Jeseníky Mountains
| Jeseníky Mountains | ||
|---|---|---|
 Hrubý Jeseník, view from Uhlířský vrch, Velká kotlina and Praděd (right) |
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| Highest peak | Praděd ( grandfather ) ( 1491 m nm ) | |
| location | Czech Republic , Poland | |
| part of | Sudeten | |
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| Coordinates | 50 ° 5 ' N , 17 ° 14' E | |
The Jeseníky Mountains , also Hohes Jeseník ( Hrubý Jeseník in Czech ), is a mountain range in Silesia and Northern Moravia . It belongs to the Sudeten mountain range as its easternmost part. The highest mountain is the Praděd ( Altvater ) with 1491 m above sea level. M. West of the Praděd, the Dlouhé Stráně pumped storage power plant is the largest pumped storage power plant in the Czech Republic. To the north joins the Zuckmantel mountain country , whose foothills reach Polish territory at Głuchołazy . The Jeseníky Mountains belong administratively to the Olomouc and Moravian-Silesian region .
Outline and main summit
In the Jeseníky Mountains, 56 peaks reach heights of over 1000 mnm.It is divided into three geomorphological sub-units:
- Pradědská hornatina ( Jeseníky Mountains) in the south between the Skřítek and Červenohorské sedlo passes. The main peaks are Pecný (1334 m), Břidličná (1358 m), Jelení hřbet (1367 m), Velký Máj (1384 m), Vysoká hole (1464 m), Petrovy Kameny (1438 m), Praděd (1491 m, highest peak ), Malý Děd (1355 m), Velký Jezeník (1304 m), Výrovka (1167 m) and Velký Klínovec (1164 m). From the main ridge runs the Mravenečník massif (1343 m) to the west, Ostružná (1184 m) to the south and Vysoká hora (1031 m) and Žárový vrch (1094 m) to the east.
- Keprnická hornatina (Kepernik Mountains) lies in the northwest between the passes Červenohorské sedlo and Ramzová. In the main ridge are the mountains Červená hora (1333 m), Keprník (1423 m, highest peak in the mountainous region) and Šerák (1351 m), in the southwest Vozka (1377 m) and the massif Černá stráň (1237 m).
- Medvědská hornatina (Bear Catching Mountains) lies in the northeast. It is significantly flatter than the other two parts and is separated by the Vidly and Rejvíz passes. The main peaks are Medvědí vrch (1216 m, highest peak), Orlík (1204 m) and Jelení loučky (1205 m).
Climate, vegetation and land use
The Central European transitional climate already shows continental features in the Jeseníky Mountains, that is, the summers are warmer and the winters colder than southern German areas, which are located around the 50th north latitude. The average number of frost days per year is well over 100. Spring generally begins after May 20th. The annual average temperatures at the highest locations are 4 ° C. The heights show an annual rainfall of over 1400 mm. This high amount of water means that there are many streams. This is where the first German settlers built their villages in the Middle Ages, because these stream and river valleys are climatically favored. The characteristic form of settlement is the Waldhufendorf . The Jeseníky Mountains lie on the main European watershed (Oder - Baltic Sea / Danube - Black Sea).
The mountains are predominantly forested, mainly spruce and beech trees. The tree line is around 1300 m. A crooked wood belt leads to the bristle grass field with subalpine and Nordic herbs, especially on the flat sloping peaks and the widely undulating, often table-level ridge heights (for example the Hohe Heide). The agricultural areas are often not very productive. The former pasture industry was largely abandoned in favor of tourism.
Conservation and Tourism
In 1969 the Jeseníky nature reserve with an area of 740 km² was proclaimed in the Jeseníky Mountains because of numerous natural treasures and their conservation. It includes eleven small-scale protection zones.
A petition with 15,000 signatures calling for a “Hrubý Jesenik National Park” was handed over to the Czech Environment Minister Chalupa in 2011, with some local mayors and state forestry companies expressing their opposition.
The Jeseníky Mountains are used for tourism as a recreation and hiking area. For winter sports there are some ski areas, such as Červenohorské sedlo ( Roterbergsattel ) or Praděd-Ovčárna (the highest ski area in the Czech Republic ). There are also numerous trails and signposted routes for cross-country skiing .
Well-known spas and health resorts are Karlova Studánka (Bad Karlsbrunn), the Schrothkur- Ort Lipová-lázně (Bad Lindewiese), Prießnitzkur- Ort Gräfenberg (today part of Jeseník / Freiwaldau) and Velké Losiny (Bad Groß Ullersdorf) with warm sulfur springs.
geology
From a geological point of view, the Jeseníky Mountains belong to the Moravosilesikum (Moravian-Silesian Zone). It is one of those areas in the Czech Republic that is characterized by a striking variety of metamorphic rocks. The mountains are mainly formed by two gneiss bulges . In places where these recede there are old rock formations such as granite or gneiss, some from the Proterozoic . The folds also led to the uplift of amphibolites , pyroxenites and peridotites and the conversion products, the serpentinites . These are represented in the western area of the Jeseníky Mountains to the northeast, striking and island-like.
In the folds extending to the northeast, gray marbles can be found every now and then , which in the past were the subject of mining activities for the purpose of extracting limestone and stone .
The so-called Friedeberg granite massif in the north-western part of the mountain, which can be found around the place Žulová and forms the transition to the Reichensteiner Mountains, is of further importance in the overall structure . It is made up of granites , granodiorites and migmatites .
At Bělá pod Pradědem there are rocks of the Devonian . These are mainly limestone , phyllite and chlorite slate .
In the vicinity of the Červenohorský lom (Red Mountain Quarry), for example on the Praděd , gneiss appears.
Five areas are distinguished for the tectonic structure of the Jeseníky Mountains:
- Großwürbenthaler unit (Jednotka velkovrbenská)
- Zone of Branná (Zóna Branné), stratigraphic series
- Kepernik Anticlinal (Keprnická klenba)
- Zone of the Rotbergsattel (Zoná Červenohorského sedla), stratigraphic series
- Teß -Anticlinale (Desenská klenba)
In the north, the Jeseníky Mountains border the Upper Silesian Basin. In the West, it is of the mountain chains of the Adler mountain - Snow Mountain limited -Kristallinikum (Orlicko-sněžnické krystalinikum), which has a similar geological structure. In the east and southeast, the area includes the Lower dies (Nízký Jeseník) to. In the south, at Šumperk, there is contact with the outflowing Carpathian sub-basin (Karpatská předhlubeň).
population
For a long time, the inaccessible mountain areas were barely inhabited. A more extensive settlement of the Jeseníky Mountains initially took place in the Middle Ages by colonists from Silesia . This German-speaking population group made up by far the majority of the population until the late 1940s. In addition, families with different languages, but mostly German or Czech speaking families, settled in the region as part of internal migration within the Habsburg Monarchy and later the Czechoslovak Republic .
The German-speaking population passed through the expulsion after World War II, mainly in the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic , to a lesser extent, even after Austria . The attempt was made to compensate for the loss of population by recruiting Czechs from central parts of the country, Czech repatriants , Slovaks , Roma and Greek civil war refugees as new citizens. However, the former population density could no longer be achieved.
Czech-German word concordance
Due to the history of settlement, there are also extensive German geographical names. The following list should make it easier to assign the names for the main peaks and passes:
Mountains:
- Břidličná (1358 m) - slate heather
- Černá stráň (1237 m) - Black Leads
- Červená hora (1333 m) - Red Mountain
- Jelení hřbet (1367 m) - deer ridge
- Jelení loučky (1205 m) - deer meadows
- Karnzloník (1420 m) - Heiligenhübel
- Keprnická hornatina - Kepernik mountainous region
- Keprník (1423 m) - Glaseberg
- Malý Děd (1355 m) - Little Father Mountain
- Medvědí vrch (1216 m) - bear trap
- Medvědská hornatina - the bear-trapping mountains
- Mravenečník (1343 m) - anthill
- Orlík (1204 m) - Urlichkuppe
- Ostružná (1184 m) - Spornhau
- Pecný (1334 m) - oven stone
- Petrovy Kameny (1438 m) - Peterstein
- Praděd (1491 m, highest peak) - Altvater
- Pradědská hornatina - Pradědská hornatina
- Šerák (1351 m) - Hochschar
- Velký Děd (1380) - Great Father Hill
- Velký Klínovec (1164 m) - Great Käulingberg
- Velký Máj (1384 m) - Mayberg
- Vozka (1377 m) - Fuhrmannstein
- Vysoká hole (1464 m) - high heath
- Vysoká hora (1031 m) - high mountain
- Žárový vrch (1094 m) - Brandberg
Passports:
- Červenohorské sedlo - Rotenbergsattel (also known as Roter Bergsaddle)
- Ramzová - Ramsau saddle
- Rejvíz - meadow meadows
- Skřítek - "Mountain Spirit" (near Brandseifner Moor)
- Vidly - fork
literature
- Ivo Chlupáč et al .: Geologická minulost České Republiky . Praha (Academia) 2002. ISBN 80-200-0914-0 .
- Josef Lowag : legends of old. Freudenthal 1890.
- Wilhelm Patschovsky: Guide through the Altvater Mountains and the health resorts and summer resorts in the same area. Schweidnitz 1900 ( digitized version )
Individual evidence
- ^ Anna Kugler, Juliane Niklas: Country studies of the Czech Republic. Regensburg 2013; Karl Sedlmeyer: Regional studies of Czecho-Slovakia. Frankfurt am Main 1973; Walter Sperling: Czechoslovakia - contributions to the regional studies of East Central Europe. University paperbacks 1107.
- ↑ 15,000 people demand the conversion of the Jeseníky Mountains into a national park on Radio Praha on May 3, 2011, accessed on May 3, 2011.
- ↑ Chlupáč et al .: Geologická minulost , 2002, pp. 211–212
- ↑ Czech Republic, North Moravia - South Moravia, road map 1: 200 000 bilingual with a bilingual directory of place names, Höfer Verlag Dietzenbach 2006. Troppau district, reprint of the physical map 1: 200 000 of the K. uk land registry office, Vienna (no year) (around 1900 ), Aufstieg Verlag Munich.
- ↑ Praděd literally means “forefather” - mountain names are often thought of personally, cf. the Watzmann (Upper Bavaria); the Mönch, the Jungfrau (Bernese Alps / Switzerland)
