Heinrich Zschokke

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Ludwig Albert
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Heinrich Zschokke, 1817.
Heinrich Zschokke, 1842.

Johann Heinrich Daniel Zschokke (born March 22, 1771 in Magdeburg , † June 27, 1848 in Aarau ), usually Heinrich Zschokke, also called Johann von Magdeburg and Johann Heinrich David Zschokke , was a German writer and educator . He became naturalized in Switzerland , subsequently took on numerous political offices and worked as a liberal pioneer and popular enlightener.

Life

The son of the old master of the Magdeburg cloth makers' guild, Schokke, grew up after the early death of his parents, first with siblings and then with the writer and rector of the old town high school Elias Caspar Reichard . He attended the pedagogy at the monastery of Our Dear Women and the old town high school. In 1788 he left grammar school and town on his own, accepted a position as court master in Schwerin and went to Prenzlau with a theater company; in autumn 1790 he began studying philosophy and theology at the University of Frankfurt (Oder) . After receiving his doctorate in 1792, he was a private lecturer in philosophy until 1795.

From 1795 to 1796 he went on an educational trip through Germany , France and Switzerland , where he finally settled. In 1796 he became head of Philanthropin in Reichenau in the canton of Graubünden , worked on improving the school system, became increasingly politically active and was granted citizenship of Graubünden. In 1805 he married Anna Elisabeth ("Nanny") Nüsperli, daughter of Jakob Nüsperli . The couple had twelve sons and one daughter. His brother-in-law was Friedrich Nüsperli and Ernst August Evers .

politics

After the French had conquered Switzerland in March 1798 and proclaimed the Helvetic Republic , Zschokke supported the "Patriots" who called for Graubünden to join the new state. When the opponents of the Anschluss won a referendum on August 1, 1798, he was threatened by his political opponents and had to flee to Aarau nine days later . The government of Graubünden renounced his civil rights and put a bounty on him. In 1801, Zschokke regained his citizenship when the opponents of the Anschluss were deposed and Graubünden joined the Helvetic Republic.

Zschokke worked in various offices for the Helvetic government in Lucerne . From November 1798 to May 1799 he was head of the "Bureau for National Culture", from May to September 1799 district commissioner in Stans . He was then government commissioner in three different cantons: from September 1799 to February 1800 in the canton of Waldstätte , from May to September 1800 in the canton of Ticino and from September 1800 to November 1801 in the canton of Basel .

Villa Blumenhalde , Aarau

Zschokke settled in 1807 with his family in Aarau and temporarily in Biberstein Castle. From 1818 until his death he lived in the Villa Blumenhalde , which he had designed himself. In 1804, the government of the newly created canton of Aargau appointed him Oberforst- und Bergrat, which suited his scientific interests. In this position he wrote a two-volume manual for forest officials and fundamentally reorganized the Aargau forestry ; his work was considered exemplary and groundbreaking for the time.

Zschokke monument in Aarau city park

In 1815 Zschokke was elected to the Grand Council of the Canton of Aargau. Although he did not belong to any party, he was close to the liberal forces. During the restoration period, he held the office of a member of the parliament for Aargau several times . As a member and later as President of the Helvetic Society , he openly advocated reform of Switzerland in a liberal sense. When the Liberals took power in the canton in 1830, he achieved a strengthening of popular rights in the new cantonal constitution. In 1833 Zschokke became a delegate from Aargau to the Diet and campaigned for the formation of a modern federal state. In 1841 he supported the application for the abolition of all monasteries in Aargau (→  Aargauer Klosterstreit ). In 1843 he retired from public life.

plant

As a writer, Zschokke initially turned to robber and horror romance , for example in the tragedy Count Monaldeschi (1790) and the novels Abällino the great bandit (1793) and Alamontade, the galley slave (1803). He later wrote moral stories with an educational tendency. His novellas (Geister und Geisterseher or Life and early end of a necromantist ( digitized and full text in the German text archive ), Der tote Gast ( digitized and full text in the German text archive ), Das Goldmacherdorf (1817), The night in Brczwezmcisl) were very popular with the public , as well as his book of edification hours of prayer . In 1814 his story Hans Dampf was published in all streets .

"Das Goldmacherdorf" is considered to be the first cooperative novel in world literature. In 1833 the fifth edition was available. It has been translated into Bulgarian, English, Finnish, French, Dutch, Italian, Croatian, Latvian, Hungarian, Rhaeto-Romanic, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian and Czech and received European feedback.

Zschokke was one of the most widely read German-speaking writers in his day. He also made a living by researching the older history of Switzerland and by publishing popular educational magazines. He wrote an extensive work on the history of Bavaria . He belonged u. a. of the Literary Society of the Canton of Lucerne , into which his friend Markus Vetsch , a member of the Swiss Grand Council and the Swiss Diet, was accepted on March 4, 1799 at his request . He also published numerous newspapers; his weekly newspaper "Der Schweizerbote", founded in 1804, appeared until 1878. Zschokke was in writing with Karl August Böttiger .

Heinrich Zschokke is also known for his translation activities. Among other things, he translated the “Nouvelles Genevoises” written by Rodolphe Töpffer .


Writings on the history of Switzerland
  • The three eternal leagues in high Rhaetia - historical sketch. Zurich 1798. First part (244 pages) and second part, online .
  • History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain cantons. Gessner, Bern and Zurich 1801, online .
  • Historical memorabilia of the Swiss upheaval . Collected and edited by Heinrich Zschokke. Winterthur 1803, online .
  • History of the free state of the three leagues in high Rhaetia . Zurich 1817, 2nd edition, online .
  • together with Emil Zschokke: The history of Switzerland for the Swiss people. 9th edition, Aarau 1853, online.
  • Selected historical writings . In sixteen parts. Second part: the riot of Stans. History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons. Aarau 1830, online.
Writings on cultural studies in Switzerland
  • My pilgrimage to Paris. First Part Zurich 1796, Second Part Zurich 1797. Online excerpt.
  • The classic places in Switzerland and their main locations are shown in original views. Karlsruhe and Leipzig, art publishing house. First department 1836, second department 1838. Reprint under the title Migrations through Switzerland. Hildesheim, Olms Presse ISBN 3487081148 and ISBN 3487081156 .
Writings on the history of Bavaria
  • Bavarian history
    • First and second book: The country's prehistory or the times of German army and law of fist . 2nd edition, Aarau 1821, online .
    • Third book: The origins of the Bavarian people's freedom . 2nd edition, Aarau 1830, online.
    • Fourth book The Fratricidal Wars of the Schyren . 2nd edition, Aarau 1830, online .
    • Fifth Book: The Times of the Wars of Faith . Aarau 1816, online .
    • Sixth book
      • Part 1: The last electors of Bavaria . 3rd edition, Aarau 1828, online .
      • Part 2: Karl Theodors reigning years in Bavaria . 3rd edition, Aarau 1828, online .

progeny

Heinrich Zschokke was the father of the engineer Olivier Zschokke , the natural scientist Theodor Zschokke and the pastor and writer Emil Zschokke , as well as the grandfather of the civil engineer Conradin Zschokke , the zoologist Friedrich Zschokke , the veterinarian Erwin Zschokke , the civil engineer Richard Bruno Zschokke and the metalworker . He was the great-grandfather of the sculptor Alexander Zschokke and the great-great-grandfather of the writer Matthias Zschokke . One of his numerous grandchildren was Robert Theodor Eugen Zschokke (1851–1883); In 1881 he founded the company Zschokke & Oehler with his childhood friend Alfred Oehler (1852–1900), from which after the early death of Robert Zschokke at the age of only 32 the company Oehler & Cie. AG Stahl- und Metallwaren, Aarau. This company was liquidated in 1983.

literature

Web links

Commons : Heinrich Zschokke  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Heinrich Zschokke  - Sources and full texts
Wikiquote: Heinrich Zschokke  - Quotes

swell

  1. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: The gold maker village. Complete new edition with a biography of the author. Published by Karl-Maria Guth, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86199-035-2
  2. ^ [1] Pirmin Meier : Zschokke. More than a memorial figure.
  3. ^ Letters from Zschokke to Böttiger
  4. ↑ Review by Pirmin Meier, April 29, 2013: New book about Heinrich Zschokke published, the hated "Sidian", visionary and pioneer
personal data
SURNAME Zschokke, Heinrich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Zschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel; Zschokke, Johann Heinrich David; Johann von Magdeburg (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-Swiss writer, educator and politician
DATE OF BIRTH March 22, 1771
PLACE OF BIRTH Magdeburg
DATE OF DEATH June 27, 1848
Place of death Aarau