Heinrich Julius of Lindau

Heinrich Julius von Lindau with hairnet, vignette by Georg Friedrich Schmoll 1775

Heinrich Julius [Friedrich?] Von Lindau (* July 20, 1754 in Celle ; † probably shortly after November 16, 1776 in Manhattan ) was a mentally ill Hessian nobleman and lieutenant , who turned his longing for death into a "Werther in a tunic" Art fulfilled self-chosen "ascension orders" during the American War of Independence as "cannon fodder".

family

Heinrich Julius [Friedrich?] Von Lindau was born in 1754 in the city ​​of Celle, which at that time belonged to the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (colloquially "Electorate of Hanover"). As an untitled, country-based nobleman, he belonged to the indirect knighthood within the Althessian knighthood founded in 1532 , but did not have the knighthood . On his father's side, he came from a branch of the indigenous Rhenish dynasty of Lindau from the Nassau region, which was enfeoffed with estates in Hessen-Kassel . Stammgut was in the 13./14. Century the Lindauer Hof (today "Lindenthaler Hof" in Wiesbaden-Bierstadt ). The father, Philipp Heinrich Julius von Lindau (1725–1762), was a Hesse-Kassel chamberlain and councilor . The mother, Henriette Marie, née Henry de Cheusses (1731–1763), was the daughter of a governor in the Dutch colony of Suriname , Carel / Charles Aemilius Henry de Cheusses (1702–1734), and his wife, Charlotte Elisabeth Henry de Cheusses, born van der Lith (1700–1753), who was married to three governors of Suriname and two pastors of the French Reformed congregation in Paramaribo . When his mother died on March 17, 1763 in the "Lindauschen Hof" in Spangenberg , Heinrich Julius was orphaned at the age of eight. He had five siblings, three of whom reached adulthood and married in Celle.

Youth and studies; unhappy love for Magdalena Poel

After the death of his parents, Heinrich Julius von Lindau was brought to Hamburg by his great uncle Frédéric Henry de Cheusses (1701–1773) . The Copenhagen- born great-uncle quit his service as a Danish diplomat and settled in Altona . Heinrich Julius came to the house of the Swiss-born pastor of the French Reformed Congregation in Hamburg, Jean Conrad Landolt (1731–1776). The great-uncle lived withdrawn and kept young Lindau away from social life. He was only allowed to attend school and church. At the age of seventeen he fell unhappily in love with Magdalena Poel , later married Pauli (and then also called "Manon" by Caspar Voght), the thirteen-year-old daughter of a wealthy Hamburg merchant of Dutch origin. Manon's father, Jacobus Poel (1712 to September 1775), rejected a marriage proposal, apparently made in May 1774, by the not particularly wealthy young man . On April 14, 1776 Manon became the wife of the Lübeck merchant Adrian Wilhelm Pauli (1749-1815); the marriage was divorced in 1801 because of Manon's affection for Caspar Voght . In Hamburg, Lindau became friends with the Swiss merchant's son Peter Ochs , with whom he was in close correspondence from 1771 to 1775.

Lindau broke off studying law in 1774 , for which he enrolled at the University of Göttingen on April 23, 1773 . The matriculation entry (matriculation no. 9392) names Friedrich as the third first name. However, it is possible that this is based on an erroneous attribution of the nobility predicate "Freiherr" to Lindau, which is occasionally encountered in the Lindau literature. The abbreviation "Fr." for this predicate could later have been mistakenly understood as the abbreviation for "Friedrich". Lindau to fellow students belonged to Heinrich Friedrich Karl baron and from the stone .

The trip to Switzerland; friendship with Lavater and Goethe in Zurich

Heinrich von Lindau sought consolation in literature. Inspired by the XXIII. Letter in the first volume from Rousseau's Julie ou la Nouvelle Héloïse , he decided in 1775 to seek a cure for his lovesickness in the solitude of the Swiss Gotthard massif . At the beginning of May he met Goethe's brother-in-law Johann Georg Schlosser in Emmendingen. The stay in Switzerland lasted from shortly before mid-May to the end of October 1775. Lindau traveled spontaneously and unsteadily. He spent around six weeks of his stay on the Gotthard and the Albis . He then traveled through the cantons of Bern , Graubünden , St. Gallen and Appenzell with the Élogen des Antoine Léonard Thomas as reading material. Lindau was received in Zurich by Bodmer , who introduced him to Lavater . Lindau found understanding and encouragement from the enthusiastic "Diaconus" parish assistant at the Zurich orphanage and his numerous friends and acquaintances. But even in this exalted society, Lindau remained an outsider. At Lavater he met the four-person travel group of the " Haimons children ", Goethe and three of his own former Göttingen fellow students, Baron Christian von Haugwitz , who met on October 18, 1772, and Count Christian and Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg , who met on October 18, 1772 Had enrolled in Göttingen on October 20, 1772. Lindau's request to be allowed to accompany Goethe was refused by him. However, Goethe then went to Lindau in the Sihltal to apologize personally for the cancellation.

During his unsteady journey, Lindau had discovered the shepherd boy Peter im Baumgarten in the Upper Haslital near Meiringen in the Bernese Oberland of the canton of Bern , baptized Meiringen 30 Aug 1761, died Hamburg 1799 (?). Lindau projected his unfulfilled social desires and perspectives into the boy whom he adopted as a foster son "Peter Lindau called im Baumgarten" (from a third party the name "Peter im Baumgarten called Lindau" is also encountered). According to Lindaus, on May 17, 1776, a few hours before his departure for America, the unspent boy was supposed to develop and live out the spiritual, military and loving abilities that were denied him after his death, a spiritual resurrection plan written by hand in French. Lindau obtained a promise from Goethe in Zurich that he would take care of Peter in case he died. In the meantime he brought his protégé to the Philanthropinum Schloss Marschlins . However, he was only able to raise seven of the 20 ducats himself.

Unhappy love for Charlotte von Barckhaus-Wiesenhütten; Death in America as Werther in a tunic

Returning from Switzerland, Lindau accepted a position as court squire with the Hessian-Kassel heir to the throne, who would later be Elector Wilhelm I of Hesse-Kassel , who resided in Hanau as Count von Hanau-Münzenberg, and which gave him little and only brief satisfaction . Apparently in December 1775 and January 1776 he was unsuccessful in courting Goethe's relatives (third cousin) and friend of the Werther era (also the friend of Goethe's former fiancé Anna Elisabeth <Lili> Schönemann, later married Baroness von Türckheim ) Charlotte Louise Ernestine von Barckhaus called von Wiesenhütten, later married noble von Oetinger (1756–1823), a sister of the later state minister Carl Ludwig Barckhaus von Barckhaus called von Wiesenhütten and the painter Louise von Panhuys . The resistance, above all, of her extremely wealthy father, the lawyer, merchant and banker Heinrich Carl von Barckhaus called von Wiesenhütten (1725–1793), against the not particularly wealthy nominal Hesse-Hanau chamberlain might have been too strong. Perhaps Lindau was also indifferent to the daughter. On September 9, 1784, she married the well-to-do Wetzlar Reich Chamber Court Assessor (judging judge) Eberhard Christoph Ritter and Edlen von Oetinger (1743–1805), a nephew of the Württemberg prelate Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (1702–1782). The second rejection from a wealthy merchant's house to Lindau, apparently in January 1776, which has not yet been properly captured by Lindau research, put Lindau in deep despair, which explains his suicidal thoughts.

After these renewed suicidal thoughts, a haphazard journey took him to Goethe in Weimar in January and February 1776 . Because of the increasing breakdown of his nerves, he went to the Swiss doctor and confidante of Lavater's Johann Georg Zimmermann , practicing in Hanover , to seek advice on his suicidal thoughts. Zimmermann recognized Lindau's mental illness, which he described as a fantasy to the limit of madness and attributed to frequent masturbation between the ages of seven and seventeen. But he could only persuade his patient.

In this situation, Lindau, who had so far had no military training or experience, decided to commit passive suicide in the American War of Independence . At the beginning of 1776, to the horror of his friends, he had voluntarily sought a position as second lieutenant of the Hesse-Kassel infantry regiment No. 5 (1688/5) Heinrich Wilhelm von Wutginau , which consisted of force-recruited (“pressed”) farmers ; he received the patent on March 3, 1776. He asked Lavater to send George Washington a confused poem in which he challenged the independence fighters in a chivalrous manner. The circle of friends was overwhelmed. It was hoped that Lindau would find its mental equilibrium during the war, but clearly took sides with the colonists: “[...] as a Hessian lieutenant to America. Strange and incomprehensible! ”; "I also want to pray for Lindau, but not for the British [...]".

Having just arrived in the British colonies, the first attempt to storm a hill at Fort Washington on Manhattan Island was hit by a cannonball on November 16, 1776. Lindau probably only survived this injury for a few days, while the storming was successful for the British-Hessian troops. Johann Georg Zimmermann found out about Lindau's death on January 30, 1777 from "an informed source". Since the news was on the way to Hanover for at least six weeks, Heinrich Julius von Lindau was likely to have died before mid-December 1776. He appeared on the loss list of the Wutginau regiment in March 1777. Lindau had chosen Johann Kaspar Lavater and Ulysses von Salis to be his executors . From his modest fortune, he bequeathed his protégé Peter in the Baumgarten 2000 Reichstaler in Louis d'or (that was about 400 Louis d'or), which were administered and spent by Goethe.

Released papers

Lindau was in correspondence with important authors of his generation, including his best friend Peter Ochs, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Count Christian and Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg and Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz . Lindau's poems are mostly lost today because they mostly remained unpublished in their time. The notorious pamphlet sent to George Washington before leaving for America appeared to be in print. It is unlikely that Zimmermann passed it on to Benjamin Franklin or Washington after a letter request from Lenz . The confused resurrection plan and the subscription plan for Peter im Baumgarten remained in Peter Ochs' estate as manuscripts along with a few letters.

Heinrich Julius von Lindau in literature

After Johann Georg Zimmermann's letter of February 10, 1777 to Lavater, a Herr von Canitz reported to him that Goethe was writing about Lindau's life. Such a text has not survived. Goethe briefly mentions the visit to Lindau in the Sihl valley in the last volume of Poetry and Truth . Otherwise, he only made a brief allusion to Lindau in the story Letters from Switzerland , published in 1779 as an addendum to the epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther . A week before Lindau was wounded, Johann Kaspar Lavater dedicated the poem To a man suffering from him . Lavater published four extensively discussed portraits of Lindau in the first edition of his Physiognomische Fragmente. The satirical epistolary novel Letters from Selkof to Welmar by Johann Jakob Hottinger , published in 1777, contains a short, coded characterization of Lindau :

“This baron was a very special man. Outwardly French way of life, Swiss sense of freedom, German steadfastness, English Caprice, hasty kindness, exaggerated feeling in the heart; and in the head a constantly alternating lightning and darkness of deceit and truth, windmills, castles in the air, an ideal world next to the real one, and this behind a magic glass, where the bottom appeared on top ... "

His sister Marie Ulrike von During, born from Lindau (1761-1832), wrote in 1826 in her memoirs life images and memoirs about her brother:

“My brother left Hanau to go to Göttingen; At the death of our uncle Cheusses, after he had been brought up very well by Mr. Landoldt, but had been kept very strict by his uncle, suddenly - at the age of 18 - he was completely free. With a very attractive appearance, a strong self-confidence, an educated mind and a very tender heart, he promised to become the support and fame of his family, but - alas! That expectation was sorely disappointed. His guardian didn't bother about him at all, Uncle Raye was in Greece, the Hereditary Prince of Hesse wanted to be Heinrich's leader because of his dearness to his late wife, mother (the royal princess ), but it began rather clumsily, and the amiable young man became of him unhappy, sentimental fever, which 50 years ago wreaked such sad devastation in the exaggerated and enthusiastic minds of German youth. Our writers, such as Klopstock , Goethe, Lavater, the Stolbergs and others, evoked this - without perhaps wanting to - through their writings, which were poorly understood and used even worse by young readers and uneducated children and in sighs about their fate Heroes and heroines ended. Heinrich did even more, he himself was the hero. An unhappy love for Charlotte Barckhaus in Frankfurt and mainly bad company ruined him. His doctor Zimmermann sent him to Switzerland because of his poor health - but after a few years he returned sicker and more unhappy than ever. Out of desperation - without the encouragement or advice of real friends - Heinrich took service in the Hessian troops, which Landgrave Friederich II had sold to England, as was customary at that time with many German princes, for their life in America to sacrifice. No sooner had he disembarked than he was killed by a cannonball near Fort Washington . [...] "

literature

swell

• Marie von Düring: Life pictures and memories of Marie [Friederike] Ulrike von Düring, geb. von Lindau born Spangenberg August 26, 1761 died Rotenburg [an der Wümme] June 15, 1832 . ([Translator from French and] Ed .: Kurt von Düring.) (Print: Bielefeld 1916) ( Supplement to No. 40 of the von Düring'schen Familienblatt ). - 86, [II] S .; here especially pp. 51–55 on her brother Heinrich Julius von Lindau.

For the book title cf. http://books.google.de/books/about/Lebensbilder_und_Lebenserinnerungen_von.html?id=1ELkHAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y

• Johann Wolfgang Goethe: Letters. Historical-critical edition . On behalf of the Klassik Stiftung Weimar Goethe and Schiller Archive ed. by Georg Kurscheidt, Norbert Oellers and Elke Richter. Volume 3, I. II A. II B. De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston (2014).
  • Volume 3 I. November 8, 1775 - end of 1779. Text . Edited by Georg Kurscheidt and Elke Richter. (Editing: Eva Beck with the assistance of Bettina Zschiedrich. Quoted title: GB 3 I.)
  • Volume 3 II, AB Comment . Edited by Georg Kurscheidt and Elke Richter with the collaboration of Gerhard Müller and Bettina Zschiedrich. (Editor: Wolfgang Ritschel.)
    • Volume 3 II A. November 8, 1775 - end of 1777. Comment . (Quoted title: GB 3 II A.)
    • Volume 3 II B. January 1, 1778 - end of 1779. Commentary . (Quoted title: GB 3 II B.)

On Heinrich Julius von Lindau cf. the location information in: GB 3 II B, p. 1185 f., and there especially the references to GB 3 I, p. 19 f., and to GB II A, p. 86-92. See the further references to GB I, p. 25. 41 ?. 130, 159, 271, 272-274. 295, 371-374, 414, 421, and on GB II A, pp. 115, 168 f. 392, 469, 477-480, 549-553, 556 f .; as well as on GB 3 II B, pp. 798, 890-903, 906 f. 929,964.

Research literature

• Fritz Ernst : From Goethe's circle of friends. Studies around Peter in the Baumgarten . With twenty-five illustrations . Eugen Rentsch, Erlenbach- [am Zürichsee, Kanton] Zürich, 1941, 119 pp. - pp. 11–31: “Heinrich Julius von Lindau”; Pp. 76–119: “Documents and Notes”.
• Fritz Ernst: From Goethe's Circle of Friends and other essays . Suhrkamp, ​​Berlin and Frankfurt am Main 1955 ( library Suhrkamp , vol. 30), pp. 7–70: “From Goethe's circle of friends. Studies around Peter in the Baumgarten ”, here p. 7–29:“ Heinrich Julius von Lindau ”.
• Ernst Beutler : Essays about Goethe . Edited by Christian Beutler . Insel-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1995 ( Insel-Taschenbuch , 1575), pp. 448–458: "Peter im Baumgarten".
• Reinhard Breymayer: Goethe, [Friedrich Christoph] Oetinger and no end. Charlotte Edle von Oetinger, née von Barckhaus-Wiesenhütten , as Werther "Fräulein von B .." . Noûs-Verlag Thomas Leon Heck, Dußlingen 2012. - ISBN 978-3-924249-54-0 . - pp. 13–26.53 - 82.93 f.107 - 121. 143 on Heinrich Julius von Lindau as the unfortunate admirer of the Frankfurt millionaire daughter Charlotte von Barckhaus-Wiesenhütten. She was born in Frankfurt am Main October 9, 1756, died at Gut Schönhof near Bockenheim September 1, 1823; Friend of Lili Schönemann ; according to the testimony of Johann Jakob von Willemers, a model for the literary figure "Fräulein von B .." in Goethe's epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther .

Individual evidence

1. ^ The draftsman and engraver Georg Friedrich Schmoll came from Ludwigsburg; he died prematurely in Urdorf in the canton of Zurich in 1785. From 1776 he was the second husband of Johann Caspar Lavater's sister Anna von Orelli, widowed Schmoll, widowed Schinz, nee. Lavater (1740-1807). Her first husband was Hans Conrad Schinz since 1768, her third since 1787 Hans Caspar von Orelli.
2. ↑ The matriculation entry (matriculation no. 9392) mentions Friedrich as the third first name. It is possible, however, that the one in the literature about v. Lindau occasionally encountered erroneous attribution of the nobility predicate "Freiherr" to v. Lindau is the basis. The abbreviation "Fr." for this predicate could later have been mistakenly understood as the abbreviation for "Friedrich".
3. ↑ See Reinhard Breymayer : Goethe, Oetinger and no end. Charlotte Edle von Oetinger, née von Barckhaus-Wiesenhütten, as Wertherische “Fräulein von B ..” (2012) , p. 53.
4. ↑ Cf. Breymayer: Goethe, Oetinger und kein Ende (2012), p. 53. 81 f. 143.
5. ↑ She died in 1753 as a widow Charlotte Elisabeth du Voisin, widowed Audra, widowed Raye, widowed Henry de Cheusses, widowed Temming, b. van der Lith.
6. ↑ See Breymayer: Goethe, Oetinger und kein Ende (2012), p. 61; see. Ernst Fritz: From Goethe's Circle of Friends (1941), p. 61
7. ↑ See on Manon the book by Susanne Woelk: The stranger among friends. Biographical studies on Caspar von Voght . Weidmann, Hamburg 2000, pp. 193-197.
8. ^ Karl Stein (Freiherr vom and zum), Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gesellschaft, letters and official writings: Bd. Study time. Entry into the Prussian civil service. Stein in Westphalia (1773-1804), Kohlhammer, 1969, p. 32.
9. ↑ This is the name given to the quartet itself. The model was the French folk book The Four Haimons Children (German 1531).
10. ↑ See Reinhard Breymayer: Goethe, Oetinger und kein Ende (2012), pp. 22–24.
11. ↑ Plan pour effectuer la resurection de Henri Jules présenté à ses amis par leur très humble & très obeissant Serviteur Lindau (facsimile from Fritz Ernst: From Goethe's Circle of Friends <1941>, between p. 80 and p. 81). - "Resurrection plan for Heinrich Julius, presented to his friends by their very devoted and very obedient servant Lindau" (from Fritz Ernst: From Goethes Freundeskreis <1941>, p. 20); Excerpts cited in: GB 3 II A, p. 88 f.
12. ↑ See Reinhard Breymayer: Goethe, Oetinger und kein Ende (2012), p. 13 with note 6; P. 71 with note 185; P. 81 and 83. Cf. the decisive statement by Lindau's sister Marie Ulrike von Düring, geb. von Lindau: Life pictures and memories […]. ([Translator from French and] Ed .: Kurt von Düring. Bielefeld 1916), p. 53: “An unhappy love for Charlotte Barkhaus in Frankfurt and mainly bad company ruined him.” Lindau's sister makes the literature of the storm and -Drang-Zeit jointly responsible for the fate of her brother, indirectly above all Goethe's epistolary novel Die Leiden des Junge Werther , published in September 1774 . The temporal classification (relative chronology) within their interesting autobiographical retrospective is not always reliable due to memory errors after more than five decades. In support of the assumption that Lindau wooed Charlotte von Barckhaus-Wiesenhütten in December 1775, Lindau's letter from Frankfurt am Main dated December 31, 1775 to Johann Caspar Lavater in Zurich: “I have a big, big request for you. Not a word of a letter, but your portrait, the most perfect of your portraits that you can send to me. I have to have that. It may be in copperplate engraving or in ink. It is for a woman whom you would certainly not refuse if you knew her. As soon as my Peter [in the Baumgarten] his portrait and my own are ready, I ask for a few copies [see above!]. ”- Location of the letter: Central Library Zurich, Lavater Family Archives, signature: Ms 518, no. 273. Cf. Proof and quotation from Fritz Ernst: From Goethes Freundeskreis (1941), p. 89. On the first attempt to identify the “woman's room” with Charlotte von Barckhaus-Wiesenhütten, cf. Breymayer: Goethe, Oetinger und kein Ende (2012), pp. 71–82, especially p. 71 f.
13. ↑ On the first rejection from the also rich merchant house Poel in Hamburg cf. the section “Youth and Studies”.
14. ^ Heinrich Christian Boie to Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, March 8, 1776.
15. ^ Johann Gottfried Röderer to Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, end of June 1776.
16. ↑ Ernst, Fritz: From Goethe's Circle of Friends. Studies around Peter in the Baumgarten. With twenty-five illustrations . Eugen Rentsch, Erlenbach [am Zürichsee, Kanton] Zürich 1941, p. 119. There, of course, the incorrect tacit equation of Reichstalern and Louis d'or needs to be corrected.
17. ↑ "the printed copy (sic) of a poem (sic)" from: Letter Lenz to Zimmermann, end of May 1776, in: Briefe von and to JMR Lenz, Berlin 1918, vol. 1, p. 264f.
18. ↑ This refers to the son-general Wilhelm von Canitz and Dallwitz (1744–1805), lord of Großburg [in Silesia] and roast pork [formerly Swinibrod = Schweinfurt, in Silesia], Hesse-Kassel chamberlain and court marshal, Prussian colonel. Compare with his son Gerhard Kaiser:  Canitz and Dallwitz, Karl Wilhelm Ernst Freiherr von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, ISBN 3-428-00184-2 , p. 124 f. ( Digitized version ).
19. ^ Johann Kaspar Lavater: Physiognomic Fragments, Volume III. VI. Section 11. Fragment on p. 156 Google Books
20. ↑ ([Translator from the French and] Ed. Kurt von Düring. Bielefeld 1916), p. 52 f.
21. ↑ This refers to Lindau's maternal great-uncle, Frédérik Henry de Cheusses (1701–1773), who was born in Copenhagen, a former Danish diplomat in Altona, who was linked to the Kingdom of Denmark from 1640 to 1864 through a personal union.
22. ^ Jean Conrad Landolt (1731–1776), Swiss born pastor of the French Reformed Congregation in Hamburg.
23. ↑ What is meant is the maternal uncle Joan Raye the Younger, b. 1737, d. Amsterdam 1823; a half-brother of the mother Heinrich Julius von Lindaus.
24. ^ Wilhelm IX., From 1760 Count von Hanau-Münzenberg, from 1785 ruling Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, from 1803, now as Wilhelm I (1743–1821), elector there.
25. ↑ Maria Landgräfin von Hessen-Kassel, b. royal princess of Great Britain and Ireland and electoral princess of Hanover (1723–1772).
26. ↑ Count Christian and Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg
27. ^ Johann Georg Zimmermann (1728–1795) from Brugg in the canton of Aargau, from 1768 royal personal physician in Hanover; Father of Lindaus Göttingen fellow student Johann Jacob Zimmermann. He had enrolled on April 28, 1773, five days after Lindau, as a Göttingen law student.
28. ↑ Here Lindau's sister is wrong after five decades. Cf. Johann Georg Zimmermann in Hanover on March 15, 1776 to Lavater in Zurich, quoted from Fritz Ernst: From Goethes Freundeskreis (1941), p. 96: “A few days ago a gentleman from Lindau was with us who visited you often last summer in Zurich and was recently with Goethe in Weimar. ”Lindau only met his friend Zimmermann after his stay in Switzerland with Lavater.
29. ↑ Here, too, Lindau's sister is wrong. Lindau was in Switzerland shortly before the middle of May until the end of October 1775.
30. ↑ rather: hired out as a mercenary.
31. ↑ See also Reinhard Breymayer: Prelate [Friedrich Christoph] Oetinger's nephew Eberhard Christoph [Ritter und Edler] v. Oetinger, a Freemason and Superior of the Illuminati in Stuttgart, a judge at the Imperial Court of Justice in Wetzlar - was his wife, who was related to Goethe, Charlotte [Noble v. Oetinger] , b. v. Barckhaus [called von Wiesenhütten], a role model for Werther's "Fräulein von B .."? 2nd, improved edition. Noûs-Verlag Thomas Leon Heck, Tübingen 2010. - ISBN 978-3-924249-49-6