Homosexuality in France

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Geographical location of France

France is considered a liberal state when it comes to homosexuality . Since February 2013, marriage has also been open to homosexual partners. The civil solidarity pacts (PACS) in France are de facto equal to traditional marriage in most of the rights and duties.

legality

Homosexuality was legalized in 1791 and maintained in the Code pénal impérial in 1810 . The age of consent was raised to 21 years for homosexual relationships under the Vichy regime , while it remained at 13 years for heterosexual relationships (raised to 15 years in 1945). In 1974 the age of consent for homosexual relationships was lowered to 18 years; In 1982 it was uniformly set for 15 years.

history

Since then there have been no laws against homosexuality in France, nor has there been an organized homosexual movement. At the beginning of the 20th century, gay life in France was mainly reflected in intellectual and literary circles, especially in Paris. The French state reacted harshly to every emancipation movement. The first French gay magazine Inversions (1924/25) was censored and smashed by court proceedings.

Anti-discrimination laws

Discrimination on the basis of sexual identity has been prohibited in French labor law and civil law ( Code civil ) since 1985 . Homosexual people can serve in the French army .

Recognition of same-sex partnerships

PACS ( Pa cte c ivil de s olidarité) ( Civil Solidarity Pact) , a family law institute of the registered partnership , was legally approved by the Jospin government in France in 1999 for same-sex and opposite- sex unmarried couples. Couples who enter into a PACS receive most of the rights and obligations of marriage. The French Constitutional Court ruled that the stepchild adoption of biological children by same-sex couples is allowed. However, within the first three years of receiving a PACS, they were denied the opportunity to apply for tax return. Since 2005, PACS couples have been allowed to submit a tax return immediately after receiving a PACS. Marriage, on the other hand, was only legally opened for homosexual couples in France in 2013. In 2011, the (then opposition) Parti socialiste (PS) introduced a bill on same-sex marriage to the National Assembly for the first time . The bill was rejected by the Conservatives in the National Assembly in June 2011. In May 2012, the PS candidate François Hollande won the presidential election; shortly afterwards the left also won the parliamentary elections.

Recognition of same-sex marriages

In July 2012, the French government announced that it would open marriage to same-sex couples in 2013 . On January 29, 2013, the draft law was discussed in the French Parliament in the first reading. and on February 2, 2013 in the National Assembly in first reading and on February 12, 2013 in second reading including a joint adoption right . Likewise, on April 9, 2013 , the Senate of France approved marriage in France. On April 23, 2013, the National Assembly voted on the law and adopted it with 331 votes to 225. In the course of an initially peaceful demonstration against the resolution took place in Paris to violent protests in which police officers were assaulted. According to Interior Minister Manuel Valls , the arrested rioters belonged to right-wing extremist groups . The opposition party UMP lodged a complaint against the law before the Conseil constitutionnel (Constitutional Council), which the court rejected on May 17, 2013. President François Hollande immediately signed the marriage law. On May 29, 2013, the first same-sex couple married in Montpellier .

In the French territory of New Caledonia and in the French territory of French Polynesia , marriage between same-sex couples was permitted in 2013. The first same-sex marriage took place on the island of Réunion in June 2013. The first same-sex marriage took place on the island of Mayotte in September 2013. The first same-sex marriage took place in July 2013 on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe . The first same-sex marriage took place on the Caribbean island of Martinique in June 2013 and on the Caribbean island of St. Martin in October 2013. The first same-sex marriage took place on Saint-Pierre and Miquelon in March 2014. In August 2013, the first same-sex marriage took place in French Guiana .

Since May 2015, same-sex couples have been able to marry in the United Protestant Church in France .

Social situation

Gay Pride 2005

There is a strong minority in the population that is against homosexual couples. In March 2013, 1.4 million people demonstrated against such a bill in Paris. In 1997, 55 percent of French people rated homosexuality as an “acceptable lifestyle”. A Eurobarometer survey in all member states of the European Union from December 2006 showed that 62 percent of the French support opening marriage, while 37 percent oppose it. 55 percent believe that homosexual couples should be parents while 44 per cent think that they have no right to adoption should have.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Homosexuality in France  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Lionel Jospin was a member of the PS; Jacques Chirac (then President) was a Gaullist (UMP). From 1997 to 2002 there was (the third) cohabitation in France .
  2. ↑ Têtu: Mariage des homos: la "plaisanterie" homophobe d'une députée ( Memento of the original from May 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , May 25, 2011 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tetu.com
  3. ↑ Time: French Parliament rejects gay marriage , June 15, 2011
  4. ↑ Die Welt: France introduces marriage and adoption law for homosexuals in 2013
  5. ↑ diestandard.at: Marriage and adoption law for homosexuals is coming , July 4, 2012
  6. ↑ tetu.com:Mariage pour tous: le débat débute (enfin!) À l'Assemblée nationale ( memento of the original from January 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tetu.com
  7. ↑ queer.de:France: Parliament votes for marriage opening
  8. ↑ zeit.de : France's National Assembly votes for gay marriage, February 12, 2013
  9. ↑ www.queer.de: France: Senate votes for marriage opening
  10. ↑ a b spiegel.de: Parliament decides ..
  11. ↑ spiegel.de
  12. ^ Rioting during protests against gay marriage , Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 24, 2013
  13. ↑ queer.de: France: Constitutional Council allows marriage opening
  14. ^ Spiegel.de: First gay marriage in France: Vincent and Bruno's great revolution
  15. ↑ Citegay.fr: Nouvelle-Calédonie: le mariage gay fait son nid
  16. ↑ Egaliteetreconcillation.fr: Polynésie française: le premier mariage gay dérange
  17. ↑ Imazpress: Laurence et Corinne se sont dit oui
  18. ↑ Bfmtv.com: Mayotte: premier mariage gay célébré
  19. ↑ Le premier mariage gay célébré à Sainte-Anne
  20. ↑ Rewmi.com:MARTINIQUE / PREMIER MARIAGE GAY CÉLÉBRÉ: DEUX FEMMES SE SONT DIT OUI! ( Memento of the original from December 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rewmi.com
  21. ^ [Saint-Martin. Un premier mariage gay pour la presque Friendly Island]
  22. ^ Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.fr: Premier mariage pour tous célébré à la Mairie de Saint-Pierre
  23. ↑ FranceGuyane.fr: Un mariage presque normal
  24. ↑ Radio France International: French Protestant church authorises gay marriages ( Memento of the original of July 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.english.rfi.fr
  25. ↑ Embassy of France in the United States: The PACS - A civil solidarity pact ( Memento of March 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ↑ Eurobarometer survey ( Memento of June 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF document)
  27. ↑ 365gay.com: French Public Endorse Gay Marriage ( Memento of January 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive )