Homosexuality in Spain
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Homosexuality is socially accepted in Spain . Spain is considered a liberal country when it comes to dealing with homosexuality . With the replacement of the conservative government by the socialists in 2005 , Spain became the third country in the world to allow homosexual couples to marry and adopt.
legality
Homosexual acts are legal in Spain and the age of consent for sexual intercourse in Spain is 16 years, as with heterosexuals. In November 2006, the Zapatero government passed a law allowing trans people to have their gender entered in public documents, even before they undergo surgery.
Recognition of same-sex marriages
On June 30, 2005, the Cortes Generales under the Socialist Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero passed the law that allows homosexual couples to enter into traditional marriages from July 3, 2005 and gives them all the rights of heterosexual couples, such as marriage . B. the adoption of children .
On June 27, 2007, two years after the law was introduced, the Spanish Ministry of Justice announced that 3340 couples had married by then. However, the number of homosexual marriages is possibly three times higher, as the data from the uninformed municipalities and those from the Basque Country could not be taken into account. According to the ministry, of these 3,340 marriages, 2,375 were between men and 965 were between women. Madrid is the autonomous region where the highest number has been registered (1060), followed by Catalonia (871), Andalusia (399), Valencia (263), Balearic Islands (116), Asturias (101), Castile and León (89) , Aragón (86), Canary Islands (83), Murcia (61), Castile – La Mancha (56), Extremadura (54), Galicia (31), Cantabria (28), Navarra (25) and La Rioja (13) .
On November 5, 2012, the Spanish Constitutional Court upheld the opening of marriage in Spain.
Adoption law
Since 2006, the Spanish government has been negotiating with other states to enable foreign adoptions. The artificial insemination law was also amended in 2006. Thus, the lesbian wife of the woman giving birth is also recognized as the parent.
Social situation
Homosexuality and bisexuality are accepted in the population, especially in big cities like Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Bilbao , Málaga , Zaragoza , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and other cities with a lot of tourists and foreign populations like Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Cádiz . In addition, there are still cases of discrimination, especially in smaller towns and villages.
In the ILGA study “Rainbow Europe” , Spain always ranks first in Europe with regard to tolerance and rights for LGBT citizens. In 2010, Spain was in second place with Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway; In 2012 Spain held the second position again, this time together with Germany. The 2013 qualification put Spain in fourth place (65%) along with Portugal and Sweden; however, Belgium with 67% and Norway with 66% were closely in second and third place. Great Britain came in first with 77%. Spain came sixth in 2015 (69%), together with the Netherlands and Norway, well ahead of Germany (56%) and Austria (52%). This downgrade was justified by the ILGA because of some measures taken by the conservative PP government in health and social policy, such as the discrimination against lesbian women in state-paid artificial insemination .
In the 2013 study “The Global Divide on Homosexuality” by the Pew Research Center , Spain was given the top position in social acceptance among 39 countries; 88% of the population currently believe that »homosexuality should be accepted by society«. The same position was achieved in 2014. In a poll by Gallup , Spain was one of the four best countries for homosexual living in 2014. According to a survey by PlanetRomeo from 2015 among 115,000 of its users, Spain, together with Germany, ranks 13th worldwide in the "Gay Happiness Index".
In a study by The Hague Center for Strategic Studies from 2014, the Spanish army ranks tenth worldwide (91.8 points) in terms of LGBT acceptance, together with France and ahead of Germany, which is in twelfth place with 90.8 points behind Spain.
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The CSD's annual demonstrations stunted after the first revival in the late 1970s, when cities like Barcelona, Madrid, Seville or Valencia had up to 5,000 demonstrators. In 1991 only 300 people took part in the CSD demonstration in Madrid. This tendency was not reversed until 1994, and the number of participants rose rapidly: in 2000, when the FELGBT organized a uniform CSD for the whole of Spain in Madrid for the first time, 60,000 people marched with them. This development reached its peak in 2007 when the Europride took place in Madrid: over 1.5 million people marched through the city center in 100 organizations and with 40 floats. This made it the largest CSD in Europe. The CSD in Barcelona, less commercial and more aggressive in calling for gay rights, stagnated in the late 1990s: only about 500 people marched in 1999, and about 900 attended the party afterwards. In contrast, gay entrepreneurs organized a Pride party that same year, attended by 6,000 people. This tendency broke off in 2000 when gay entrepreneurs and LGBT groups united in an event and 10,000 people marched along. In the meantime the CSD in Barcelona has developed into the second largest CSD in Spain, with 150,000 visitors in 2013. The largest “ Circuit Party ” in Europe is now being organized in Barcelona with 70,000 visitors.
LGBT culture
literature
At the beginning of the 20th century, Spanish homosexual writers such as Jacinto Benavente , Pedro de Répide, José María Luis Bruna, known as Marqués de Campo, or Antonio de Hoyos y Vinent had to choose between ignoring the topic or portraying it negatively. Only foreigners living in Spain published literature in which homosexuality became visible: the Chilean Augusto d'Halmar wrote Pasión y muerte del cura Deusto ("Passion and death of the priest Deusto"), the Cuban Alfonso Hernández Catá published El ángel de Sodoma (»The Angel from Sodom«) and the Uruguayan Alberto Nin Frías wrote La novela del Renacimiento. La fuente envenenada ("The Renaissance novel. The poisoned spring"), Marcos, amador de la belleza ("Marcos, lover of beauty"), Alexis o el significado del temperamento Urano ("Alexis or the meaning of the uranic temperament") and, in 1933, Homosexualismo creador ("Creative Homosexualism"), the first essay to put homosexuality in a positive light.
Others hid behind the vague language of poetry, such as the authors of the Generación del 27 , whose homosexual and bisexual authors Federico García Lorca , Emilio Prados , Luis Cernuda , Vicente Aleixandre and Manuel Altolaguirre can be counted. These poets were influenced by the great homosexual writers in Europe, such as Oscar Wilde , André Gide , mainly his Corydon , or Marcel Proust . At that time Emilio García Gómez published Poemas arabigoandaluces ("Arabic-Andalusian Poems"), the first time that the homoerotic poems of Spanish-Arabic poets were published in Spanish without censorship.
There was also a shy revival of lesbian literature at the beginning of the 20th century. The first work to take up the subject was the novel Zezé (1909) by Ángeles Vicente. In 1929 the first play was premiered, Un sueño de la razón ("A Dream of Reason") by Cipriano Rivas Cherif. The only author who dared to write homoerotic poetry was Lucía Sánchez Saornil, although she did it under a male pseudonym.
In the mid-1930s, the slow build-up of gay and lesbian literature was brutally ended by the civil war. After the war, with Lorca's death and the majority of homosexual authors in exile, literature withdrew again into the dark poetry of Vicente Aleixandre, a poet who never publicly recognized his homosexuality. Other gay poets of the time were Francisco Brines, Juan Gil-Albert and Jaime Gil de Biedma and, in Córdoba , the Cántico group, Ricardo Molina, Vicente Núñez, Pablo García Baena, Julio Aumente and Juan Bernier.
Among those authors who became known between the end of the dictatorship and after the Transición , the following must be mentioned: Juan Goytisolo , the most influential outside Spain, a poète maudit in the tradition of Jean Genet ; Luis Antonio de Villena , the gay intellectual who best presents the subject; Antonio Gala and Terenci Moix , best known in Spain for their frequent appearances on television. Not so well known are Álvaro Pombo , Antonio Roig , Biel Mesquida, José Luis García Martín, Leopoldo Alas, Leopoldo María Panero, Vicente García Cervera, Carlos Sanrune, Jaume Cela, Eduardo Mendicutti , Miguel Martín, Lluis Fernández, Víctor Monserrat, Alberto Cardín, Mariano García Torres, Agustín Gómez-Arcos and Juan Antonio González Iglesias. For the Catalan language, Terenci Moix, Lluís Maria Todó and the Mallorcan Blai Bonet can be mentioned.
Until the late 1990s, there were no Spanish women writers who publicly recognized their homosexuality. For example, Gloria Fuertes didn't want it to be public. The first female writer to publicly admit it was Andrea Luca. Among the authors who have dealt with the topic, Ana María Moix, Ana Rosetti, Esther Tusquets , Carmen Riera, Elena Fortún, Isabel Franc and finally Lucía Etxebarría with her novel Beatriz y los cuerpos celestes (»Beatriz and the heavenly bodies«) , Premio Nadal 1998. For Catalan, reference can be made to Maria Mercè Marçal.
In the last years of the 20th century (and in the first of the 21st) the first publishers specializing in LGBT topics appear: the Egales publishing house (founded in 1995), the Odisea publishing house (founded in 1999) and the Stonewall publishing house ( founded in 2011). Odisea has been awarding the Odisea Prize since 1999 for books with gay or lesbian content in Spanish. The Arena Foundation has awarded the Terenci Moix Prize for gay and lesbian novels since 2005. The Stonewall publishing house has held the Stonewall de Literatura LGTB prize since 2011. There are also several bookstores catering to the LGBT audience, the main ones being: Berkana and A different Life in Madrid, and Cómplices and Antinous in Barcelona. Until about 2011 there was also the Safo de Lesbos in Bilbao.
The 21st century has brought normalization towards homosexuality in Spanish society, which can also be seen in literature. Gay writers are published by mainstream publishers, as happens with the writers Luisgé Martín or Óscar Esquivias. The critic Miguel Rojo says:
"Una homosexualidad del siglo XXI en un país avanzado que no genera más conflictos que si el protagonista fuera heterosexual o bizco."
"21st century homosexuality in an advanced country doesn't cause more problems than if the main character were straight or a squint."
This normalization can also be observed in children's and young adult literature. The publication of children's stories began in 2001, in which gender diversity and the rainbow family are treated in a child-friendly manner. In the same year La Tempestad published a story with male protagonists, which tells a love story between men, El príncipe enamorado ("The Prince in Love") by Carles Recio. In 2003 Paula tiene dos mamás ("Paula has two mothers") by Léslea Newman and La princesa Ana ("The Princess Anna") by Luisa Guerrero, both with lesbian main characters. This last work was set up for the theater in 2010, with which the Tarambana theater group won the “ Sal a escena contra la discriminación ” (“Come on the stage against discrimination”) award from the Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality in December 2010 .
movie theater
The beginnings of depicting homosexuality in Spanish cinematography were not easy because of Frankist censorship. The first film on homosexuality was Diferente ("Anders"), a musical by Luis María Delgado from 1961. The film was only able to survive the censorship because of its dreamlike and psychedelic plot. If homosexuality was discussed at all, until 1977 it was only the archetype of the funny / ridiculous queen , of which No desearás al vecino del quinto (»You shouldn't covet the neighbor on the 5th floor«), with Alfredo Landa , one of the best examples is. In the same year A un dios desconocido (Forty Years After Granada) was premiered by the directors Jaime Chávarri and Elías Querejeta , a drama with the Spanish Civil War in the background, the main character of which is a 50-year-old gay man.
With the transition , films were made in which homosexuality was no longer viewed negatively, such as Ocaña, retrat intermitent (1978; "Ocaña, intermittent portrait") by Ventura Pons or La muerte de Mikel (1984; "Mikels Tod") by Imanol Uribe . These films show different sides of the homosexual man: the upper class gay in Los placeres ocultos (1977; "The hidden pleasures"), the closeted politician in El diputado (1978; "The MP"), both by Eloy de la Iglesia , the transvestite in Un hombre llamado Flor de Otoño (1978; "A Man Who Was Called Autumn Flower"), the combative queen in Gay Club (1980), and others. Homosexuality is at the center of the plot, and gays are portrayed as vulnerable personalities, in conflict with themselves and with society.
As of 1985, homosexuality is no longer the main subject of the plot, although it still remains a cornerstone. This trend begins with The Law of Desire (1987) by Pedro Almodóvar and follows with films such as Tras el cristal (1986; »Behind the Glass«) by Agustín Villaronga, Las cosas del querer (1989; »The things of love«) and Las cosas del querer 2 (1995; »The things of love 2«) by Jaime Chávarri.
More recently, films such as Perdona bonita, pero Lucas me quería a mí (1997; “ Sorry, Honey , but Lucas loved me”), Segunda piel (1999; “Second skin”), Sobreviviré (1999; “I will survive "), Km. 0 (2000), Krámpack (2000), Plata quemada (2000;" Burned Money "), a coproduction with Argentina, Los novios búlgaros (2003;" The Bulgarian Fiancés ") and The Bear Club (2004 ) turned. The first gay- themed film shot in Basque , Ander (2009) by Roberto Castón, deals with homosexuality in rural settings, which is not often seen on the screen. In the following years, a cheerful view of the topic is often thrown, but always with respect and normality, as in Gay Mothers Without Nerves (2005) by Manuel Gómez Pereira, about the consequences of introducing gay marriage, Chuecatown (2008) by Juan Flahn or Fuera de carta (2008; »Outside the menu«) by Nacho G. Velilla.
The most famous expression of Spanish LGBT culture is without a doubt Pedro Almodóvar , the most respected Spanish director in the world. Almodóvar, as well as Ventura Pons and Eloy de la Iglesia, are the directors who deal with this subject the most in Spanish cinematic art. In September 2004 the director Alejandro Amenábar announced his homosexuality.
Films with a lesbian plot have been made much less. In the 1970s there was real inflation in the portrayal of lesbians in B-movies , from comedy to erotic, but mostly in fantastic and horror films (fantaterror) . These representations, often of the perverted lesbian or the vamp, were not directed at women, but were filmed to satisfy the lust drive of men. Only later, from the 1980s, were lesbian films made for women. These include the comedy A mi madre le gustan las mujeres (2002; »My mother likes women«) and 80 egunean (2010; »In 80 days«), a love story between two older women filmed in Basque.
The most important film festivals are LesGaiCineMad in Madrid and the "Festival internacional de cinema gai i lèsbic de Barcelona" (FICGLB). There are also countless smaller festivals, such as the “Festival del Mar en las islas Baleares”, the “Festival del Sol” in the Canary Islands, “Zinegoak” in Bilbao, “LesGaiFestiVal” in Valencia or “Zinentiendo” in Saragossa.
music
During the dictatorship, homosexuality was a big taboo in music. Perhaps the best lyricist of the time, Rafael de León , was gay and close friends with García Lorca, but his songs did not reveal this. Miguel de Molina , one of the few Copla singers who was unable to hide their homosexuality, had to go into exile after being banned from working and beaten several times. Towards the end of the dictatorship there were some singers who were said to be homosexual, as was the case with Raphael (some of his songs, such as Qué sabe nadie , "What no one knows", Hablemos del amor , "Let's talk about love", or Digan lo que digan , »Whatever they may say«, are viewed as encrypted LGBT songs), with Camilo Sesto or with Miguel Bosé .
Around 1974, the first song about a homosexual relationship was released, María y Amaranta , by the folk-rock group Cánovas, Rodrigo, Adolfo y Guzmán . Amazingly, the song was not banned by the censors. Towards the beginning of the transition there were few songs that addressed the subject. Exceptions were Vainica Doble with her song El rey de la casa ("The King of the House"), the story of a gay man who has to fight against the prejudices of his family, and Víctor Manuel , who dealt with LGBT in several of his songs. as in Quién puso más ("Who was most involved"), the true story of a love between two men that breaks after 30 years, Como los monos de Gibraltar ("Like the monkeys in Gibraltar"), about transsexuality, Laura ya no vive aquí (»Laura doesn't live here anymore«), about female homosexuality and No me llames loca (»Don't call me a fag / crazy«).
But only after the beginning of the Movida madrileña , these topics were no longer the exception. The duet Almodóvar and Fabio McNamara became famous for its fiddling on stage and the erotically provocative lyrics. Tino Casal , who never hid his homosexuality, became a gay icon. But possibly the group that identified itself best with the gay movement was Kaka de Luxe: Alaska , Nacho Canut, and Carlos Berlanga, later known as Alaska y los Pegamoides and Alaska y Dinarama. As Alaska y Dinarama, they created the song A quién le importa ("Who's it business"), which became the gay anthem par excellence in Spain. After the end of the Movida , the artists of this movement, such as Fabio McNamara, Carlos Berlanga or Luis Miguélez, continued to use these themes for their songs. Alaska's new project, Fangoria, also addressed homosexuality in songs like Hombres ("Men") or Si lo sabe Dios que lo sepa el mundo ("If God already knows, the world should know").
Towards the end of the 1980s, the Mecano group achieved huge success with their song Mujer contra mujer ("Woman against Woman"), a clear defense of the homosexual love of two women, an appeal for tolerance and respect. The subject was also treated with humor in her song Stereosexual . In 1988 the group "Tam Tam Go!" Achieved success in the charts with Manuel Raquel about a transsexual woman.
From the 1990s onwards, a new generation of singer-songwriters addressed homosexuality in their songs, mainly Inma Serrano , Javier Álvarez and Andrés Lewin, although others such as Pedro Guerra in Otra forma de sentir (»Another way of feeling«) or Tontxu in Entiendes ("Do you understand?") Did it. Other musicians from various musical genres also spoke about it, such as OBK in El cielo no entiende ("Heaven does not understand"), Mónica Naranjo in Entender el amor ("Understanding love") and Sobreviviré ("I will survive"), Malú in Como una flor ("Like a flower"), Amaral in El día de año nuevo ("New Year's Day"), Chenoa in Sol, noche, luna ("sun, night, moon") and La diferencia ("the difference" ), Pastora Soler in Tu vida es tu vida ("Your life is your life"), Mägo de Oz in El que quiera entender que entienda ("Whoever wants to understand should understand") or La oreja de Van Gogh in Cometas por el cielo ("dragons in the sky").
In the alternative areas of indie pop Ellos can use Diferentes ( "other") and L Kan Gayhetera be mentioned. The Gore Gore Gays group was linked to the leather scene ; the lyrics are often a defense of a more open sexuality.
history
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire brought its sexual morality to the Iberian Peninsula , along with all the other components of its culture. Therefore status was more important than the gender of the partner: men were allowed slaves, eunuchs or hustlers penetrate as well as slaves, concubines or prostitutes. Still, an adult Roman citizen with a good reputation would never have been willing to have sex with another citizen or to be penetrated at all, regardless of the status or age of his sexual partner. The social distinction between the active gay, who sometimes had sex with men and sometimes with women, and the passive gay, who was viewed as submissive and feminine, was very strict. This way of thinking was also used against Caesar , whose supposed love games with the King of Bithynia were on the lips of all Rome. In general, a kind of pederasty was practiced in Rome, similar to the Greek love for boys .
The lesbianism was also known, both in the sapphic form, a sort of female pederasty, had in the female Women having sex with young girls, as well as in the form of tribadism ' , followed in the masculine women male activities, including fighting, hunting and sexual or marriage-like relationships with women.
Martial , the great Hispanic poet and man of letters , was born and raised in Bilbilis (near Calatayud ) but spent most of his life in Rome. He recorded Roman life in poems and epigrams. In a fictional first person he talks about anal and vaginal penetration and fellatio of men and women.
Another example is Hadrian from Italica (now Santiponce ) in Hispania. He was Roman emperor from 117 to 138 AD. His lover Antinous or Antonius is famous , who found his death in the Nile and had Hadrian declared to be god; he founded the city of Antinoupolis in Egypt in his honor .
Christianization
Roman morality changed as early as the fourth century AD. The non-Christian Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus criticized the sexual habits of the Taifali , a barbaric people who lived between the Carpathians and the Black Sea and who practiced pederasty in the Greek style. In 342 the emperors Constantine II and Constantius II introduced a law to punish passive homosexuality: the punishment was most likely castration . The law was extended in 390 by Theodosius I by burning all prostitutes who worked in brothels. In 438 the death penalty was extended to all passive homosexuals, and in 533 Justinian I punished any homosexual act with castration and death by fire. The law was tightened again in 559.
There are three possible explanations for this change. Prokopios of Caesarea , historian at Justinian's court, suspected political reasons behind these laws, since Justinian could have political enemies removed in this way and cash in their wealth; after all, they had no effect on the lower social classes and possibly should not do so at all. The second reason, and perhaps the most important, was the spread of Christianity in Roman society, which now adopted the Christian conception of sexual intercourse solely for the purpose of procreation. In his book Homosexuality. Finally, A history , Colin Spencer mentions the possibility that a certain self-preservation instinct in Roman society had increased the pressure on individuals to procreate, for example after an epidemic such as the plague . This phenomenon worked together with the spread of Stoic thinking in the German Empire.
Up to the year 313 there was no unified Christian teaching on homosexuality, but before that Paul of Tarsus had criticized male behavior as "unnatural":
"...; for their wives have changed the natural intercourse into the unnatural, and likewise the men have also abandoned the natural intercourse with the woman, have become inflamed in their lust for one another, in that they disgraced men with men, and received in themselves the appropriate reward for their aberration self."
The church fathers slowly created a literary corpus in which homosexuality and sexuality in general were condemned; with this corpus a common widespread custom in Roman society and even in the Church itself was combated. On the other hand, homosexuality and heresy were soon linked, not only because of pagan customs, but also because of some rituals of Gnostic sects and Manichaeism , which, according to Augustine of Hippo, had homosexual components.
Visigoth Empire
In the early Middle Ages , the attitude of southern Europe towards homosexuality did not essentially change, but remained largely the same as in the Roman Empire. There is clear evidence that, while not accepted, “sodomites” faced no consequences. As examples we can refer to the Frankish king Clovis I , who admitted his male-male love in the 6th century, or to Alcuin , the Anglo-Saxon poet of the 9th century, whose verses and letters are clearly homoerotic . Gradually, however, Christian morality, which was based very much on the idea of sexual intercourse solely for procreation, caught up, and led to a complex variety of canonical orders that were heavily incorporated into legislation.
In 415 the Visigoths conquered Hispania. Under pressure from the Ostrogoths and Franks , the Visigoths were gradually pushed into Hispania, and Toledo became their new capital under Leovigild (569-586). The new rulers formed a Germanic elite that barely mixed with the Hispanic Romanic people. Germanic peoples despised passive homosexuality, the practitioners of which were treated like women, "imbezile" or slaves. Nevertheless, there is news of travested and effeminate priests from Scandinavian countries, and the sir , including the gods Thor and Odin , gained secret wisdom by drinking seeds .
In the Middle Ages, the Liber Iudiciorum (or Lex Visigothorum ) was one of the first legal corpora in Europe to introduce criminal liability for gay acts; it was published by King Chindaswinth (642–653) in the 7th century . This law punished sodomy with castration and handover to the competent bishop , who could impose the banishment . Castration was previously unknown as a punishment, except in the case of the punishment of circumcised Jews . If the offender was married, his marriage was dissolved, the dowry returned and his belongings distributed among the heirs. Sodomy was defined as any sexual offense that was classified as unnatural, including same-sex acts between men, anal intercourse (heterosexual and homosexual) and zoophilia . Lesbianism was only punished if phallic instruments were used.
In 693, King Egica ordered the bishops to resume homosexuality as an issue. That same year, during the 16th Council of Toledo , the bishops declared that "many men" had fallen into "sodomite vice". To stop its spread, they confirmed the punishments of the Chindaswinth and introduced an additional one hundred lashes and the shaving of the skull; in addition, the banishment should apply forever. They recognized that there was also sodomy among clergy, but set significantly lower penalties for it and only included secularization and exile. Later Egica extended castration and all other punishments to clergy.
Muslim rule
In 711, the Muslims conquered most of Spain. The flourishing culture of Al-Andalus exercised great tolerance in matters of sexuality in contrast to the Christians in the north and with the exception of the times of the Almoravids and Almohads . Paradoxically, the Koran forbids homosexuality and punishes it with death. The Risala fi-l-Fiqh , a summary of Islamic law written by Ibn Abi Zayd , Faqih of the Maliki School , states that men of age who voluntarily sleep together in one bed should be stoned . However, Muslim societies, both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the rest of the Muslim world, did not always obey this rule.
Important kings such as Abd ar-Rahman III. , Al-Hakam II. , Hisham II. And Al-Mutamid , had boys as lovers. The matter went so far that, in order to secure the offspring, a young girl had to be disguised as a boy in order to seduce Al-Hakam II. Such boyish love was widespread among the nobility and the upper classes.
Abdelwahab Bouhdiba describes the mood of this epoch vividly in his work Sexuality in Islam . Around Cordoba there were some large gardens that belonged to palaces and villas, sometimes even to Christian monasteries, where money was played and wine was drunk; Plays, singers and dancers provided entertainment. In this exuberant atmosphere, sexual intercourse was carried out relatively freely in the surrounding bushes, both heterosexual and homosexual, and prostitutes of both sexes were not infrequent. It is known that male prostitutes were paid better than women for a while.
Texts rejecting homosexuality are also known, and Ahmad ibn Yusuf al Tayfashi reports in his work Nuzhat-al-Albab (The Pleasure of the Heart) that men who see other men of the same age have a short life because they have that Took the risk of being robbed or murdered. The narratives in the book Nuzhat-al-Albab can be read in such a way that the Islamic society in Al-Andalus was positive, negative or indifferent to homosexuality. The author Colin Spencer thinks it is possible that all three settings were present at the same time.
Lesbianism was also known and especially prevalent in harems ; but these relationships were cultivated with caution because of possible abuse for political machinations. Some privileged women were educated, and there are two modern collections of Muslim women poetry in Al-Andalus by Teresa Garulo and Maḥmud Subḥ, in which love among women is presented impartially.
Andalusian homoerotic poetry
There is little evidence of homosexuality from this era; but most of them can be found in Andalusian homoerotic poetry , which was as popular as its counterpart in the Middle East . That poetry was rediscovered in the West in the 1920s, thanks to the publication of the book Poemas arabigoandaluces by Emilio García Gómez .
Usually these poems are dedicated to young men of the lower classes, slaves, or Christians, whose beauty and grace are praised, although there are also poems aimed at adult men. Often referred to as a gazelle or a deer , there is talk of the fluff with which an ephebe attains supreme beauty.
Among the poets, Ibn Hazm must be highlighted with his book The Dove's Collar . In this book, poems and anecdotes describe contemporary love games of both heterosexual and homosexual nature, from which sexual habits at court and among the nobility can be read. Other important poets were Al-Mutamid , King of Seville , Ben Qusman , Ibn Sara As-Santarini , Ben Sahl of Seville and Marŷ al-Kuḥl . As an example, a poem by Ibn Hāni 'Al-Andalusī , translated into Spanish by Josefina Veglison Elías de Molins and published in 1997 in La poesía árabe clásica :
“Woman, don't offend me.
Not Hind, not Zaynab seduce me.
On the other hand, I tend towards a deer
whose properties everyone longs for:
It does not fear menstruation,
It does not suffer pregnancy
and does not disguise itself from me. "
Jewish homoerotic poetry
During the golden age of Judaism in Spain , homoeroticism and homosexuality played an important role in Jewish society; this has only been discovered in the last few decades thanks to the work of Jefim Schirmann and Norman Roth . Jewish culture in Spain reached its peak in the 11th century; At that time, homosexuality was so widespread among the aristocracy that homosexuality was no longer an exception at all. Thus the Christian culture of the 13th and 15th centuries equated Judaism with perversion and sodomy, as the satirical poetry of the time shows; this condition can even be proven up to the 18th century.
Today we are no longer aware of how widespread Jewish homoerotic poetry was, as it is largely in Hebrew and has remained largely untranslated to this day. Some of the poets who portray their love for Ephebe and adult men were important figures in Jewish society or even rabbis . Important representatives of this poetry are Solomon ibn Gabirol , Samuel ha-Naguid , Moses Ibn Ezra and Jehuda ha-Levi .
The Christian Middle Ages
The Reconquista resulted in the reintroduction of Christian morality, but up to the time of the Catholic Kings people were relatively tolerant, mainly in the upper classes. While in the 12th century Muslims accused Christian clergy of sodomy, Christians in turn condemned Muslims in the south as soft, weak, and degenerate and cited as evidence that Muslims kept Christian young men in captivity as their sex slaves. The best-known case is that of St. Pelagius , who was executed for defying the advances of Abd ar-Rahman III. did not want to allow.
As early as the 12th century, the tone began to get darker. Saint Raimund of Peñafort coined the expression “ contra natura ” (unnatural) and demanded that any sexual act not carried out by a man and a woman with the appropriate organs “should be rejected and, if not punished, so but must be strictly rejected as sin. ”In the same century, usury, Judaism and sodomy were slowly equated with one another, and between 1250 and 1300 there were new laws in Europe that almost always punished sodomy with death. There is not much evidence that these laws were ever applied on a large scale, but they were often used as political extortion.
The only evidence of the application of these laws in the Iberian Peninsula comes from the Kingdom of Navarre . In 1290 a Mohr was burned in Arguedas for "lying with others". In 1345 Juce Abolfaça and Simuel Nahamán, two Jews from Olite , were burned for committing the Sodomite sin. Both inmates were tortured first to obtain a confession, then 20 people took them to the stake while a musician played the añafil . In 1346 a certain Pascoal de Rojas was burned in Tudela for "heresy with his body". A last known case was in 1373 when a servant was caught sodomy with another.
The Las Siete Partidas set of laws, enacted by King Alfonso X of Castile in the 12th century, punished all unnatural sins with death. The Partidas had adopted elements of the Codex Iustinianus , which, as has already been explained, condemned homosexuality. Sodomites and those who tolerated sodomy should be sentenced to death, with the exception of those under the age of 14 and those who were coerced into it against their will.
An example of the use of homosexuality as a means of political leverage is the trial of Pons Hugo IV of Ampuria , who fell into the disgrace of Jacob II of Aragon when he refused to take action against the Templars . The Templars were destroyed by Philip IV of France with the approval of the Pope, citing heresy and sodomy. The trial of the Templars was the first to use sodomy as a political weapon in Christian Europe.
One of the first known homosexuals in the Christian kingdoms of the Reconquista was the Infanta Jacob of Aragon and Anjou , heir to the throne of King James II of Aragon . From childhood it was decided that Jacob would be with Leonor of Castile , sister of Alfonso XI. of Castile , should be married. But in 1319 Jacob announced to his father that he would renounce the crown, that he would not marry and that he would continue to live as a clergyman. After much discussion he was convinced and married on October 18, 1319 in Gandesa Leonor. But as soon as the ceremony was over, Jacob renounced the crown at the court meeting that had been convened in Tarragona , gave the succession to the throne to his brother Alfonso IV of Aragon and entered a monastery. Later chroniclers did not forgive him for his decision, and he is portrayed as an irresponsible, immoral libertine:
«[…] Antes pareció que haber dejado la dignidad que tenía y la que esperaba tener como una pesada y molesta carga para que con más libertad se pudiese entregar a todo género de vicios, según después se conoció, con gran indignidad no sólo de su casa y sangre, sino incluso de la religón que había profesado »
"[...] as soon as he had left behind the dignity that he had and that he expected to have, like a heavy and obstructive burden, he could turn to all sorts of vices, as later became known, unworthy not only of his house and blood, but even the religion that he practiced. "
Another homosexual from the royal family was John II of Castile . Apparently, the relationship with his tutor and protector Álvaro de Luna was physical, as the historian Marañón claims. Don Álvaro, known for his good looks, gained so much influence over the king that he was named Condestable of Castile in 1422 , despite the nobility against the appointment. The relationship between John II and Álvaro de Luna became increasingly cold as a result of pressure from the family and the nobility until the king signed his death warrant in 1453. The king's homosexuality was apparently known, as the aristocrats who rose up insulted him as "puto" (fagot).
The son of Johann II, Heinrich IV. , Was also homosexual. At that time there were many rumors and criticism about his love games with men, such as B. with Juan Pacheco or Gómez de Cáceres; some even fled the court to escape the king's advances, such as Miguel de Lucas or Francisco Valdés. Since he was unable to father an heir with his wife, Blanca of Navarre , the rumor spread that he was impotent through songs and poems by Ménestrel and by fools . This was historically significant: because when his second wife, Joanna of Portugal , became pregnant, the nobility who had turned against him did not want to believe that the child really came from Heinrich, and called it "la Beltraneja", da Beltrán de la Cueva could have been the biological father in their eyes. The whole thing helped Isabella the Catholic to come to the throne of Castile. During a rebellion of the nobility in 1465, Heinrich was dethroned in the form of a doll at the Farsa de Ávila for "sodomism".
The examples of Jacob of Aragon, Johann II. And Heinrich IV. Show that at that time in the West homosexuality could be lived with a relative freedom, at least among the nobility. It was also the time when sworn brotherhoods developed, i.e. contracts between two men, which John Boswell equates with weddings between men, although there is no evidence that there was ever male sexual intercourse in a sworn brotherhood. As an example, here is a contract from 1031:
«Nosotros, Pedro Didaz y Munio Vandiles, pactamos y acordamos mutuamente acerca de la casa y la iglesia de Santa María de Ordines, que poseemos en conjunto y en la que compartimos labor; nos encargamos de las visitas, de proveer a su cuidado, de decorar y gobernar sus instalaciones, plantar y edificar. E igualmente compartimos el trabajo del jardín, y de alimentarnos, vestirnos y sostenernos a nosotros mismos. Y acordamos que ninguno de nosotros de nada a nadie sin el consentimiento del otro, en honor de nuestra amistad, y que dividiremos por partes iguales el trabajo de la casa y encomendaremos el trabajo por igual y sostendremos por igual y sostendremos a nuestign digual yadores por partes iguales el trabajo de la casa. Y continuaremos siendo buenos amigos con fe y sinceridad, y con otras personas continuaremos siendo por igual amigos y enemigos todos los días y todas las noches, para siempre. Y si Pedro muere antes que Munio, dejará a Munio la propiedad y los documentos. Y si Munio muere antes que Pedro le dejará la casa y los documentos. »
“We, Pedro Didaz and Munio Vandiles, join and agree together on the house and church of Santa María de Ordines, which are ours and where we work together; we take care of the visitors, their physical well-being, decorate and operate the facilities, plant and build. We also share gardening, food, clothing, and livelihood. And we agree that neither of us give away anything without the other's permission, for our friendship, and that we will divide the chores in equal parts and that the work be evenly contracted, and we will entertain our workers equally and dignified. And we will continue to be good friends with faith and truthfulness, and with others we will continue to be friends and enemies, day and night, forever. And if Pedro dies before Munio, he will leave Munio's property and documents. And if Munio dies before Pedro, he will leave him the house and the documents. "
Modern times
The first mass persecutions and executions began in Europe in the 14th century, in cities such as Venice , Florence , Regensburg , Augsburg and Basel , with trials following anonymous and verbal charges, with torture as an investigative measure and with moral and physical punishment up to and including death. In Castile, however, the first executions for sodomy did not take place until 1495.
The Catholic Kings tightened the laws against sodomites in a Pragmatic Sanction of 1497, with which the relative freedom of movement came to an end. The crime was equated with heresy and treason, a relaxed approach to evidence was introduced, and torture was systematically used, even against clergy and the nobility.
Philip II exacerbated the situation with his Pragmatic Sanction of 1592, in which the sentences did not get worse, but the evidence was even easier: from then on the testimony of a single witness was sufficient.
These trials were held either at court in Madrid or in city courts , such as B. in Málaga or Seville . Between 1567 and 1616, 71 men were burned at the stake in Seville alone for sodomy. In general, courts in the Crown of Aragon and Andalusia were less strict in persecuting homosexuals than in Castile. There are even signs of a gay ghetto in Valencia .
In the sixteenth century, moralists and moralists like Antonio Gómez discussed the case of lesbian women; the result was that women should be sentenced to the stake if they had committed sodomy with the aid of objects, but that a death sentence was not deemed necessary if they had dispensed with auxiliary objects. Few cases have been reported without the use of such auxiliary items. A famous case was that of Catalina de Belunza y Mariche, who was sued for sodomy by the Attorney General in San Sebastian . She was acquitted on appeal to the Central Court of the Inquisition in Madrid.
«[…] Penetrarse entre sí como lo harían un hombre y una mujer desnudas, en la cama, tocándose y besándose, la una encima del vientre o la panza de la otra, un crimen que habían perpetrado en numerosas y diversas ocasiones»
"[...] penetrate each other like a man and a woman, naked, on the bed, touching and kissing, one on the stomach of the other, a crime they have often committed."
society
During the Renaissance and the Enlightenment that followed later, men and women in Europe spent a good part of their lives separately from one another, which facilitated and promoted same-sex relationships of both a mental-emotional and physical-gender nature.
Although all sorts of homosexual incidents of that time are known from court records, most seem to have occurred between an older and a younger man or adolescent. The trials show frightened people who did not see what they were doing as sodomy. Many defended themselves fiercely, claiming it was a very common practice. Such encounters usually took place in public spaces: in baths, pubs and restaurants. In Madrid, 70% of those accused of sodomy were caught in public parks or baths, especially in some sections of the Paseo del Prado . Of the remaining 30%, most were men who shared their homes.
Across Europe, many homosexual relationships have been disguised as friendships . This type of idealized friendship, masterfully described by Montaigne in his essay De l'Amitié , differs markedly from today's use of the word. This friendship, which was mostly found among the nobility and at the courts of kings and popes, was often described in the same words as love and was incorporated into political intrigues and power struggles. In Spain, the Conde-Duque de Olivares had all bedroom door locks in the Royal Palace removed so that inspectors could ensure that no one among the hundreds of servants and officials was committing sodomite acts.
Lesbian love was also known in Europe and partly followed the male model, mainly in the upper and educated social classes, in which friendship played a large role. In the lower social classes, however, it was common for women to live alone, in groups with other women (mostly the poorest of them) or in noble houses where maids regularly slept together in groups, sometimes even with the housewife and housekeepers. This allowed a close intimate sphere among the women. There have also been reports of same-sex relationships among women in red light districts and prisons.
The inquisition
The medieval inquisition persecuted gay men; the offense was called sodomy , which, in the worldview of the time, represented the crime against morality. In Spain the act was punished with castration or with stoning .
With the emergence of the Spanish Inquisition and the other social and political changes introduced by the Catholic Monarchs , the punishment for sodomy changed: from now on the stake and expropriation in the worst case were planned, i.e. galley punishment , lashes , imprisonment, Fines or forced labor in other cases. Slaves were often exiled even when it was proven innocent. Torture was used during interrogation, although all under 20s were usually exempt; between 1566 and 1620 at least 23% of the accused were tortured. This new Inquisition condemned sodomy until the Grand Inquisitor decided in 1509 that it should no longer be prosecuted, except in the case of heresy. In Castile, for example, sodomy was no longer persecuted by the Inquisition, except in exceptional cases. In contrast, the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon , with the exception of Mallorca and Sicily , regained jurisdiction over the offense, regardless of whether it was heresy , thanks to a papal bull of February 24, 1524, promulgated by Pope Clement VII or not. The Aragonese Inquisition retained this jurisdiction even after complaints presented at the Monzón Court in 1533.
The Aragonese dishes were very strict with sodomites, which could be both men and women. Anal intercourse , both homosexual and heterosexual, as well as zoophilia and the penetration of women with objects were considered sodomy . People convicted of sodomy were often priests and better-off people who were treated somewhat more leniently than those convicted of zoophilia, who were usually poor and uneducated. Many of the crimes were committed against young people, and most of the accused were foreigners, Italians or French, or priests from other areas. In the Crown of Aragon , the trials had to apply local law, which resulted in the names of the accused being published and often in acquittal. In the courts of Barcelona , Valencia and Zaragoza, 12% of the judgments were death at the stake; between 1570 and 1630 a total of 1000 people were convicted. The court in Zaragoza was particularly severe; between 1571 and 1579, 543 people were convicted of sodomy, of whom 102 were executed. From 1566 to 1775, 359 people were convicted in Valencia: 37 were handed over to execution, 50 were given a galley penalty, 60 were whipped, 67 were banished, 17 were imprisoned, 17 were fined, 10 were forced to work, and 62 were suspended or the accused released.
The fall of Pedro Luis Garcerán de Borja , son of the Duke of Gandía , brother of St. Francisco de Borja and Grand Master of the Order of Montesa , caused a sensation at the time. De Borja was arrested in 1572, tried in Valencia and found guilty. Apparently, some time before, Pedro Luis Garcerán de Borja had fallen in love with a certain Martín de Castro, a crook who made a living by prostitution and pimping with both men and women. Martín de Castro was caught in bed with Juan de Aragón, Count of Ribagorza , in 1571 , and before his execution at the royal court in 1574, he betrayed his relations with Garcerán de Borja, revealing all kinds of delicate details. Garcerán de Borja, who had been viceroy and captain-general of the kingdoms of Tlemcen , Tunis , Oran and Mers-el-Kébir , was embroiled in an internal crisis in the Order of Montesa, which was divided into different factions, and had many enemies because of each other involved in the promotion of his favorites within the order. The Suprema , the highest instance of the Inquisition, conferred with Philip II whether a trial should be brought against Garcerán de Borja; the king decided to politically exploit the process to teach the rebellious nobility a lesson while weakening the powerful alliance between the Borja family and the Portuguese royal family . Garcerán de Borja was sentenced to 10 years of seclusion and a fine of 6,000 ducats in annual installments of 1,000 ducats. After internal disputes over the successor to the office of Grand Master, Garcerán de Borja managed to make himself popular with the king again in 1583. He negotiated that the crown would incorporate the order, the last order that remained independent. In return, he received the encomienda of Calatrava , and in 1591 he was appointed Viceroy of Catalonia . He died in 1592.
A second important case, which is even of historical significance, is that of Antonio Pérez , royal secretary of Philip II Pérez, who was known as "El Pimpollo" (The Bud) in Madrid, rose in the king's favor thanks to the influence of the prince from Eboli , his lover. After falling out of favor with the king for infidelity and betrayal, he fled to Aragon , where the Inquisition arrested him for anal intercourse , among other things . The accusation was confirmed by the Inquisition in Madrid in 1591; there the squire Antón Añón had been questioned and tortured to the point of death. Other well-known cases of this period were those of Antonio Manrique, the Prince of Ascoli, Fernando de Vera y Vargas, Corregidor of Murcia , and Luis de Roda, Vicente de Miranda and Diego López de Zúñiga, Rector of the University of Salamanca , which, however, were able to save themselves.
Homosexuality and Art in the Siglo de Oro
The Renaissance is also the time of the rediscovery of the Greek and Roman heritage. Homoerotic art and stories reached Spain from Italy, like that of Ganymede and Zeus or Apollon and Hyakinthos , through artists, both heterosexual and homosexual, such as Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo or Sodoma . The connection between Italians and sodomite was constant in the Siglo de Oro and continued until the 20th century, when Marañón attributed Antonio Pérez's homosexuality to his visit to Italy. Or, as Luis de Góngora put it:
"Que ginoveses y el Tajo
por cualquier ojo entran bien"
"Because Genovesi and the Tajo
get in easily through every hole."
In the literature of the Siglo de Oro , ridicule, jokes and attacks on sodomites accumulate. As an example, a few lines from Quevedo :
«ÚLTIMA DESGRACIA: Finalmente, tan desgraciado es el culo que siendo así que todos los miembros del cuerpo se han holgado y huelgan muchas veces, los ojos de la cara gozando de lo hermoso, las narices de los buenos olores lo, b la boca de los buenos olores lo sazonado y besando lo que ama, la lengua retozando entre los serves, deleitándose con el reír, conversar y con ser pródiga y una vez que quiso holgar el pobre culo le quemaron. »
"LAST MISSION: Ultimately, the ass is so unhappy that, although all other parts of the body enjoy and have enjoyed it a lot, the eyes on the face rejoice in the beautiful, the nose in the good smells, the mouth in the well-spiced and kissing what he loves, dancing his tongue between his teeth, delighting himself with laughing, talking and generosity, and once the poor ass wanted to enjoy and was burned. "
The theater world was particularly suspect. The plot of the plays was often immoral, with men and women adopting the clothes and behaviors of the opposite sex, as e.g. B. can be seen in the play El vergonzoso en palacio by Tirso de Molina , in which Serafina pays court to both men and women. Mainly it was female characters who disguised themselves as men in order to enjoy their privileges. During the 16th and 17th centuries there were several attempts to put a stop to this immorality with certain regulations, such as the duty of the theater owner to provide information about the marital status of the actors, that the wives of the married actors had to be present during the performance, that women's roles were only allowed to be portrayed by young men or, in contrast, only by women, that men were not allowed to dress like women, etc.
The social pressures and the legal consequences meant that many sodomites hid their predisposition, and today only clues of what may once have remained. For example:
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- El Greco lived in an all-male household in which his secretary Francesco Preboste (1554–1607) had an astonishingly close relationship with El Greco and his son Jorge Manuel Theotocopoli. Some of El Greco's paintings have a distinct homoeroticism, such as Laocoon (1604 / 1608–1614) or his Saint Sebastian.
- The sexuality of Cervantes was examined by Daniel Eisenberg. Eisenberg has used soft facts found in Cervantes' work, which leads him to the following conclusion: “He was not heterosexual either, in the same sense as the word is used today. If you want to call him bisexual , […] I couldn't deny it. ”Although he does not consider the terms heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual to be appropriate for the time.
- There were countless rumors about Luis de Góngora in the streets of Madrid; Songs and poems referred to him as Bujarrón (passive homosexual). Many descriptions of young male beauty can be found in his poems.
«CONTRA DON LUIS DE GÓNGORA Y SU POESÍA
Este cíclope, no sicilïano,
del microcosmo sí, orbe postrero;
this antípoda faz, cuyo hemisferio
zona divide en término italiano;
este círculo vivo en todo plano;
este que, siendo solamente cero,
le multiplica y parte por entero
todo buen abaquista veneciano;
el minoculo sí, mas ciego vulto;
el resquicio barbado de melenas;
esta cima del vicio y del insulto;
éste, en quien hoy los pedos son sirenas,
éste es el culo, en Góngora y en culto,
que un bujarrón le conociera apenas. "
- The historians Narciso Alonso Cortés and Gregorio Marañón tell of Juan de Tassis , Count of Villamediana and a close friend of Góngoras, that he had a post-mortem legal dispute over sodomy, the documentation of which they could see in the Archivo de Simancas , but which later disappeared . In his book Reyes que amaron como reinas, Bruquetas de Castro goes so far as to suggest a relationship between the murder of Villamediana and his knowledge of the sodomite excesses of King Philip IV of Spain . The mysterious assassination of Villamediana caused persecution of his close circles for sodomy. The first case was caused by the murder of the son of the Count of Benavente; Diego Enríquez, a relative, was charged and confessed to the crime; he admitted to having committed it out of jealousy caused by a love fight over a third man. Other cases included Luis de Córdoba, firstborn of the Count of Cabra, who was sentenced to death by Garrotte , and Diego Gaytán de Vargas, representative of the court in Salamanca.
- By Juana Ines de la Cruz is also because of the close friendships she had with some women whose beauty she extolled in poems, been claimed that she was a lesbian:
«Yo, pues, mi adorada Filis,
que tu deidad reverencio,
que tu desdén idolatro
y que tu rigor venero: […]
Ser mujer, ni estar ausente,
no es de amarte impedimento;
pues sabes tú que las almas
distancia ignoran y sexo. "
“I, my beloved Filis,
who adore your divinity,
who adores your contempt,
and who adores your severity: […] to be a
woman or to be away
is no obstacle to loving you;
because you know that
distance and sex do not count for souls . "
- There has also been speculation about the relationship between María de Zayas y Sotomayor , novelist, and Ana de Caro , dramaturge and essayist. Both lived together in Madrid and ate what they earned by writing, regardless of any man. Diaries, letters, and comments from contemporaries such as Alonso de Castillo Solórzano and modern scientists such as Maroto Camino have shown that both as a couple lived their love not only emotionally but also physically.
- Cosme Pérez , better known under the name Juan Rana ("Hans Frosch"), can be chosen from the actors . It is known from a contemporary comment that he was arrested for "nefarious sin", although he was later released. He became so famous as the «prankster des entremés » that entire plays were written for him: El doctor Juan Rana by Luis Quiñones de Benavente , Juan Rana poeta by Antonio de Solís , Juan Rana mujer by Jerónimo de Cáncer or El triunfo de Juan Rana by Pedro Calderón de la Barca , a total of 44 pieces. From the plays that were written for him, it can be said that the actor was probably affected and thus was performing on the stage for which he was famous.
Beginning of modernity
The custom of bringing homosexuals to a secular court and convicting them persisted until the mid-17th century, when there were no more public executions. This fact can be explained by a change in the sensitivity of Spanish and European society and the desire not to give sodomy a public space; the judges preferred to send the condemned to galleys or into exile. At the beginning of the 18th century only a few important cases were brought before the judge.
From the 1830s onwards, the Inquisition also changed its penalties, the number of those sentenced to death or the galley fell, torture and whipping gradually ceased, and exile, fines and forced labor were increasingly imposed as punishments: Politics changed from the containment [of homosexuality] through terror to a pure and simple politics of exclusion ”. Exiles, which made up 28.8% of convictions, could be temporary or lifelong, and usually related to the jurisdiction of the Court, although banishment from all over Spain was also possible in the case of foreigners.
Fernando Bruquetas de Castro explains part of the history of Spain , namely the rise of Godoy and the French invasion , with the homosexuality of King Charles IV. At that time it was well known among the people that Godoy was the lover of Queen Maria Luise of Bourbon-Parma was, but Bruquetas de Castro goes further and says Godoy was also the king's lover. In his opinion, this would be the only explanation to make the actions and reactions of Charles IV plausible: "[... He] was gay or stupid, maybe even both at the same time [...]" Other historians, such as Juan Balansó or Emilio Calderó, have downgraded the importance of the relationship between Godoy and Maria Luise in the rise of Godoy.
In 2004 the newspapers reported the possibility that the painter Francisco de Goya could have had a homoerotic relationship. The art history scholar Natacha Seseña wanted to recognize a homoerotic relationship in Goya's letters to his close friend and accountant Martín Zapater. The proof is in letters that remained unpublished until 2004:
«Martín mío, con tus cartas me prevarico ... me arrebataría a irme contigo porque es tanto lo que me gustas y tan de mi genio que no es posible habenrar otro y cree que mi vida sería el que pudiésemos estar juntos y cazar y chocolatear y gastarme mis veintitrés reales que tengo con sana paz y en tu compañía me parecería la mayor dicha del mundo (pero qué poltroncitos que nos volveríamos), y en realidad no hay otra cosa que apetecer en este mundo con que si me escribes por ese estilo me revientas y me haces pasar unos ratos que me estoy hablando solo y contigo horas […] »
"My Martin, your letters drive me crazy ... I would be carried away to go to you because I like you so much and you are so related to my soul that it is not possible for me to find anyone else and I believe to me, I would love to be with you for my life and hunt and chat and spend my twenty-three reales peacefully with you in your company, it would appear to me as the greatest happiness in the world (but how comfortable we would be), and really exist there is nothing that gives more pleasure in this world than when you write in this style that I burst and you let me talk to myself and you for a long time [...] "
" El que te ama más de lo que piensas " ("who loves you more than you think") or " tuyo y retuyo, tu Paco Goya " ("yours and yours again, your Franz Goya") are some of the texts and expressions you can find about it.
The 19th and early 20th centuries
legislation
At the beginning of the 19th century, liberal ideas spread from France and later from Krausismos , which originated in Germany. This led to the first Spanish penal code of 1822 that did not mention sodomy as a crime, during the so-called Trienio Liberal ; but it was abolished shortly afterwards. The offense of "sodomy" before and after still referred to the old concept of all sexual acts outside of the reproductive. It was not until 1848, with the new penal code, that sodomy finally disappeared, which was retained in the 1850, 1860 and 1870 versions. However, this does not mean that other laws could not be applied, such as the provisions against "public nuisance" (escándalo público) or the "offenses against morality, decency and good manners" (faltas contra la moral, el pudor y las buenas costumbres) .
The crime of homosexuality was made under the Penal Code of 1928 during the reign of Alfonso XIII. reintroduced with Section 616 of Title X:
"El que, habitualmente o con escándalo, cometiere actos contrarios al pudor con personas del mismo sexo será castigado con multa de 1,000 to 10,000 pesetas e inhibición especial para cargos públicos de seis a doce años."
"Anyone who repeatedly or under excitement of public nuisance violates morality with same-sex persons is punished with a fine of 1,000 to 10,000 pesetas and a special ban on the exercise of public office."
1,000 to 10,000 pesetas was a huge fine that only rich people could pay. Poor victims had to serve a prison sentence as a substitute. Women were also specifically mentioned in section 613:
«En los delitos de abusos deshonestos sin publicidad ni escándalo entre hembras, bastara la denuncia de cualquiera de ellas, y si se realizan con publicidad o producen escándalo, la de cualquier persona. En los cometidos entre hombres se procederá de oficio. "
“In sexual abuse crimes without public knowledge or public nuisance among women, it is sufficient for either [women] to report it, or if it is done with public knowledge or with arousing public nuisance, it is sufficient to report it of each. The crimes committed by men are prosecuted ex officio. "
This penal code was abolished by the new republic on April 13, 1931 , and the previous one from 1870 was reintroduced. The new Republican Penal Code of 1932 maintained impunity. With this, homosexuality among adult men was again exempt from punishment, with the exception of the military.
In 1901 the wedding of Spain's first known gay marriage took place. On June 8, 1901, Marcela Gracia Ibeas and Elisa Sánchez Loriga, two women, married in La Coruña , for which Elisa disguised herself as a man. When the deception was exposed, they both had to flee the country because they could no longer find work, the judiciary was persecuting them and society was putting enormous pressure on them. The marriage certificate was never canceled, however, which may have been due to the fact that the marriage was considered ineffective.
All this was not enough to create a homosexual movement , as was the case in Germany or even in France or England, which would have fought against the discrimination of gays and lesbians or would have stood up for their own appreciation. However, there are individual voices that even spoke out in favor of gay marriage. So José María Llanas Aguilaniedo in a text from 1904 in the Madrid magazine Nuestro Tiempo :
«El homosexual entre individuos de sexo contrario, tan insatisfecho resulta como si se hallara aislado en el desierto; y un individuo insatisfecho es al fin un inútil; nada puede ni hace; ó viene á loco ó á un obseso peligroso. Apareado, en cambio, con otro homosexual, resulta apaciguado y puede ser útil á los demás. La molécula, el verdadero elemento social, quedan tan cerrados en este caso como en el matrimonio corriente, pues hay en la pareja amor, hay ayuda y sostén, lugar de reparo para la lucha y satisfacción perfecta del instinto, la única apetecida.
Si no se había presentado aún esta cuestión, es indudable que algún día, por muy triste y antipático que hoy nos parezca, ha de presentarse para su resolución.
¿Por qué no ocuparse en serio de ella ya? »
“The homosexual among individuals of the opposite sex is as dissatisfied as if he were isolated in the desert; and an unsatisfied individual is ultimately useless; she can do nothing, she does nothing; either she goes mad or a dangerous man possessed. On the other hand, mated with another homosexual, she is calm and can be useful to others. The [social] molecule, as a real social element, remains just as complete in this case as in the case of normal marriage, because in togetherness there is love, help and support, a place of rest for struggle and a perfect satisfaction of instinct, the only one desired .
If none of these questions have ever been asked, there is no doubt that there will come a day, no matter how sad or disagreeable it may seem to us today, that this should be presented as the solution.
So why not get serious about it right away? "
Subculture and names
Among the politicians and rulers of the 19th century, Francisco de Asís de Borbón , husband of Queen Isabella II , and Emilio Castelar should be mentioned. The homosexuality of the former was well known among the people. There were innumerable anecdotes about it, and in Madrid there were pennies:
"Paquito Natillas
que es de pasta flora,
orina en cuclillas,
como una señora."
"Franzi vanilla pudding
made from shortcrust pastry,
he pees sitting down
like a lady."
Castelar's homosexuality is and was nowhere near as well known, although some newspapers then called him "Doña Inés del Tenorio". Bruquetas de Castro tells a tender love story between Castelar and José Lázaro Galdiano , which in the end broke because of the difference in age and interests.
Homosexual men from exalted circles could be found in the Café de Levante and Café del Vapor in Madrid or in the Chinese Quarter of Barcelona, often in expensive hotels. As in other countries, there was a certain identification of homosexuality with the aristocracy, as evidenced by the figure of the Marquis of Bradomín in the story "Estío" by Valle Inclán or the author Antonio de Hoyos y Vinent himself. In these places the » Señoritos « and » Señorones « could be found. Señorones were rich and somewhat older men who are now known as sugar daddies and who took ephebic youths from the lower social classes as protégés , the so-called señoritos .
The homosexuals from the lower classes were usually divided into the " locas ", literally "crazy", queens , effeminate men who often took on female roles, and " chulos ", literally "pimps", men from the lowest social classes who however, did not see themselves as homosexuals, as they took the active role in the sexual relationship. The Chulos often got themselves paid for their services, which at the same time gave them an excuse not to consider themselves gay: they only did it for money.
Towards the end of the 19th century, public tuna balls became widespread in Madrid and Barcelona, such as the one held in 1879 at La Alameda on Alameda Street in Madrid on the last day of Carnival . "Over a hundred sodomites in elegant clothes and rich jewelry" took part. All of this was gone by the beginning of the 20th century; possibly it was public nuisance laws that led gays to retreat to private clubs and apartments. This subculture is transmitted mainly in literary, criminal and medical texts, which led to the homophobic attitude inherent in these texts, which was widespread at the time. Homosexuals were "baptized" in ceremonies described by Teodoro Yáñez in 1884 as follows:
«[En determinados días se admitían socios nuevos en el club ...] y despues [ sic ] de acreditar que no habían conocido varon [ sic ] con dos testigos, se les ponía una túnica blanca y una corona de azahar, y se les paseaba por el recinto, haciendo luego uno de ellos la primera introduccion [ sic ]. »
"[On some days new club members were admitted to the club ...] after they had given two witnesses to prove that they had not" recognized "a man; then they were given a white tunic and a crown of orange blossoms and they were driven across the room; later one of them would do the first introduction. "
Other, similar ceremonies were "weddings" and "births":
«The ceremonia del paritorio es complicada y variable en cada caso. Celébranse en lugares de reunión, algunos de los cuales se han hecho famosos. Aparece un uranista en traje femenino, con el vientre abultado, andando penosamente. El supuesto médico y la reunión de amigos, deudos y familiares, alarmados, oblíganle a tenderse en el lecho, prodíganle toda clase de cuidados, refrescan con paños mojados su frente y sienes, sobreviniendo, al fin, tras una larga y ena simulada, medio de grandes alaridos, el alumbramiento del muñeco, que es inmediatamente presentado al oficioso senado de expectantes. La más viva alegría se pinta en las caras; corre el vino a raudales, y el suspirado desenfreno hace al fin su aparición ente la grotesca turba. "
“The 'birth' ceremony is complicated and changes every time. It is carried out in certain meeting places, some of which later became famous. A Urninger appears dressed in a feminine manner, with a swollen belly who has difficulty walking. The supposed doctor and the pretend friends, relatives and family are together and alarmed, lay him on the bed, look after him lovingly, refresh him with wet towels on his forehead, until finally, after a simulated fight and in the midst of great shouts, to the A doll is born, which is immediately shown to the waiting audience. They are happy and the wine flows in large quantities until the expected licentiousness has found its way into the bizarre rabble. "
Also cabaret and revue were important centers of "Rüchigkeit," mainly during the years of Sicalipsis . In the café concerts there were even travesty performances, such as the case of Edmond de Bries, who sang the song Tardes del Ritz ("The Evenings of the Ritz") by Retana in 1923 disguised as a woman. Some songs even had homosexuality as their theme, always in the form of derision and ridicule , such as El peluquero de señoras ("The women's hairdresser") or ¡Ay Manolo! , sung by Mercedes Serós.
"Un pollito de esos que llevan
Las melenas hasta los pies
De este modo habló al peluquero
Con un poco de timidez:
" Quiero que me haga usted un peinado
Con raya al medio, en dos bandós,
Que sea así por el estilo
Del de la Cléo de Mérode "[…]
No hay un batidor en la ciudad
Que peine con tanta suavidad […]
" A nadie jamás yo dejaré
Que ande en mi cabeza más que usted "
Y con gran amor él le dijo así
Lleno de rubor:" ¡Ay sí! "»
“A chick, of those who have
long hair down to their feet,
So spoke to the hairdresser
with a little shyness:
“ I want you to do me a hairstyle Parted
in the middle, parted in half,
in a style similar to
that of Cléo de Mérode «[…]
There is no hairdresser in town who
would comb so gently […]
» In future I will not
let
anyone else touch my head except you «
And with great love he said so
blushing:» Oh yeah! ""
One of the centers of gay life in Spain during the 20s and 30s was the Residencia de Estudiantes , whose roots went back deep into the Institución Libre de Enseñanza of Francisco Giner de los Ríos and Krausismo . Some of the students were homosexual, such as Federico García Lorca . Lorca belonged to the gay core of the Generación del 27 , which also included other LGBT personalities, such as Luis Cernuda , Juan Gil-Albert , Emilio Prados , Vicente Aleixandre and Rafael de León . Salvador Dalí must also be counted among this group of poets .
There was also a "Sapphic Circle" in Madrid, which served as a meeting and exchange place. Women like Carmen Conde , Victorina Durán , the journalist Irene Polo and Lucía Sánchez Saornil met there . The only one who dared publish homoerotic verse was Sánchez Saornil, although she did it under a male name, Luciano de San-Saor. In Barcelona, Ana María Sagi and Tórtola Valencia must be mentioned.
Some books on homosexuality were even published, but most were written by foreigners. Emilio García Gómez published the book Poemas arábigo-andaluces ("Arabic-Andalusian Poems") and was the first to publish the homoerotic tradition of Al-Ándalus without censorship. Donde habite el olvido ("Where oblivion may dwell", 1934), El marinero joven ("The young sailor", 1936) and Los placeres prohibidos ("The forbidden pleasures", 1936) by Luis Cernuda contain some homoerotic poems and had some response. García Lorca never published his Sonetos del amor oscuro ("Sonnets of Dark Love") and they remained hidden from the family and unpublished until 1984.
Homosexuality, while not criminal, was nonetheless despised and excluded from society, mainly from the more conservative and ultra-Catholic sections of the Church. Homophobia has also been used by the left of the political spectrum to attack the aristocracy and the church, as the books AMDG by Pérez de Ayala , Ellas y ellos o ellos y ellas by Carmen de Burgos or Las locas de postín by Álvaro Retana show . During the 19th century, forensics had turned the homosexual into a monster - a judgment that was gradually softened in the 20th century thanks to greater visibility and the gradual decline in moralizing baggage. But it was doctors who contributed most to this exclusion and rejection of homosexuals. From the turn of the century, an endocrine view of homosexuality prevailed in Spain, dividing homosexuals into "good" (chaste) and "bad". A typical statement from the 1920s reported, "por lo general la homosexualidad no se observa más que en individuos tarados desde el punto de vista psicopático o biológico" ("in general, from a psychopathic or biological point of view, homosexuality can only be found among dysfunctional individuals" ). The main proponent of this view was Gregorio Marañón ; Fairer than most, he was against the criminalization of homosexuals, but he pleaded for the concealment of homosexuality and, as such, can be described as the predecessor of "liberal homophobia". This suffocating atmosphere led some men to seek exile in Paris.
The Spanish Civil War and the Franco dictatorship (1936–1976)
On July 18, 1936, the Spanish Civil War began with the uprising of the Spanish military in Morocco against the 2nd Republic. The rebellious nationalists did not have a clear ideology, but were in any case strongly nationalist and Catholic conservative and later leaned on fascism and Nazism . There is no evidence of deliberate or organized persecution of homosexuals, although homosexuality was a risk factor that could lead to abuse, imprisonment or even murder amid the chaos of war. The best-known case is that of Federico García Lorca , who was shot dead by a Falange militia group for being a “red fagot”, as Ruiz Alonso, leader of the group that arrested Lorca, later justified the act.
Initially, the dictatorship of Franco was concerned with the persecution and elimination of any political dissidence, but this became less and less over time. This was the beginning of the general persecution of the so-called "Violetas" ("Lilas"), for which the amendment to the law for idlers and vagrants (Ley de vagos y maleantes) on July 15, 1954 was a cornerstone.
«A los homosexuales, rufianes y proxenetas, a los mendigos profesionales ya los que vivan de la mendicidad ajena, exploten menores de edad, enfermos mentales o lisiados, se les aplicarán para que cumplan todas sucesivamente, las medidas siguientes:
a) Internado en un establecimiento de trabajo o colonia agrícola. Los homosexuales sometidos a esta medida de seguridad deberán ser internados en instituciones especiales, y en todo caso, con absoluta separación de los demás.
b) Prohibición de residir en determinado lugar o territorio y obligación de declarar su domicilio.
c) Sumisión a la vigilancia de los delegados. "
"Homosexuals, pimps, professional beggars and those who live off the begging of others who exploit minors, the mentally ill or cripples are subject to the following measures, which are carried out in sequence:
a) Imprisonment in a labor camp or an agricultural colony. The homosexuals who are given these security measures must be locked up in special facilities, and in any case completely separated from the others.
b) Prohibition of residence in a certain town or area and obligation to register one's place of residence.
c) Submission to the supervision by those commissioned. "
These labor camps and agricultural colonies were real concentration camps in which prisoners had to work under inhumane conditions until they fell over from exhaustion, were often beaten up and starved to death. The agricultural colony of Tefía in Fuerteventura is famous and notorious , the living conditions of which are dealt with in the novel Viaje al centro de la infamia (2006; Journey to the Center of Shame) by Miguel Ángel Sosa Machín. The church and the medical profession became accomplices of the regime in destroying all places of self-respect for homosexuals.
Despite everything, a gay subculture gradually emerged in the sixties, mainly in the big cities, initially in the underground and in the tourist areas where society was less conservative, such as in Barcelona , Ibiza , Sitges or Torremolinos .
In 1970 the law on dangerousness and social rehabilitation ("Ley de Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social") was passed, which, unlike the previous one, aimed at the "treatment" and "cure" of homosexuality. Two prisons were designated, one in Badajoz , where the "passive" gays were collected, and one in Huelva , to which the "active" gays were deported. In addition, there were special areas for homosexuals in certain prisons. In these institutions, the sexual orientation of the inmates should be transformed by aversion therapy ( electric shocks ). A total of 5,000 men and trans women were arrested across Spain for gay behavior during the dictatorship. Those arrested and imprisoned were not included in either the November 25, 1975 pardon or the July 31, 1976 amnesty.
Francesc Francino and Armand de Fluviá founded, under the pseudonyms Mir Bellgai and Roger de Gaimon, in 1970 underground in Barcelona the Movimiento Español de Liberación Homosexual (MELH; Spanish Movement of Homosexual Liberation), the first association in Spain to campaign for gay rights began. In 1972 the MELH published a number of newsletters under the title Aghois ( Agrupación Homosexual para la Igualdad Sexual , Homosexual Association for Sexual Equality), which, however, were first sent to France and only then returned to Spain by post. The group disbanded in 1974 because of police harassment and persecution.
The democracy
The Spanish transition and the government of Adolfo Suárez (1976–1981)
After Franco's death in 1975, Juan Carlos I became king of the new state, and, after the brief transition from Arias Navarro , Adolfo Suárez was appointed the first head of government of the new democracy. Suárez won the first election in 1977 shortly afterwards.
In 1975, still at the beginning of the transition , the Front d'Alliberament Gai de Catalunya (FAGC) was founded from the remnants of the MELH. This association was not legalized until July 15, 1980. The FAGC became a model for many other groups that gradually emerged in Spain, such as the Euskal Herriko Gay Askapen Mugimendua (EHGAM) in the Basque Country and the Frente Homosexual de Acción Revolucionaria (FHAR), the MDH and the Mercurio in Madrid. In 1977 the FAGC spearheaded the creation of the Federació de Fronts d'Alliberament Gai dels Països Catalans, which only existed for a very short time, and the Coordinadora de Frentes de Liberación Homosexual del Estado Español (COFLHEE), in which the following Spanish groups worked together: the FAGC itself, the three groups from Madrid, the EHGAM, FAGI, AM, MH Aragón and FLH Galicia. At the same time as the explosion of LGBT groups, Armand de Fluviá founded the Institut Lambda in Barcelona in 1977, later Casal Lambda, the first service center for LGBT in the whole country. In the same year the magazine Hotsa , published by EHGAM, was launched, the first of its kind in Spain.
Also in 1977, on June 28th, FAGC organized the first demonstration in Spain for the rights of the LGBT community in Barcelona, when homosexuality was still illegal. 5000 people marched through the Ramblas. Police intervened in the demonstration, resulting in some demonstrators being injured and others arrested.
The first public outing took place in 1978. Armand de Fluviá, who had previously used the pseudonym Roger de Gaimon, publicly declared himself gay in the regional program Vosté pregunta of the Spanish state television broadcaster TVE , one of the most watched at the time. That same year the first gays took part in television debates when Armand de Fluviá and Jordi Petit took part in TVE's La Clave program .
The first lesbian group, the Grup de Lluita per l'Alliberament de la Dona , was founded in Barcelona in 1979. Even after it was founded, lesbians were reluctant to move until, in 1987, two women were arrested for kissing in public. In response, a massive kiss- in protest was organized in Puerta del Sol on July 28 of the same year , which has been repeated annually since then.
From 1978 these groups in Madrid had no continuity: in 1978 FHAR and MDH, whose activists united in the Mercurio group and then founded the Frente de Liberación Homosexual de Castilla (FLHC), which organized the largest demonstration in Spain to date, disappeared who gathered around 10,000 people on June 28, 1798. The FLHC bulletin was issued under three names, La Ladilla Loca , La voz del FLHOC, and Aquí el FLHOC . Tensions between gays and lesbians led to the creation of the Colectivo de Feministas Lesbianas de Madrid (CFLM), active throughout the state, and the Grupo de Acción por la Liberación Homosexual (GALHO), a little less radical than the FLHOC, in 1981. Both FLHOC and GALHO disappeared a short time later.
In 1978 the new constitution came into force, a basic law that laid down democracy and the separation of church and state. Even so, the idleness and vagabond law was still being used in 1978 against three people. The last prisoners for their homosexuality were only released a year later. Resistance against homosexual rights came not only from the right-wing camp and the Catholic Church, but also from the left corner. In an interview with Tierno Galván in Interviú magazine in 1977, he said:
«No, no creo que se les deba castigar. Pero no soy partidario de conceder libertad ni de hacer propaganda del homosexualismo. Creo que hay que poner límites a este tipo de desviaciones, cuando el instinto está tan claramente definido en el mundo occidental. La libertad de los instintos es una libertad respetable ..., siempre que no atente en ningún caso a los modelos de convivencia mayoritariamente aceptados como modelos morales positivos. »
“No, I don't think they [the homosexuals] should be punished. But I am also not in favor of giving them freedom or allowing homosexualism to be promoted. I believe that when instinct is so clearly defined in the Western world, lines should be drawn against this type of deviation. The freedom of instincts is a respectable freedom ... if it does not in any case violate the positive roles of coexistence accepted by the majority. "
In this he knew that he was in agreement with Federica Montseny , anarchist of the CNT , Eladio García, from the Partido del Trabajo de España, Manuel Guedán, from the Organización Revolucionaria de Trabajadores, or Diego Fábregas, from the Organización de Izquierda Comunista.
Reign of Felipe González (1982–1996)
As soon as the first and decisive phase of the transition was over, a true cultural, social and economic revolution arose, of which the Movida madrileña is the best example.
Until 1986 homosexuality was described as an "offense against honor" in the army and was therefore also illegal. The military penal code previously punished homosexuality with release and between six months and six years in prison.
In 1983 the Asamblea Gai de Madrid (AGAMA) was created, which published the Bulletins Madrid Gai , later Mundo Gai , until it was dissolved in 1986. Until 1985 there was no stable LGBT organization in Madrid, unlike Barcelona and Bilbao, which had stable groups since the late 1970s; this changed with the creation of the Colectivo Gai de Madrid (COGAM), later Colectivo de Lesbianas, Gays, Transexuales y Bisexuales de Madrid . In 1987 COGAM issued the Entiendes ...? Newsletter for the first time . out. In 1986 in Catalonia , the activist Jordi Petit founded the Coordinadora d'Iniciatives Gais, which two years later became the Coordinadora Gai-Lesbiana de Catalunya (CGL), an umbrella organization of several Catalan groups. In 1986 the Colle • lectiu Lambda group was founded in Valencia. In 1989 the Foro Permanente sobre Homosexualidad was founded in Córdoba and renamed COLEGA in 1992. COLEGA, a rather conservative group, spread rapidly in Andalusia and neighboring regions from 1993 onwards . In 1989, the Institut Lambda and the Comisión Pro-Casal merged in Barcelona to form Casal Lambda , which later published a magazine of the same name. In the same year the first stable organization of transsexuals, called Transexualia, came into being.
In 1992, COGAM left the umbrella organization COFLHEE because it was viewed as too radical, which led to the emergence of other more radical groups like La Radical Gai y LSD, a lesbian group. In the same year, the Comité Reivindicativo y Cultural de Lesbianas (CRECUL), formed the year before, merged with COGAM, from which, under the leadership of Armand de Fluviá, the umbrella organization Federación Estatal de Gais y Lesbianas (FEGL) emerged, later Federación Estatal de Lesbianas , Gays, Transexuales y Bisexuales (FELGTB); later Casal Lambda , NOS ( Granada ), 28-J ( Jaén ) and Gais Cristians / es were to be added. The umbrella organization grew over time with the addition of other important groups such as Gehitu ( Basque Country ), Alega ( Cantabria ), Gamá ( Canary Islands ) or the Collectiu Lambda (Valencia) to become the most important LGTB organization in Spain. The management of the umbrella organization was made up of important activists such as Pedro Zerolo , Íñigo Lamarca , Juana Ramos, Miguel Ángel Fernández, Beatriz Gimeno and Toni Poveda.
The first gay quarters in Spain emerged from the mid-1990s : Chueca in Madrid and Gaixample in Barcelona. Both neighborhoods emerged from small collections of gay bars that, during the transition, developed along the lines of North American models (such as The Castro and Greenwich Village ) and European examples ( Le Marais and Old Compton Streets ) and turned into true gay centers of culture, fun and life Business life transformed. At the same time, some tourist areas became the main gay destinations in Europe, such as Ibiza , Playa del Inglés - Maspalomas , Sitges and especially Barcelona .
In February 1995, the case Arny began in Seville , that of Jesús Vázquez was called, one of those affected, "crush last attempt of the reactionaries, the Unabweichbare," when. Arny was the name of a gay bar allegedly used by minors to prostitute themselves. The scandal was enormous, 48 men were charged, including well-known names such as the aforementioned TV presenter Jesús Vázquez, the actor and singer Javier Gurruchaga , the humorist Jorge Cadaval , the ex-juvenile judge Manuel Rico Lara, Antonio Tejado, brother of the singer María del Monte , and the Marquis of Soto Hermoso, Ramón de Carranza y Villalonga. Most were charged according to the testimony of “Witness Number 1”, José Antonio SB, a boy of 15 who, according to the judgment of the Seville Provincial Court, testified: “If the media had given me the amount of money I had demanded, I would have said that the highest authorities in the country had slept with me. «The same was convicted in 2005 of the murder of a suitor whom he had offered himself to at the Arny and who had refused to pay the agreed sum of money. Ultimately, most of the defendants were acquitted for lack of evidence; in fact, some of the defendants had never set foot in the Arny. The moral damage was enormous, Jorge Cadaval said, "the broken glass remains broken" (" El vaso roto, roto está "); However, the case also had major economic consequences for those affected, and Jesús Vázquez, for example, earned only 10% of the planned income at that time.
Reign of José María Aznar (1996-2004)
The social democratic party PSOE lost the 1996 elections; the government went to the Partido Popular ; that was the first time since 1934 that a conservative party had led a democratic government in Spain. During the eight years of José María Aznar in power, the government rejected any form of legalization of homosexual coexistence, including gay marriage. Homosexual couples received no legal recognition at the state level, but some autonomies legalized marriage-like communities (" parejas de hecho "), including homosexual ones, as far as regional governments could, in order to grant a minimum of legal protection. On June 30, 1998, Catalonia was the first autonomous government in Spain to introduce the cohabiting union, followed by Valencia , on December 1, 2001 by Madrid, on January 2, 2002 by the Balearic Islands , in May of the same year by Asturias and in December by Andalusia ; In 2003, Extremadura , the Basque Country and Aragon followed .
Although homosexuality had been legalized two decades earlier, in the late 1990s the police were still in possession of the police files of homosexuals captured during the dictatorship and transition. It was not until 2001 that a law was passed that removed these files.
The first Spanish politician to publicly declare himself gay was Miguel Iceta, MP for the PSC during the 1999 election , followed a year later by Jerónimo Saavedra, former socialist minister of education, who did it in Fernando Bruquetas' book Outing en España . José María Mendiluce of the Los Verdes would later do it in the January 2003 election campaign for the mayor's office in Madrid.
During the Aznar government, Zero was founded, a monthly lifestyle magazine aimed at the LGBT community. The magazine became a reference point for gay culture. In particular, several coming-out stories astonished Spanish society, including the first confession of a high-ranking military man, Lieutenant Colonel Sánchez Silva, a Guardia Civil and a priest; also important public figures such as José María Mendiluce , Jesús Vázquez , Eusebio Poncela , Rafael Amargo , Jorge Cadaval, humorist from Los Morancos , Nacho Duato , although he never denied his homosexuality, or Arturo Tejerina. Important politicians also appeared on the front page of the magazine, such as José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero , Gaspar Llamazares and Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón , who also gave her long interviews.
In 1996 the Fundación Triángulo separated from COGAM. The new foundation organized the first Muestra Internacional de Cine Gai y Lésbico de Madrid . In May 1996 the group De Par en Par was founded in Extremadura, the last autonomous community to have its own LGBT group.
The 21st century
Reign of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004–2011)
The PP lost the Spanish general election, 2004 , bringing the center-left -party PSOE came to power. José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero , head of the socialists, had promised legalization of gay marriage during the election campaign, and the law came into force on July 3, 2005 ; Spain was the third country in the world to introduce such a law. In the words of Zapatero: «We weren't the first, but we won't be the last either. Many countries will follow us, driven, gentlemen, by two unstoppable forces: freedom and equality ». In Parliament, 187 votes were in favor (PSOE, PNV , ERC , CC , IU , Grupo Mixto , two members of the CiU and one member of the PP) and 147 against ( UDC and PP) with four abstentions. The law was supported by 66% of the population according to a poll by the CIS . Gay marriage has been heavily criticized by the Catholic Church and neighboring organizations such as the Foro Español de la Familia . The law brought full equality between homosexual and heterosexual marriage, so that joint adoption became possible.
In the first year the law was in effect, 4,500 homosexual marriages were concluded. Almost two years after its introduction, on February 27, 2007, the PP brought a bill into parliament defining marriage as exclusive between a man and a woman. The draft was a citizens' initiative, organized by the Foro Español de la Familia and signed by over 1.5 million people. Only the PP and UDC voted in favor of the bill, but they were in the minority, which meant that gay marriage continued.
In October 2006, the first monument in Spain dedicated to the LGBT collective was inaugurated in Sitges , a pink corner on the quay. On October 13, 2007 a monolith and a plaque were erected in Tefía on Fuerteventura in memory of the homosexual victims of the Frankist laws. On May 16, 2009, a monolith was also erected in Durango in memory of those people who were persecuted for their deviant sexuality during the Franco dictatorship. On March 20, 2011, a monument was inaugurated in the Parc de la Ciutadella in Barcelona "in memory of gays, lesbians and transsexuals who have been persecuted and oppressed throughout history" - in the same place as the transgender Sonia by a group had been beaten to death by skinheads.
Reign of Mariano Rajoy (2011 to date)
Shortly after gay marriage came into force, the Partido Popular (PP) sued the Spanish Constitutional Court against this law. The lawsuit was decided on November 6, 2012 with eight votes in favor of the law's compatibility with the constitution with three votes against. Although the PP was in power and could have changed the law, the new government kept its promise to accept the Constitutional Court's decision. The Minister of the Interior, Jorge Fernández Díaz, had a different opinion at the beginning of 2013: "Homosexuality does not guarantee the survival of humanity."
The LGBT umbrella organization FELGTB nonetheless found in 2013 that the rights and equality of gays and lesbians had declined in the two years of the PP government. The FELGTB named, for example, drastic cuts in subsidies for the fight against AIDS and other austerity measures in the health care system, the elimination of the school subject "Educación para la ciudadanía" ("Citizenship"), which should, among other things, bring students closer to the reality of homosexuality, or the lack of commitment by the Spanish government in defending LGBT rights worldwide. One of the most important points of contention was the new law on artificial insemination, which removed such a law for single and lesbian women from the catalog of benefits of the public health insurance. In the words of the Minister of Health, Ana Mato: "The absence of a man is not a medical problem." Against this rule, a lesbian woman in Asturias won justice and the state had to reimburse her for the cost of her artificial insemination.
Several LGBT organizations have denounced the city council of Madrid, also in the hands of the PP, for its lack of engagement for or because of its active counteraction to the CSD in Madrid after the city fined the organization responsible for the CSD of 160,000 euros Had occupied noise. Unaffected by this, the city was still actively involved in 2012, ensuring that Madrid was allowed to organize Europride and WorldPride at the same time in 2016 , and the CSD continues to grow unmolested. Not only a certain rejection of the residents of Chueca because of the noise level and the hustle and bustle in a "fun district", but also the rising cost of living in this district have led many gays and mainly lesbians to move to Lavapiés and to found a new "pink district" , closer to the people and less commercial.
The first Muslim LGBT organization in Spain, the Asociación de Musulmanes Homosexuales LGTB (AMHO), was founded in 2012. The Moroccan LGBT organization Kif-kif has been active in Spain since 2005 because it is banned in Morocco.
See also
Web links
- Spain for the LGBT community (2015; PDF; 1.01 MB; German), travel guide from the Turespaña Tourist Office
- " Ten years of gay marriage in Spain" - Spain is the freest country in the world " " (2015), Deutschlandfunk
- La escondida senda : Homosexuality in Spain's history and culture. (PDF; 429 kB; English)
Remarks
- ↑ The poet Ausonius (310–395) had a passionate relationship with Paulinus von Nola , Bishop of Nola . It is not known if this love was also physical, but the passion of the two men remained in their correspondence. Even Augustine of Hippo revealed homosexual love relationships in his youth, but would later reject lust as sinful ( Homosexuality. A history de Colin Spencer, ISBN 1-85702-447-8 ).
- ↑ Hind and Zaynab are women's names
- ↑ This sentence was reserved for clergymen who were locked up in a monastery (chosen by the Inquisition) to go to confession and fast, which usually resulted in loss of rank.
- ↑ One such exception was the case of Eleno de Céspedes , convicted in Toledo , a transgender man who was sued for sodomy: he had used a phallic instrument to penetrate women, see Inquisition ( Memento des original of March 14, 2007 in Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in glbtq.com.
- ↑ Examples of some processes can be found on the following page: Textos contra sodomitas de la Inquisición de Valencia. Siglos XVI y XVII. In: Identidades. 2006, archived from the original on April 13, 2010 ; Retrieved May 27, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ An example of a process can be found under Actas de un proceso de la Inquisición (1574).
- ↑ Góngora refers to El Puente del Arzobispo , formerly called El Ojo del Arzobispo. Op. cit. Antología Poética , Luis de Góngora y Argote, ISBN 978-84-9892-039-0 , p. 278.
- ↑ "Rana" (frog) in Spanish has a connotation of indefiniteness and ambiguity, since it is neither meat nor fish. The expression " salió rana " (literally "it turned into a frog", "it was ultimately a frog"), which is used when something or someone is not entirely kosher, has been used to this day. In this sense, "frog" is used as a name and symbol for queers , including homosexuals, of course. See Arnalte, Arturo: Transfugas, travestis y traidores. Rebeldes exemplars de la Historia de España . La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-92760-02-2 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Advocate: Spanish lawmakers approve bill to let transsexuals change gender without surgery , November 9, 2006
- ↑ boe.es (PDF; 91 kB)
- ↑ queer.de : Opening of marriage, judgment of the constitutional court
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- ^ Villena, Luis Antonio: Carta al director. In: El Mundo. August 10, 1995, accessed September 8, 2007 (Spanish).
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- ↑ a b c d La Homosexualidad en el cine Español. In: Web de Marele. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007 ; Retrieved July 3, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ La comedia sexual española de principios de los setenta y el film reaccionario. Retrieved May 11, 2013 (Spanish).
- ↑ U. Etxebaria: Se rueda en la primera película de Euskadi Temática gay y rural en euskera. In: 20minutos. Retrieved June 19, 2008 (Spanish).
- ↑ Alejandro Melero Salvador: Placeres ocultos. Gays y lesbianas en el cine español de la transición . Notorious Ediciones, 2010, ISBN 978-84-937148-8-8 , pp. 47-78 (Spanish).
- ↑ elputojacktwist: 80 egunean. In: Dos Manzanas. February 17, 2012, Retrieved February 17, 2012 (Spanish).
- ↑ Festivales de Cine LGTB. In: homocine. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007 ; Retrieved July 3, 2007 .
- ↑ Alberto García Reyes: Rafael de León, cien años de ¿soledad? In: ABC. February 6, 2008, accessed June 7, 2009 (Spanish).
- ↑ Miguel de Molina. Apuntes biográficos. In: Isla Ternura. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007 ; Retrieved July 27, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Galería de photos (Raphael). In: Chueca.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 ; Retrieved July 27, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b c MUSICA MARI.COM. In: Glosas.net. Retrieved July 7, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Gaycionero. (No longer available online.) In: El desván de Aarom. 2005, archived from the original on September 27, 2007 ; Retrieved July 7, 2007 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b Eugene Rice: Rome: Ancient. In: glbtq encyclopedia. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007 ; accessed on January 27, 2019 .
- ↑ Priapeos romanos. Antología bilingüe latín-castellano ( Memento of April 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) in Identidades (in Spanish), visited in March 2008.
- ↑ a b Louis Crompton ( Memento of the original from February 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Roman literature ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (2004) in glbtq (in English), visited in March 2008.
- ↑ Eugene Rice ( Memento of the original from February 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Hadrian (76-138) ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (2004) in glbtq (in English), visited in March 2008.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Colin Spencer: Homosexuality. A history . Fourth Estate, London 1996, ISBN 1-85702-447-8 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Robert Aldrich (Ed.): Equal and different . Murmann, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-938017-81-4 .
- ↑ a b Cristian Berco: Spain . glbtq, 2004 (English, glbtq.com [accessed April 14, 2007]). glbtq.com ( Memento of the original from April 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b E. A. Thompson: Los Godos en España . Alianza Editorial, Madrid 2007, ISBN 978-84-206-6169-8 , p. 307 .
- ↑ Ignacio Olagüe: La evolución de las ideas en la Península Ibérica: el cristianismo trinitario . In: La evolución islámica en occidente . 2004 (Spanish, tartessos.info [accessed July 28, 2007]).
- ↑ Most of the information in this section comes from Daniel Eisenberg ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. : » La escondida senda: homosexuality in Spanish history and culture ( Memento of the original dated May 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. «(PDF; 439 kB).
- ^ Louis Crompton: Homosexuality & Civilization . Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2006, ISBN 978-0-674-02233-1 , pp. 161-172 (English).
- ^ Antonio Arjona Castro: La sexualidad en la España musulmana . Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 1990, ISBN 84-7801-089-0 , p. 31-41 (Spanish).
- ↑ Further information can be found in " Homosexualidad en la Edad Media española " by Jaime Montes Norniella.
- ↑ Ibn Abi Zayd Al-Qayrawani: Compendio de Derecho islámico . Ed .: Jesús Riosalido. Editorial Trotta, Madrid 1993, ISBN 84-87699-64-2 (Spanish).
- ↑ Abdelwahab Bouhdiba: Sexuality in Islam . Routledge & Kegan Paul, London / Boston 1985, ISBN 0-7100-9608-9 (English).
- ↑ Teresa Garulo: Dīwān de las poetisas de al-Andalus . Hiperión, Madrid 1986, ISBN 84-7517-168-0 (Spanish).
- ↑ Maḥmud Subḥ [Maḥmud Sobḥ]: Poetisas arábigo-andaluzas . 2nd Edition. Diputación Provincial de Granada, Granada 1994, ISBN 84-7807-107-5 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b Josefina Veglison Elías de Molins: La poesía árabe clásica . Hiperión, Madrid 1997, ISBN 84-7517-529-5 (Spanish).
- ^ A b Daniel Eisenberg: Efebos y homosexualidad en el medievo ibérico . 2004 (Spanish, islaternura.com [accessed April 30, 2007]).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Fernando Bruquetas de Castro: Reyes que amaron como reinas . La Esfera de los Libros SL, 2002, ISBN 84-9734-076-0 .
- ^ Louis Crompton: Homosexuality & Civilization . Belknap, Cambridge and London 2006, ISBN 0-674-02233-5 .
- ^ A b c Alfonso Pozo Ruiz: Leyes sobre la sodomía en la Edad Moderna. 2004, archived from the original on May 13, 2007 ; Retrieved May 21, 2008 .
- ↑ a b Parejas gays medievales. Isla Ternura. Retrieved May 6, 2007 .
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Homosexuality (together with Stephen Donaldson, Warren Johansson and William Armstrong Percy), 2 parts, New York: Garland, 1990 ( digital edition at Berlin University )
- ^ A b La homosexualidad o sodomía en la Sevilla del XVI. In: Alma Mater Hispalense. 2004, archived from the original on May 5, 2007 ; Retrieved May 11, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b c d Richard G. Mann: Madrid. In: glbtq. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008 ; accessed on November 11, 2007 .
- ↑ Michel de Montaigne: Essais - Livre I - Chapitre 28 in the French-language Wikisource
- ↑ a b c d Henry Kamen: The Spanish Inquisition . Yale University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-300-07880-3 .
- ↑ a b c d Castigos a homosexuales en España durante el Renacimiento. In: Isla ternura. Retrieved March 3, 2007 .
- ↑ a b Cristian Berco: Inquisition. In: glbtq.com. 2004, archived from the original on March 14, 2007 ; accessed on March 3, 2007 (English).
- ^ Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas: Gracias y desgracias del ojo del culo. In: Archivos Identidades. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010 ; Retrieved June 24, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Daniel Eisenberg shows in “ Research Topics in Hispanic Gay and Lesbian Studies ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. »That many historically important personalities have not yet been examined to this effect; he mentions Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , the Gran Capitán , or López de Hoyos , or even groups and epochs, such as the archives of Gregorio Marañón or the group around García Lorca in Granada.
- ^ Richard G. Mann: Greco, El (Domenicos Theotocopoulos). In: glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. 2006, archived from the original on January 4, 2013 ; accessed on August 17, 2013 .
- ↑ Daniel Eisenberg: La supuesta homosexualidad de Cervantes. (PDF; 100 kB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 27, 2007 ; Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Adrienne L. Martín: Images of Deviance in Cervantes's Algiers. Retrieved August 17, 2013 .
- ^ Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas: Contra Don Luis de Góngora y su poesía. In: Poemas satíricos y burlescos. José Manuel Blecua, 2004, accessed July 1, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ Frank Savelsberg: "Este cíclope, no sicilïano": The grotesque figure 'Góngora' in the satirical poem Quevedo. In: Matices. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010 ; Retrieved June 24, 2007 .
- ^ Frédéric Serralta: Juan Rana homosexual. (PDF; 843 kB) In: Criticón. 1990, Retrieved July 6, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Elizabeth Nash: Letters paint new picture of Goya as a gay man. In: The Independent . November 2, 2004, archived from the original on September 30, 2007 ; accessed on July 1, 2007 .
- ↑ ¿Un amor homosexual en la vida de Goya? In: Clarín.com. 2004, accessed July 1, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ Francisco Vázquez García: El discurso médico y la invención del homosexual (España 1840–1915) . In: Asclepio . Vol 53, No. 2 , 2001, p. 143-161 ( csic.es ).
- ↑ a b c d Isabelo Herreros: La conquista del cuerpo . Planeta, Barcelona 2012, ISBN 978-84-08-07946-0 , Despenalización de la homosexualidad y el lesbianismo, p. 126-129 .
- ↑ a b El primer matrimonio gay en España. In: 20 minutes. June 8, 2006, archived from the original on May 20, 2007 ; Retrieved May 20, 2007 .
- ^ José María Llanas Aguilaniedo: Matrimonios entre mujeres. In: Nuestro Tiempo. August 1904, Retrieved April 6, 2014 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b c Richard Cleminson, Francisco Vázquez García: 'Los Invisibles'. A history of male homosxuality in Spain, 1850-1940. University of Wales Press, Cardiff 2007, ISBN 978-0-7083-2012-9 .
- ↑ a b Pablo Fuentes: Homo. Tod @ la historia. Indicios de visibilidad . Bauprés ediciones, Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-345-6843-8 , Tiempos modernos. Retrato del Madrid canalla.
- ↑ a b David Pérez: La homosexualidad en la canción española. In: Ogigia. Revista electrónica de estudios hispánicos. 2009, Retrieved April 18, 2011 (Spanish).
- ↑ Mercedes Serós (singer): ¡Ay Manolo! In: YouTube. 1929, Retrieved April 18, 2011 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b c La Homosexualidad en España: El vigésimo siglo → Hoy. Archived from the original on May 28, 2007 ; Retrieved July 6, 2007 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Alberto Mira: De Sodoma a Chueca . Egales, Madrid, Barcelona 2004, ISBN 84-95346-65-6 (Spanish).
- ^ Antonio Rivero Machina: El asesinato de García Lorca. In: Portal Poesía VersOados. 2007, Retrieved July 7, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Luis Antonio de Villena: ¿Rojo y maricón? In: El Mundo. 1998, Retrieved May 6, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ BOE n ° 198, 17 de julio de 1954. In: Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1954, Retrieved April 30, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b c España: poner fin al silencio ya la injusticia. In: Informe de Amnistía Internacional. Amnistía Internacional, accessed April 30, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Fernando Castanedo: Tefía, en la memoria. In: El País. Retrieved April 30, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Octavio García: Octavio García: "Me pusieron a picar piedra". In: Interviú. Retrieved June 9, 2013 (Spanish).
- ↑ Ugarte Pérez, Javier: Una discriminación universal. La homosexualidad bajo el franquismo y la transición . Egales, Madrid, Barcelona 2008, ISBN 978-84-88052-58-2 .
- ↑ Alberto Gómez: Torremolinos Relanza El Pasaje Begoña como cuna de los derechos LGTBI. In: Diario Sur. November 19, 2019, Retrieved April 30, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b c d e E. de B .: Persecución de los homosexuales en el Franquismo. In: El País. 2004, accessed April 30, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ A b Samuel Loewenberg: Spain's dark past, bright future: Antonio Ruiz was imprisoned for being gay under a brutal Spanish regime. Now he's watching his country approve same-sex marriage rights. In: The Advocate. March 1, 2005, accessed July 15, 2007 .
- ↑ Panorama-Actual.es: Les Corts piden indemnización para homosexuales encarcelados en el franquismo. In: Asociación de Familiares y Amigos de Represaliados de la II República por el franquismo. 2006, Retrieved April 30, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b c d Ana María Ortiz: 25 homosexuales para 25 años. In: El Mundo. June 23, 2002, accessed July 1, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Historia del movimiento lésbico y gai. In: Fundación Triánguo. 2004, archived from the original on April 24, 2007 ; Retrieved May 13, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ Breu Història del FAGC. In: Front d'Alliberament Gai de Catalunya. 2006, archived from the original on June 12, 2007 ; Retrieved May 13, 2007 (cat).
- ↑ a b La normalización del hecho homosexual. In: casal lambda . 2006, accessed May 13, 2007 .
- ^ John Hooper: The new Spaniards . Penguin, 2006, ISBN 0-14-101609-4 .
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- ^ Adolfo Coria: El movimiento gay está en un momento de egocentrismo. In: naciongay.com. 2002, accessed May 13, 2007 .
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- ^ Especial turismo gay. In: El almanaque del turismo. Retrieved August 10, 2007 .
- ^ M. Salgado: Barcelona es el segundo mejor destino del mundo para los homosexuales. In: 20 minutes. December 11, 2007, accessed December 12, 2007 .
- ^ Arturo Morales: Jesús Vázquez: subiendo deprisa. In: naciongay.com. 2000, accessed May 13, 2007 .
- ↑ a b Jorge Cadaval, Jesús Vázquez y Javier Gurruchaga, absueltos en el "caso Arny". In: El Mundo. 2000, accessed May 13, 2007 .
- ↑ Lista de los 48 acusados en el "caso Arny". In: El Mundo. 1998, accessed May 13, 2007 .
- ↑ El fiscal pide 15 años de cárcel por el asesinato de un cliente para el chico que destapó el 'caso Arny'. In: El Mundo. Agencia EFE, 2005, accessed May 13, 2007 .
- ↑ Manuel Contreras: Absueltos la mayoría de los clientes del club Arny por falta de pruebas. In: El Mundo. 1998, accessed May 13, 2007 .
- ↑ Beatriz Gimeno: Los derechos de gays, lesbianas y transexuales después de la era Aznar. In: gayBarcelona.net. 2004, archived from the original on May 10, 2007 ; Retrieved May 13, 2007 .
- ^ Tremlett, Giles: Ghosts of Spain . Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-22169-6 .
- ^ Noemi Ramírez: Políticos, curas y militares: España 'sale del armario'. In: El Mundo. November 2, 2002, accessed July 15, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ Outing en España. Archived from the original on May 28, 2007 ; Retrieved July 15, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Artistas, políticos y militares contribuyen a la aceptación social de los homosexuales al desvelar su condición. In: Estrella Digital. October 1, 2004, accessed July 15, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ El teniente coronel Sánchez Silva, primer militar español que "sale del armario". In: El Mundo. 2000, accessed March 13, 2007 .
- ↑ Un guardia civil que se declara gay ve 'histórica' la admisión de parejas en las casas cuartel. In: El Mundo. 2002, accessed March 13, 2007 .
- ↑ a b Ana María Ortiz: Lot 25 homosexuales famosos que salieron del armario. In: El Mundo. 2002, accessed March 13, 2007 .
- ↑ Un sacerdote de Santiago se declara homosexual en una carta enviada a la revista 'Zero'. In: El Mundo. 2002, accessed March 13, 2007 .
- ↑ El Obispado de Huelva Preve suspender al cura homosexual. In: El Mundo. 2002, accessed March 13, 2007 .
- ^ Mendiluce 'sale del armario'. In: El Mundo. 2003, accessed March 13, 2007 .
- ^ MGS: Gallardón, en la revista gay 'Zero'. In: El País. 2007, accessed March 13, 2007 .
- ^ Fundación Triángulo. In: Fundación Triángulo. 2007, accessed March 13, 2007 .
- ↑ El Congreso aprueba el matrimonio homosexual con mayoria absoluta. In: 20 minutes. June 30, 2005, Retrieved March 6, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ Society: Spain legalizes gay marriage. In: Spiegel Online. June 30, 2005, accessed October 26, 2013 .
- ↑ EFE: Más de la mitad de los españoles afirma estar de acuerdo con el matrimonio entre homosexuales. In: El Mundo. July 22, 2005, Retrieved March 7, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ EFE: Los obispos afirman que las bodas gays "corrompen" la institución del matrimonio. In: 20 minutes. May 7, 2005, accessed November 1, 2013 (Spanish).
- ↑ From 4,500 parejas del mismo sexo se casan en el primer año de ley. In: 20 minutes. June 22, 2006, Retrieved March 6, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ Emilio De Benito: El Congreso rechaza la iniciativa para prohibir el matrimonio homosexual. In: El País. February 28, 2007, Retrieved February 28, 2007 (Spanish).
- ↑ Sitges (Barcelona) será la primera localidad española con una escultura dedicada al colectivo homosexual. In: Europa Press. October 2, 2006, Retrieved December 26, 2011 (Spanish).
- ^ Escultura en el campo de concentración de Tefia. In: Asociación de Ex-Presos Sociales de España. February 14, 2007, accessed October 27, 2013 (Spanish).
- ↑ M. Aranbarri: La escultura del arco iris. In: El Correo Digital. May 17, 2009, Retrieved May 17, 2009 (Spanish).
- ^ Efe: Inauguran el controvertido monumento al colectivo gay. In: El Mundo. March 21, 2011, Retrieved October 26, 2013 (Spanish).
- ^ EFE: El Tribunal Constitucional admite a trámite el recurso del PP contra el matrimonio homosexual. In: El Mundo. Retrieved October 28, 2005, March 6, 2007 (Spanish).
- ^ El matrimonio gay es constitucional. In: El País. November 6, 2012, accessed February 16, 2014 (Spanish).
- ^ Gallardón: “No modificaré la ley y la dejaré exactamente como está”. In: El País. November 7, 2012, accessed February 16, 2014 (Spanish).
- ↑ EFE / El País: Fernández Díaz peca de homofobia. In: El País. March 3, 2013, accessed February 16, 2014 (Spanish).
- ↑ Agencias: “El matrimonio gay no garantiza la pervivencia, pero tampoco el celibato”. In: El País. March 3, 2014, accessed March 3, 2014 (Spanish).
- ↑ El País: Oyarzábal se desmarca de la opinión de Fernández Díaz sobre los homosexuales. In: El País. March 3, 2014, accessed March 3, 2014 (Spanish).
- ^ FELGTB: El Gobierno de Rajoy ha supuesto dos años de retrocesos en la igualdad. In: Dos Manzanas. November 21, 2013, Retrieved February 16, 2014 (Spanish).
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- ^ David Fernández Guerrero: Protestas delante la Generalitat por el acceso universal a la reproducción asistida. In: El País. July 24, 2013, Retrieved February 16, 2014 (Spanish).
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- ↑ Manuel Altozano: La justicia ordena pagar la fecundación a una mujer a la que se negó por lesbiana. In: El País. July 23, 2013, accessed February 16, 2014 (Spanish).
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