military service

After a compulsory assignment in the National Socialist Reich Labor Service , Kipphardt began studying medicine at the University of Bonn in 1940, later focusing on psychiatry. “At the age of 18, nobody can say: I will become a writer. So something was studied and next to me was medicine. I thought it nonsense to study humanities, especially during the Nazi era. ”In 1942 he was sent to the Eastern Front as a soldier . During a home vacation in 1942 he married Lore Hannen. The children Linde (1943) and Jan (1950) emerged from the marriage. In the winter of 1943, Kipphardt experienced the winter retreat of the Wehrmacht after the battle of Stalingrad and was lucky enough to be assigned to a student company of a medical regiment in Königsberg at the beginning of 1944. In the same year she moved to the University of Breslau and later to Würzburg. When Kipphardt was reassigned to the front in early 1945, he deserted and went to Siegerland , where his wife and mother had been evacuated. In Dahlbruch , where his father had also deserted, he waited in a hiding place for the war and National Socialism to end before returning to Krefeld.

From autumn 1945 Kipphardt continued his studies at the Medical Academy in Düsseldorf. He lived with his family in Krefeld. As an assistant doctor, he moved from the municipal hospitals in Krefeld (internal department) to the Düsseldorf-Grafenberg psychiatric clinic and received his doctorate in 1950 with a dissertation on the prognosis of intelligence development in children.

Literary beginnings and German theater

Even during the war years, Kipphardt became more and more interested in history, literature and philosophy in dealing with the horrific current events. He kept this interest. The first literary attempts followed; he began to write poetry. Kipphardt was dissatisfied with the post-war development: “Fascism seemed over. Strange, there were no more Nazis, no one had known anything. I was ashamed of my compatriots, who lamented in a deafening manner that they were dirty. "

In 1950 he left Krefeld and took a job at the East Berlin Hospital Charité . In that year his first literary publication “In the Middle of this Century” appeared in the cultural-political monthly Aufbau . In 1950, Kipphardt got a contract at the Deutsches Theater Berlin under the artistic director Wolfgang Langhoff - since 1949 the state theater of the GDR - first as editor, then as dramaturge and later as chief dramaturge. In 1953 Kipphardt became a member of the SED . Urgently wanted for the play Shakespeare , which was staged in a time of self-criticism by the SED after June 17, 1953 , he received the National Prize of the GDR III. Class. For Kipphardt, the early fifties were a successful time of friendly cooperation with Wolfgang Langhoff, friendship with Ernst Busch , fruitful discussions with Erwin Piscator and commitment to Peter Hacks .

Relocation to the Federal Republic

Since the Hungarian popular uprising in 1956, the SED's course against critical intellectuals has intensified. Langhoff and Kipphardt's game plan was also attacked. In 1958 Kipphardt terminated his contract at the Deutsches Theater. He was offered a director's position at the German Hygiene Museum in Dresden, but traveled to Düsseldorf in 1959. He had arranged a work stay with Karl-Heinz Stroux , director of the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus, which was linked to an author's contract. From Düsseldorf, Kipphardt tried in vain to legalize his move from the GDR . His wife and children were already with him. Kipphardt was expelled from the SED.

The income from the author's contract gave Kipphardt time to write the play Der Hund des Generals and to take care of getting a foothold in the West German cultural scene. He found a book publisher for his publications and signed an editing contract with Bertelsmann to set up theater plays for television. In 1961 the family moved to Munich. Kipphardt met Pia-Maria Pavel in 1962; she also had a family and two children. Both broke their bonds, married in 1971 and lived together until Kipphardt's death. Their children Franz and Moritz were born in 1966 and 1969; Franz Kipphardt worked as a screenwriter in Berlin. Pia Pavel took an active part in Kipphardt's work. She researched, edited and took on editing tasks. "I identified with his work ... I knew he wanted a change in the world, and I wanted that too."

Literary breakthrough

With the play In the Case of J. Robert Oppenheimer , premiered in West Berlin in 1964 by Erwin Piscator and in Munich by Paul Verhoeven , Kipphardt achieved considerable success in both parts of Germany. In the same year he was awarded the Gerhart Hauptmann Prize and the Television Prize of the German Academy of Performing Arts . In 1965 he and Franz Peter Wirth received the Adolf Grimme Prize with gold for The Story of Joel Brand .

In 1966, in a publication by the psychiatrist Leo Navratil , Kipphardt came across poems by Ernst Herbeck , which were published there under the pseudonym "Alexander". From this, Kipphardt developed his character "Alexander March", which occupied him for years. An initially friendly correspondence with Navratil ended with allegations of plagiarism by the latter.

In 1969, Kipphardt was offered the position of chief dramaturge at the Münchner Kammerspiele . He took up the position on January 1, 1970, but lost this position again in 1971 in connection with a scandal surrounding the program for the play Der Dra-Dra by Wolf Biermann . Prominent spokesmen such as Günter Grass , Arnulf Baring and Hans-Jochen Vogel accused Kipphardt of demonizing political opponents as enemies and putting them on kill lists. Reference was made to passages in the planned program that were discussed in the dramaturgy, but then not included.

After their wedding in 1971, Heinar and Pia Kipphardt moved their residence to the former Angelsbruck electricity mill in Fraunberg . In the last years of his life, Kipphardt reached a new creative peak. In 1977 he was awarded the City of Bremen's Literature Prize. In 1981 he was involved in the “Berlin Encounter for Peacebuilding”. He died in 1982, his grave is in the Reichenkirchen cemetery in Fraunberg.

One year after his death, the play Brother Eichmann was premiered posthumously . It used numerous quotations from Hannah Arendt's book Eichmann in Jerusalem .

International Heinar Kipphardt Society

In 2008 the International Heinar Kipphardt Society was founded in Krefeld. V. founded. Her tasks include keeping the memory of Heinar Kipphardt alive through events (readings, performances, conferences, etc.). By conveying insights into Kipphardt's work, the aim is to stimulate the examination of his life's theme, the responsibility of the individual in his social environment and the problem of deviating from possibly fatal normality.

Works

Pieces

Poetry

  • 1949: It is not over yet
  • 1977: Angelsbrucker Notes
  • 1953: Auschwitz 1953

Stories and novels

More texts

Editors' publications

  • Georg Kaiser : The Centaur. With an introduction by Heinar Kipphardt . In: Neue Deutsche Literatur , 1955, no. 6, pp. 109–113
  • For love of Germany. Satires on Franz Josef Strauss : Ed. By Heinar Kipphardt, collaboration with Ewald Dede. Munich 1980 (authors edition), ISBN 3-359-01606-8
  • From German autumn to pale German winter. A reader on the Germany model . Edited by Heinar Kipphardt, collaboration with Roman Ritter. Munich 1981 (authors edition), ISBN

Translations

  • Nazim Hikmet : And in the light, my heart. Poems. From Turkish. Compensations by Annemarie Bostroem, Stephan Hermlin, Heinar Kipphardt, Paul Wiens . Berlin 1971, ISBN

Correspondence

Work edition

  • Collected works in individual editions . Edited by Uwe Naumann with the collaboration of Pia Kipphardt. Reinbek near Hamburg 1986–1990, ISBN 3-499-34012-7

Reception on the radio and on record

Television films

Radio plays

Records

  • In the case of J. Robert Oppenheimer , 2 speech plates and text supplement with images, Hamburg (Deutsche Grammophon-Gesellschaft, Literarisches Archiv) 1965
  • Wolf Biermann, Half of Life , (CBS) 1979 (Biermann setting of March poems)
  • Alois Bröder , Îsôt as blansche mains , (Melisma) 2000 (setting of March poems)

documentation

  • The writer Heinar Kipphardt. The stranger where I am at home (Documentation by Viktoria v. Flemming, BRD 1980)

literature

  • Helge Drafz: A youth in Krefeld. Life and early work of Heinar Kipphardt 1937–1950 . In: The home. Journal for the culture and homeland of the Lower Rhine . Edited by Verein für Heimatkunde in Krefeld, year 56, December 1985, pp. 182–186, ISSN  0342-5185
  • Anat Feinberg : reparation in the program. Jewish fate in the German post-war drama. Cologne: Prometh 1988, ISBN 3-922009-85-9
  • Manfred Durzak : literature on the screen. Analyzes and discussions with Leopold Ahlsen, Rainer Erler, Dieter Forte, Walter Kempowski, Heinar Kipphardt, Wolfdietrich Schnurre, Dieter Wellershoff . In: Media in Research and Education. Serie A . tape 28 . Niemeyer, Tübingen 1989, ISBN 3-484-34028-2 , chapter "Documentation and Enlightenment Effect: Conversation with Heinar Kipphardt" and "Closer to the Authentic of Reality. From Television to Literature. Heinar Kipphardt's March Project", p. 119-156 .
  • Ulrike Edschmid: This side of the desk. Life stories of women, men who write. Frankfurt am Main 1990, Luchterhand-Verlag, ISBN 3-630-61908-8 .
  • Sven Hanuschek: “I call that finding the truth”: Heinar Kipphardt's dramas and a concept of documentary theater as historiography . Munich 1993 (= dissertation University of Munich), ISBN 3-925670-88-2
  • Sven Hanuschek: Heinar Kipphardt's library: a directory . Bielefeld 1997, ISBN 3-89528-172-7
  • Sven Hanuschek: Heinar Kipphardt . Hanover: Wehrhahn Verlag 2012 (Meteore, Volume 10), ISBN 978-3-86525-257-9
  • Walter Karbach: To speed with reason: Heinar Kipphardt. Studies on its aesthetics and on its published and postponed work . Oberwesel am Rhein 1989 (= dissertation University of Marburg), ISBN 3-926888-99-7
  • Adolf Stock: Heinar Kipphardt . Reinbek near Hamburg 1987 (Rowohlt's monographs), ISBN 3-499-50364-6
  • Esther Slevogt: Search for communism with the soul. Wolfgang Langhoff - A German Artist's Life in the 20th Century. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2011, ISBN 978-3-462-04079-1
  • Short biography for:  Kipphardt, Heinar . In: Who was who in the GDR? 5th edition. Volume 1. Ch. Links, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86153-561-4 .

Web links

Commons : Heinar Kipphardt  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Adolf Stock: Heinar Kipphardt . Hamburg 1987 (Rowohlt's monographs), p. 18
  2. ↑ Heinar Kipphardt: Pieces I . Frankfurt / Main 1973 (Edition Suhrkamp 659), p. 337
  3. ^ Adolf Stock, Heinar Kipphardt (Rowohlt's monographs), Reinbek 1987, p. 29 f.
  4. ↑ Helge Drafz: A youth in Krefeld. Life and early work of Heinar Kipphardt 1937–1950 . In: The home. Journal for the culture and homeland of the Lower Rhine . Edited by the Association for Local Studies in Krefeld, year 56, December 1985, p. 182 ff.
  5. ↑ Heinar Kipphardt: 300 lines of life . In: Börsenblatt für den Deutschen Buchhandel , No. 40 v. October 3, 1953 (East edition), p. 843.
  6. ^ Adolf Stock: Heinar Kipphardt (Rowohlt's monographs), Reinbek 1987, p. 49.
  7. ^ Sven Hanuschek: Heinar Kipphardt . Berlin 1996 (Heads of the 20th Century, Volume 127). P. 25
  8. ↑ Pia Kipphardt: If there was a new beginning, I would find you without looking . In Ulrike Edschmid: this side of the desk. Life stories of women, men who write . Frankfurt / Main 1990, p. 22
  9. ^ Leo Navratil: Schizophrenia and Language. Munich 1966
  10. ^ March novel, 1976; March movie, 76; March radio play 1977; March Acting 1980; March poems, in: Angelsbrucker Notes, 1985
  11. ^ Heinar Kipphardt: March. Novel and materials. Hamburg: rororo 1984, pp. 239-256.
  12. ^ Adolf Stock: Heinar Kipphardt (Rowohlt's monographs), Reinbek 1987, p. 97 ff.
  13. ^ Christian Krügel: Landpartie literarisch , p. 75
  14. ↑ Gerd Otto-Rieke: Graves in Bavaria . Munich 2000, p. 59
personal data
SURNAME Kipphardt, Heinar
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kipphardt, Heinrich Mauritius (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German playwright
DATE OF BIRTH March 8, 1922
PLACE OF BIRTH Heidersdorf (Łagiewniki), Silesia
DATE OF DEATH November 18, 1982
Place of death Munich