Herrenhof (Mußbach)
| Manor | ||
|---|---|---|
 North-western part of the manor house with grain box and stork tower , behind it the old Johanneskirche |
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| Data | ||
| place |
Neustadt an der Weinstrasse , district Mußbach |
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| Client | Order of St. John | |
| Architectural style | High Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Wilhelminian style | |
| Construction year | second half of the 14th century | |
| Floor space | almost 10,000 m² | |
| Coordinates | 49 ° 22 '9 " N , 8 ° 10' 13" E | |
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| particularities | ||
| The oldest winery in the Palatinate with uninterrupted operation since the 7th century | ||
The manor in the winegrowing village of Mußbach , which has been part of Neustadt an der Weinstrasse ( Rhineland-Palatinate ) since 1969 , is a spacious and excellently restored estate . It has been documented since the 7th century and belonged most of the time to a religious order , from their clergy Herren also the name is derived from.
Sometimes the Herrenhof not only refers to the listed building ensemble, but also includes the adjacent lands that are managed under the name of the Staatsweingut with Johannitergut .
Geographical location
The actual, almost one hectare large estate is located south of the now Protestant old Johanneskirche , the north-western end of the entire area. It initially belonged to the Herrenhof grounds; In the High Middle Ages , it was built as an order church on the site of a smaller previous church. Although the address at An der Eselshaut 18 suggests, there is no direct access to this street because of the church in front of it. This takes place via Herrenhofstraße , which passes eastwards, while Lutwitzistraße (without access) forms the western border. On the southern border of the Hofgut runs from northwest to southeast the Mußbach responsible for the place name .
Today, residential buildings surround the total area, which originally shrank from around six to three hectares; in the Middle Ages it was outside the built-up town center, to which it borders with its northern part. The larger southern part take the vineyards of the Herrenhof with a one and a half hectares, the center of the village location Mußbacher Johanniter garden form. The vineyards reach in the south to the street An der Bleiche , where a right derivation of the Mußbach was piped in the 20th century , in the west to the southern end of the street An der Eselshaut . In the southeast area, the new Catholic St. John's Church was built in the late 1950s and consecrated in 1959.
history
middle Ages
The founding documents go back to the 7th century. This makes the Herrenhof the oldest winery in the Palatinate that has operated continuously. The earliest evidence of the manor shows it as a cloister courtyard of the Benedictine Abbey Weissenburg , which is about 50 km south-south-west in what is now French Alsace . In the period from 985 to 991, the Salier Duke Otto von Worms took the farm away from this monastery along with 67 other homesteads. Since then, the property has belonged to the Salian and Staufer rulers and was initially given as a fief to Ministeriale . Eventually it came into the hereditary possession of the lower nobility of the region.
In 1290 Werner, Schenk von Ramberg , transferred the estate to the Order of St. John . As a so-called membrum ( Latin for member) it belonged to its Heimbach commandery in the southern Palatinate community of Zeiskam . While the Commandery was devastated in the Peasants' War in 1525 , the Mußbach sub-commandery remained intact. After the Reformation it was still owned by the Catholic branch of the order, which had been renamed the Order of Malta . Towards the end of the 16th century, the manor was at the height of its economic boom: in 1589 the courtyard included the adjacent St. John's Church, consecrated to the patron saint , the Haidmühle on Speyerbach below Neustadt, 375 hectares of arable land, 116 hectares of meadows, 5 hectares of self-cultivated and 35 hectares Hectares of "perpetually leased" vineyards and 165 hectares of Ordenswald east of Mußbach. The order was also entitled to the tithe and a number of taxes from the farmers, the so-called Gülten , as well as the fishing rights in Speyerbach and Rehbach . The surplus flowed to the Heimbach Commandery until 1512, then to the Grand Prior in Deutsche Landen and Komtur von Heimbach , Johann von Hattstein († 1546), who had his seat across the Rhine in Heitersheim in Baden , but often stayed in Heimbach and Speyer. Every summer the officials of the electoral high office were invited to a festive dinner followed by amusement in the Herrenhof. The donkey skin festival developed from this tradition and is celebrated annually on two weekends in June / July on the grounds of the Herrenhof.
Modern times
The wars of the 17th century brought about the decline of the manor. In 1621, in the third year of the Thirty Years' War , the troops of Ernst von Mansfeld, who stood up for the Reformed Church , and the Spanish general Fernández de Córdoba , who was on the side of the Catholic League , fought against each other in the Palatinate; In doing so, they devastated not only the agricultural areas around the village in the Mußbach area, but also the place including the manor. Before an economic recovery could take hold, the Palatinate War of Succession broke out in 1689 , in which the French King Louis XIV had the parts of the Electoral Palatinate on the left bank of the Rhine burned down. With the exception of the church, parts of the manor and a few houses, Mußbach sank into rubble and ashes. It is unclear whether the original conductor's house immediately south of the Johanneskirche, as it was built in the High Gothic era , was destroyed in the first or second war. At least the Order of Malta succeeded in rebuilding the manor with the exception of this conductors' house and operating it profitably for another century.
When, towards the end of the 18th century, the French Revolution had spread to the German territories on the left bank of the Rhine , the possessions of the Order of Malta were also secularized in 1797 . Napoleon finally transferred the manor house to his Legion of Honor . In 1811 he had the estate split up and auctioned off to replenish his war chest. The wealthy tobacco merchant Jakob Kraetzer was able to acquire the largest share. His descendants led the estate into the fourth generation. In 1870 his brother-in-law Otto Sartorius the Elder joined the company as a partner of the great-grandson Josef Kraetzer ; In 1899 he took over it entirely by paying off the relatives. When he died in 1911, his son of the same name, Otto Sartorius the Younger , succeeded him and managed the winery until his death in 1977. However, he had already transferred ownership to the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1970, which has been a state winery since then .
Restoration and current use
In 1983 the Fördergemeinschaft Herrenhof Mußbach e. V. founded. It began with the restoration of the structural ensemble, which was largely completed in 1991. Since then, the building complex with its numerous representative rooms and its huge paved inner courtyard has served the city of Neustadt and the Mußbach district as a backdrop for cultural and festive events, and the Herrenhof also enables large art exhibitions. A leasing contract signed in 2015 regulates the newly negotiated relationship between the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, the city of Neustadt and the funding association with a term of 20 years. The state undertakes to repair the entire property in the next few years; ongoing construction maintenance is then the responsibility of the city.
Ballroom
The threshing floor on the upper floor of the wine press house has been expanded into a ballroom with a stage that can hold more than 300 spectators. It is mainly used for concerts , theater performances , cabarets and other events, e.g. B. The winners of the region's youth music competition are regularly presented here.
Viticulture Museum
The Grain Box Wine Museum is located in the building of the former granary and can be visited by appointment. In the basement, the former Zehntkeller , machinery and equipment are presented that as from the beginning of the 19th century until after World War II were used in viticulture, including the Halbstück-, piece and multi-piece barrels whose name the unit piece back. On the mezzanine floor, information is provided about all of the winemaker's work, from setting up a vineyard to harvesting and pressing the grapes to the actual winemaking process .
Donkey skin proof
The donkey skin festival has been taking place at the end of June / beginning of July since the 1970s. It replaced the Kerwe as the most important festival in Mußbach in the 1990s and has become one of those wine festivals in the Palatinate that attract nationwide visitors. The name of the festival is derived from the most famous vineyard in the area, the Mußbacher Eselshaut . The visitors meet on the extensive area of the manor between the two churches. The festival lasts a total of six days, on two weekends from Friday to Sunday.
investment
The architectural styles of the renovated buildings do not go back to the original period, but belong to later epochs: High Gothic , Renaissance , Baroque and Wilhelminian style .
Inner courtyard, wall and portal
The building ensemble of the Herrenhof is grouped in a square around the central courtyard. The fact that it once also served as a dinging yard , where court hearings and votes took place, is confirmed by so-called Wetzrillen on the surrounding gate walls. In the middle of the courtyard is a 25 m deep well shaft that no longer contains any water. It should come from the High Middle Ages and be the oldest part of the entire complex that still exists. Its depth shows that when it was built, the groundwater was no longer as high as it was at the time the town was founded, despite the Mußbach, which at that time only flowed past 200 m to the south . In 780 the place was first mentioned as Muosbach ( i.e. mossy or swampy stream ) in the inventory of the Fulda monastery . A border stone from the Heimbach Commandery shows the Johanniterkreuz , the eight points of which point to the eight Beatitudes of the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel according to Matthew 5 : 3–12 EU , while the four bars represent the cardinal virtues of justice, bravery, wisdom and moderation. The circular wall around the courtyard is completely preserved on the east side and, with a height of over 5 m, proves that it was a fortified courtyard. The entrance is formed by a Renaissance portal from 1530 in the northeast corner, which was built from massive humpback blocks and was part of a large gate tower that was demolished after the property was auctioned in 1811/12.
Gate entrance and manor house
Baroque mansion
Mansion Portal
Medieval fountain in the courtyard
Border stone of the Heimbach Commandery
Manor house and coach house
The mansion in the southeast opposite the portal extends from east to west. It was built in the Baroque style in 1773/74 and served the order as a new conductor's house. To the west of it is the so-called "Dutchman" (after the roof shape) or "Kutscherhaus" (because it was inhabited by the coachman), which was built around 1775 from the remaining sandstones of the old conductor's house, which burned down in the 17th century.
Johannitergarten, villa, stables and workshop
A large, park- like plant garden and the Johannitergarten , which has been used for viticulture for more than 1300 years, are reached through an undeveloped gap . In its northwest corner, outside the fortified complex, is a representative villa , which Otto Sartorius the Elder had built as a wine trading house in 1886/87 during the founding period. The development in the south is completed by the stables and workshop, which were built before 1500 and renovated in 1770–1772; its south side, facing the garden, is provided with loopholes .
Wilhelminian style villa
Press house
Wine press
Press house and coach house
A mighty wine press house stretches along Lutwitzistrasse to the west, and a large coach house has been built at its northern end . The order used the press house as a barn and the remise as a press place as well as storage space for farm equipment and vehicle fleet. A restored wine press is set up on the eastern curtain wall as a display object.
Grain bin with viticulture museum
Stork tower
Portal of the stork tower
Grain bin, stork tower and servants' building
Directly on the south side of John Church of the bulky, is granarie said grain store. It is built from irregular quarry stones, and the attic is supplied with light via six south-facing dormers . The stork tower, a formerly high Gothic, later rebuilt in the Renaissance style and plastered in white with a unique Renaissance portal and a representative spiral staircase, serves as access to the upper floors . The structural design shows that the tower used to belong to the stately conductors' house. This stood at right angles to the east of the grain box and extended to the middle of the path leading south of it between the entrance portal and the wine press house. The eastern outer wall of the conductor's house, which has been preserved in small parts, still shows windows and door arches. Further to the right to the main portal is an elongated two-and-a-half-storey building in which the servants' apartments were located.
literature
- Karl Bauer: The rural constitution of the Vorderpfalz . Shown using the example of the wine village of Mussbach and its manor. Reprint from the communications of the historical association, 52nd volume. Historical Association of the Palatinate, Speyer 1954.
- Otto Sartorius : Mussbach . The story of a wine village. Historical Association of the Palatinate, Speyer 1959.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Sartorius: Mussbach . The story of a wine village. 1959.
- ↑ Informational directory of cultural monuments: Neustadt an der Weinstrasse. (PDF; 1.4 MB) General Directorate for Cultural Heritage Rhineland-Palatinate , accessed on January 13, 2012 .
- ↑ a b State winery with Johannitergut. DLR Rhineland-Palatinate, accessed on January 13, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c The local history. Fördergemeinschaft Herrenhof, accessed on December 26, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Description of the manor house. Fördergemeinschaft Herrenhof, accessed on May 30, 2017 .
- ↑ Timeline. (No longer available online.) Fördergemeinschaft Herrenhof, formerly in the original ; Retrieved January 13, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ^ Herrenhof Mußbach: New leasing contract secures future. Neustadt city administration, accessed on December 8, 2015 .
- ↑ Viticulture Museum. Fördergemeinschaft Herrenhof, accessed on December 26, 2019 .
- ↑ Wine festival calendar. (No longer available online.) Pfalz.de, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved January 13, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )
