Rainbow family

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Rainbow family

Rainbow families are families called, in which children with two same-sex partners living as a family. The two male or the two female parents can - insofar as this is legally permissible - be married to one another in same-sex marriage ; alternative forms of parental association are registered partnerships and informal relationships between significant partners . Since July 2011, the “International Family Equality Day” has been proclaimed at the first international symposium of LGBT family organizations from Europe, the USA and Canada - an international day of rainbow families. As a sign of solidarity and equality for rainbow families, this day is to be celebrated worldwide on the first Sunday in May. The name is derived from the rainbow flag, a global symbol for gays and lesbians.

Word origin

In this case, the name is derived from the rainbow flag , which is now a worldwide symbol of self-confident lesbians, gays and bisexuals. In a figurative sense, it can also refer to the community of all LGBTs . In 2009 the word was included in the 25th edition of Dudens .

During the 1960s, in the anti-cultural hippie movement , everyone was symbolically viewed as brothers and sisters. These “mass adoptions” created “tribes” or rainbow “families”. A recorded early use of the term "rainbow family" goes back to Josephine Baker , who was involved in the US civil rights movement in the 1950s and later adopted twelve orphans of different skin colors and nations. In this sense, it is also used today in German in translations. The Rainbow Family of Living Light was founded in the USA in 1972 , a non-hierarchical group which prays for world peace and promotes the utopia of a cooperative community that lives in harmony with the earth. It now has allies around the world.

Origin of children in rainbow families

Rainbow family

The data from the microcensus and the few studies available to date show that

  • most children are from previous heterosexual marriages and partnerships of one parent,
  • a hitherto unknown, but presumably increasing number of younger lesbians and gays would like to have a life with children and start a family through artificial insemination , cup method or adoption as an individual,
  • As part of the support for upbringing  -  full-time  care - children are cared for in foster homes for lesbians and gays and there is a potential for qualified educators to be found here,
  • more children grow up with their homosexual mothers than with their homosexual fathers,
  • live same-sex partnerships with children in large and small towns as well as in rural areas.

According to the youth welfare office in Frankfurt am Main , a number of lesbian and gay couples have already taken in foster children there. Single adoptions are also known. The evaluation of the youth welfare office is positive; the experiences, on average, do not differ from those with heterosexual couples. Other similar experiences are known from Berlin and Bavaria .

Research on the living situation

The American Psychological Association supports same-sex couple adoption in its policy statement dated July 28-30, 2004. Same-sex couple adoption is also supported by the following organizations in the United States: Child Welfare League of America , American Bar Association , American Psychiatric Association , National Association of Social Workers , North American Council on Adoptable Children , American Academy of Pediatrics , American Psychoanalytic Association, and American Academy of Family Physicians .

In the 1990s, family research in Germany increasingly turned to children with same-sex-loving parents. The German family and social researchers Fthenakis (2000), Berger, Reisbeck & Schwer (2000) and Eggen - as well as the American summary of 21 international studies by Stacey and Biblarz on the effects of homosexual lifestyles of parents on children - essentially come to the following results :

  • Children and adolescents of homosexual parents are just as often heterosexual oriented as children of heterosexual parents.
  • With regard to possible behavioral and developmental disorders due to the sexual orientation of the parents, there are no differences between children in same-sex and opposite-sex communities. Children of homosexual parents are in no way more likely to exhibit behavioral disorders than children of heterosexual parents.
  • It is not the sexual orientation but the gender of the (homosexual) parents that seems to affect the attitudes and behavior of children. In particular, children who grow up in same-sex relationships between two women are less likely to show gender- typical role behavior than children of heterosexual parents.
  • A majority of the children do not experience discrimination based on their family experiences. Those children who experience stigmatization can deal with it constructively and are well taken care of by their parents.
  • Basically, children who grow up with same-sex parents seem to experience their sexual orientation in a more reflective manner. Nonetheless, the studies from the USA limit this thesis insofar as this attitude could in part also be shaped by the environment: Homosexual parents in the USA live more often than average in large cities or university towns, their children grow up in a comparatively tolerant milieu , which less likely to have homophobic attitudes.
  • Children in same-sex partnerships are not at greater risk of becoming victims of sexual abuse. The perpetrators in so-called child abuse offenses are overwhelmingly (around 95% according to the findings of the Federal Government's safety report ) men from the heterosexual neighborhood of the children. The risk of abuse for girls is three times higher than for boys. This means that the risk of abuse for children who grow up with a lesbian couple and for girls who grow up with a gay couple is statistically much lower than for children in heterosexual partnerships. However, there are no statistical figures on this point - it is argued that the risk is also significantly lower here than with heterosexual couples due to high social control. Thus a widespread prejudice has not been confirmed in research.

A study commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Justice in 2006 on the “living situation of children in same-sex civil partnerships” came to the conclusion that there were no disadvantages for development in children who grow up in lesbian or gay partnerships. The Munich State Institute for Early Childhood Education (IFP) was involved in the study. In July 2014, another study was published on the subject of rainbow families from Australia from the University of Melbourne comes. In the study, 500 children of 315 exclusively same-sex, predominantly lesbian parents were examined with regard to physical, mental and social well-being and social stigmatization as a community of outsiders. The results of this study were compared with values ​​from a representative study with children from traditional families. The study found, among other things, that the "overall health" ( general health ) of the studied children in rainbow families by 6 percent was better than in traditional families and family ties ( family cohesion ) is higher by 6 percent. In all other areas there were no significant differences between the two groups examined.

Legal situation of adoption by same-sex couples

Adoptions by same-sex couples in Europe
  • Joint adoption legal
  • Stepchild adoption legal
  • No form of adoption legal or unknown / unclear
  • Europe

    The legal situation of adoptions by same-sex couples varies across Europe.

    Joint adoptions are legally allowed in Andorra , Belgium , Denmark , Germany , Finland , France , Ireland, Iceland , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Norway , Austria , Sweden , Spain , Portugal and the United Kingdom .

    Only the stepchild adoption biological children allow Estonia Italy , San Marino , the Switzerland and Slovenia . In February 2006 the highest French court (Cour de Cassation) ruled that both partners in a same-sex partnership may exercise parental rights over the other partner's biological children.

    In Croatia , a legally recognized parent and their same-sex life partner can have joint custody. Furthermore, Croatia allows common adoption by unmarried couples of different sexes, which according to lawyers because of the judgment X u. a. against Austria of the European Court of Human Rights will lead to same-sex couples being able to adopt together.

    The European Convention on the Adoption of Children of the Council of Europe of 1967 permitted joint adoption only for married couples. The Convention had been ratified by 15 states and applicable to the British Channel Islands (with the exception of Sark ) by July 9, 2015 , without having formally terminated the Convention later. Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom had since terminated the agreement (the latter, however, while maintaining its validity for the Channel Islands) in order to allow adoption by same-sex couples and / or outside of marriage. In 2008, the REVISED European Convention on the Adoption of Children was adopted, which is intended to replace the 1967 Convention for the signatory states . As of July 9, 2015, this convention was ratified by 10 countries (Belgium, Denmark , Finland, Germany , Malta , the Netherlands, Norway, Romania , Spain and Ukraine) and signed by eight others (the four countries marked in italics are among the 15 of the above-mentioned Contracting States to the 1967 Convention that have not formally denounced it). This convention also allows states to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples and out of marriage, but does not oblige states to allow this. On September 25, 2014, the German Federal Government introduced the draft of an approval law to the Bundestag. The law adopted by the Bundestag was promulgated in the Federal Law Gazette on January 14, 2015 together with the text and translation of the Convention ( Federal Law Gazette II p. 2 ); the instrument of ratification was deposited on March 2, 2015, so that the Convention entered into force for Germany on July 1, 2015.

    Germany

    The right to adopt homosexuals is a political issue in Germany . The joint adoption of a stranger's child has been legally possible since October 1, 2017. The stepchild adoption of biological children had previously been allowed since 2005. So-called successive adoption, i.e. the adoption of a child who has already been adopted by a partner, has been possible since 2013. Before that, the other partner only had the option of exercising “minor custody” (= limited).

    In June 2009, both the demanded EKD - Präses Katrin Goering-Eckardt and the FDP politician Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, a joint adoption rights for same-sex civil unions . In July 2009, the German Justice Minister Brigitte Zypries also advocated the joint adoption of non-biological children.

    A report commissioned by Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen of the German Bundestag's scientific services with the title “Equality of registered civil partnerships: joint adoption of a stranger's child” comes to the conclusion that “ in the case of adoption law, an objective justification is required in order to register Treat life partners unequal to spouses. "Currently there are" no (...) empirical studies that state that the well-being of a child in a civil partnership in Germany is generally at risk . "

    From the beginning of 2011 the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe examined the constitutionality of the position of registered civil partnerships in certain regulations of the adoption law (Az. 1 BvR 3247/09, order for reference of the OLG Hamburg, Az. 2 Wx 23/09). At the end of 2011, the Bundestag made the signing of a new version of the European Agreement on the Adoption of Children from 2008 dependent on the outcome of these proceedings. On February 19, 2013, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled in favor of partnered couples who can now legally become parents through successive second adoption.

    The Amendment Act of June 20, 2014 implements the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court.

    In July 2015, the Federal Court of Justice ruled that non-biological children who were jointly adopted by homosexual couples abroad must be recognized by the German authorities and entered in the birth register.

    With the Bundestag resolution of June 30, 2017, same-sex couples have been allowed to marry since October 1, 2017 . This gives them the right to jointly adopt non-biological children.

    According to German civil status law, female adopters are consistently referred to as "mother", male adopters as "father", only mixed-sex adopters as "parents" ( Section 42 of the Personal Status Ordinance ). If same-sex parenthood is established through adoption, both parents are called “mother” and both parents are called “father”.

    Austria

    In Austria , the adoption of children by same-sex couples living in a registered partnership was prohibited by law. This ban also included the adoption of stepchildren. On February 19, 2013, the European Court of Human Rights reprimanded this ban in Austria. The Austrian government then announced a new bill that would allow the adoption of stepchildren. This draft was forwarded to the National Council on May 3, 2013 as the “2013 adoption law amendment” and approved by its judicial committee on June 19, 2013. The plenary session of the National Council approved the draft law on July 5, 2013, the Federal Council on July 18, 2013, and the law came into force on August 1, 2013. In January 2015, the "foreign child adoption ban" for same-sex couples was overturned.

    Switzerland

    According to Swiss law, homosexuals can only adopt a child if they are single (single adoption). Adoption and reproductive medical procedures are prohibited for couples in registered partnerships. In 2016, the national parliament decided to allow stepchild adoption, i.e. the adoption of the partner's child. The joint adoption of another child (full adoption) should, however, continue to be denied to same-sex partners. In 2016, too few signatures were obtained for the referendum announced by conservative circles, so that no longer stands in the way of the amendment to the law.

    In 2014, a gay couple living in a registered partnership in Switzerland who fathered a child by surrogacy in the United States were first recognized as parents, although surrogacy is prohibited in Switzerland. The administrative court in Sankt Gallen fully recognized the registered partner of the genetic father as the father. The Federal Office of Justice appealed against this cantonal decision to the Federal Supreme Court, whereupon the Federal Supreme Court overturned the lower court judgment (Federal Supreme Court decision 5A_748 / 2014 of May 21, 2015). The decision was narrow with a ratio of three to two votes. The reason given is that the registered partner of the genetic father of a child born in California through surrogacy cannot register as a parent in the Swiss civil status register. The recognition of the American paternity sentence is not compatible with Swiss public policy. It should also be noted that the only connection between the two registered partners and the USA is to circumvent the Swiss ban on surrogacy. However, the Federal Supreme Court left it open as to whether a different assessment would be appropriate in other situations.

    Worldwide

    Adoptions by same-sex couples worldwide
  • Joint adoption legal
  • Stepchild adoption legal
  • Unknown
  • In South Africa , joint adoption has been allowed for homosexual couples since 2002 - i.e. even before marriage was opened (2006).

    Israel Supreme Court ruled in January 2005 in favor of the stepchild adoptions.

    This makes these two states the only ones on their continent that allow adoptions for same-sex couples.

    North America

    Canada

    In Canada , adoption rights are individually regulated by law in each state .

    However, the individual provinces or territories have all made joint adoption legal since 1999.

    Mexico

    In Mexico , adoption is anchored in the laws of the individual states , which is why the legal situation differs from state to state. The adoption is allowed in the capital district of Mexico City and was upheld by the Mexican Constitutional Court in August 2010. The only state where homosexual couples have the right to joint adoption has been Coahuila since 2014 . In August 2015, the Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación ruled that a federal ban on adoption by same-sex couples was unconstitutional.

    United States
    Rainbow family after adoption signature

    In the federal republic of the United States , too , each state decides on its own rules on adoption law.

    Joint adoption by same-sex couples is also legal outside of the capital district of Washington, DC , in which it became legally effective in 1995, in the following US states:

    Alaska  (since 2014),  Arizona  (since 2014),  Arkansas  (since 2011), ColoradoConnecticut , Delaware  (since 2012),  Florida (since 2015),  HawaiiIllinoisIdaho  (since 2014),  Indiana  (since 2006),  Iowa  (since 2008),  California  (since 2003), Kansas  (since 2014),  Maine  (since 2007),  MarylandMassachusettsMinnesotaMissouri (since 2014),  NevadaMontana  (since 2014),  New Hampshire  (since 1999) ,  New Jersey  (since 1998),  New MexicoNew York  (since 2002),  North Carolina  (since 2014),  Oklahoma  (since 2014),  Oregon (since 2007),  Pennsylvania  (since 2014),  Rhode Island  (since 1993),  South Carolina  (2014),  Utah  (since 2014),  VermontVirginia  (since 2014),  WashingtonWest Virginia  (since 2014),  Wisconsin (since 2014) and  Wyoming  (since 2014)

    With the exception of Arkansas and Missouri (until 2015), same-sex marriage is also legal in these states.

    Since 2015, the Obergefell v. Hodges of the United States Supreme Court allows joint adoption by married same-sex couples in all states.

    Main article: Recognition of same-sex partnerships in the United States

    South America

    In all three South American countries where same-sex marriages are possible, joint adoption by same-sex couples is also permitted: in Uruguay since 2009 (before the marriage ceremony, which took place four years later), in Argentina and Brazil since 2010 it (like same-sex marriage in 2013) is made possible throughout the country by means of a court ruling. In November 2015, joint adoption by same-sex couples was made possible in Colombia .

    Oceania

    In Australia , co-adoption by same-sex couples is permitted in all states of Western Australia , South Australia , New South Wales , Tasmania , Victoria , the federal capital Canberra (ACT) and the state of the Northern Territory .

    In New Zealand , joint adoption was made possible in 2013 together with the opening of marriage. Previously, the adoption of the stepchild had already been legalized for the registered partnerships approved there.

    Adoption by individual

    In Ireland and many European countries, individuals (heterosexual / homosexual) can be admitted for adoptions.

    In January 2008 the European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) ruled that homosexual persons should not be denied access to adoption because of their homosexuality. The judgment states that all laws and regulations in the member states of the Council of Europe which refuse to approve an adoption due to the homosexual orientation of those willing to adopt violate Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

    Legal situation without adoption

    Some countries allow joint legal parenthood in a lesbian rainbow family even without adoption, in that the wife or registered partner of the (childbearing) mother automatically becomes the legal parent just like a husband or the partner can recognize the child just like a male partner.

    This is u. a. the case in Australia , Belgium , Denmark , Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Iceland , the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , New Brunswick , Manitoba , Alberta , Québec and Ontario , the Netherlands , Norway , Austria , Sweden and Spain .

    Different terms are used here. In Danish, Dutch (in Belgium) and Norwegian the terms "medmoder", "meemoeder" and "medmor" (literally "co-mother") are used in the law. In the Netherlands and Québec, both the woman giving birth and her partner recognized as a parent are legally both called "mother"; in Austria, Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Iceland and Sweden, the partner is simply referred to as the “parent” (“parent”, “foreldri” or “förälder”) by the legislature after her parental status has been recognized.

    In Germany, same-sex parenthood can only be established through adoption (including stepchild adoption) (see above under “ Legal situation of adoption by same-sex couples ” - then both parts of a lesbian parent couple are “mothers”). In the case of biological children, on the other hand, the “mother” is the person (i.e. woman, diverse-sex person, or transgender man) who gave birth to the child. “Father” can be the man or the transgender woman who is or was married to the mother or who has recognized paternity; in addition, the “father” is the man, the transgender woman or the diverse-sex person whose paternity has been determined by a court ( Section 42 (2) of the Personal Status Ordinance , Section 11 of the Transsexual Act ).

    Legal situation with surrogate motherhood

    Germany: Basic judgment of the BGH 2014

    In December 2014, a momentous judgment was passed on the surrogacy of a child born in California. A German, partnered gay couple was recognized as parents by a Californian court. The Federal Court of Justice ruled that this US court ruling is recognized and that the German gay couple therefore also have full legal parenting status in Germany. The registry office was instructed to enter the biological father and his partner as (sole) parents in the birth register.

    In the case of same-sex legal parenting under foreign law (e.g. also in the case of surrogacy under California law), the general rule in Germany is that in principle only an entry as "mother" or "father" is possible in the birth register, and Entry as "parent" only for people of different sexes . In the case of a gay couple, both men are called "father".

    Legal situation with access to sperm banks

    Germany

    In Germany, lesbian women are increasingly choosing to have a biological child thanks to sperm donation.

    While the guidelines of the German Medical Association set up legally non-binding criteria, which, however, are part of the professional code of conduct for doctors, the Embryo Protection Act is legally mandatory as a federal act for sperm banks.

    In Germany, treatment with donor sperm is not paid for in either heterosexual or homosexual married couples as part of statutory or private health insurance. However, sperm banks are also allowed to give sperm to lesbian or unmarried heterosexual couples if the donor has given their prior consent. There is also a federal grant, which is only paid if the respective federal state co-finances it; this grant now applies to both married and unmarried heterosexual couples, provided that semen from the male partner is used (homologous insemination). This grant is not granted for donor sperm. In Germany, a doctor is not liable to prosecution if he fertilizes a pair of women with donor sperm.

    The German Medical Association no longer prohibits such support under professional law since the reform of the guideline for the removal and transfer of human germ cells in the context of assisted reproduction in April 2018. However, there is still no legal claim and it is up to the doctors and semen clinics whether they want to donate sperm or whether they refuse it. Lesbian, civilly married couples can therefore have access to artificial insemination, as is also permitted in several neighboring EU countries. Even single women and unmarried female couples have been able to achieve this in Germany since the reform in April 2018, but they too depend on the goodwill of doctors and sperm bank clinics.

    Austria

    In Austria, women living in lesbian communities are allowed to fulfill their desire to have children through artificial reproduction by means of sperm donation from January 1, 2015 at the latest. The Constitutional Court previously held a corresponding statutory prohibition in the Reproductive Medicine Act for unfounded discrimination and therefore repealed these provisions.

    Switzerland

    In Switzerland, sperm donation is only permitted for married couples.

    Denmark

    In 1997 a law was passed in Denmark according to which doctors who fertilized single or lesbian women made themselves a criminal offense. However, this law has been circumvented, since doctors are liable to prosecution, but midwives who help women from this group of people to have a child are not. In 1999 the first fertility clinic run by a midwife was opened. This was called Storkklinik after the founder. The international press reported about the establishment. There are now a number of other clinics run by midwives in Denmark. These are also visited by German lesbian and single women who are fulfilling their desire to have children there.

    Sweden

    In Sweden married couples, unmarried couples and, since March 2016, single women have a legal right to sperm donation.

    Other European countries (selection)

    Belgium , Denmark , Finland , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Spain and the United Kingdom have given lesbian couples access to the services of sperm banks and insemination clinics.

    Gay and lesbian co-parenting (queer family)

    Joint parenting of lesbian women and gay men is another option for people of the same sex. One advantage is, among other things, that those involved in founding such a “ queer family” do not have to rely on authorities or medical institutions. Another advantage is often seen that the children know both birth parents and grow up in regular contact with them. If more than two adults are involved (three- or four-parent families such as a lesbian couple and a gay man or a gay and a lesbian couple), families are sometimes faced with the difficult situation that this type of family is facing Law does not exist. From the political side, concepts have recently been developed as to how the essential caregivers of the child can be given rights and duties in such constellations.

    literature

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    • Cordula de la Camp: Two foster mothers for Bianca. Interviews with lesbian and gay foster parents . LIT Verlag, Münster / Hamburg / Berlin / London 2001, ISBN 3-8258-5468-X (= social pedagogy , volume 12).
    • Stephanie Gerlach: Rainbow families - A manual -. Querverlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-89656-184-8 .
    • Stephanie Gerlach, Uli Streib-Brzič: And what do the children say? Ten years later! New conversations with daughters and sons of lesbian and gay parents , Querverlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-89656-237-1 .
    • Elke Jansen: Becoming parents is not difficult - Paths to family life (Part 1): Adoption and foster families . In: respect! Magazine for lesbian and gay politics . No. 1, March 2006. Lesbian and Gay Association in Germany, Berlin, ISSN  1431-701X , pp. 22-23 PDF; 1.1 MB ).
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    • Birgit Sasse: Quite normal mothers - lesbian women and their children . Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-596-12417-4 .
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    • Angelika Thiel: Children? Sure, of course! A guide for lesbians and gays . Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York 1996, ISBN 3-593-35565-5 .

    Web links

    Wiktionary: Rainbow family  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
    Commons : Rainbow families  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

    swell

    1. Federal Agency for Civic Education, Issue 32, Bonn 2003 (PDF; 503 kB)
    2. ^ International Family Equality Day
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    4. Origins of "Rainbow Family" and related terminology , Version: June 9, 2008.
    5. Langston Hughes, Milton Meltzer: Black Magic: A Pictorial History of the Negro in American Entertainment. Prentice-Hall, 1967, p. 342.
    6. ^ Walter Terry: The Compton Yearbook. FE Compton Co, 1968.
    7. ^ Robert McHenry: Famous American Women. Courier Dover Publications, 1983, ISBN 0-486-24523-3 , p. 17.
    8. Adoptions - Madonna wants rainbow family , focus.de, November 2, 2006.
    9. Michael I. Niman: People of the Rainbow; A Nomadic Utopia. University of Tennessee Press, 1997, 1999, 2003, ISBN 0-87049-989-0 . ( Abstract )
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    11. Queer: US psychoanalysts for marriage opening
    12. Humain Rights Campaign Foundation Frequently Asked Questions about Adoption by Gay and Lesbian Parents ( Memento of the original from November 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hrc.org
    13. http://www.lsvd.de/fileadmin/pics/Dokumente/Adoption/LSVD_Essentiels-BMJ-Studie.pdf
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    15. Federal Ministry of Justice : Family is where there are children - Zypries presents research project  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.bmj.bund.de   , bmj.bund.de, July 23, 2009.
    16. Children in same-sex parent families had higher scores on measures of general behavior, general health and family cohesion compared to population normative data. There were no significant differences between the two groups for all other scale scores. Simon R Crouch et al. (2014): Parent-reported measures of child health and wellbeing in same-sex parent families: a cross-sectional survey . In: BMC Public Health 14; 635; doi: 10.1186 / 1471-2458-14-635
    17. Queer.de:Children in rainbow families are healthier and happier
    18. ILGA Europe ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ilga-europe.org
    19. , queer.de:Marriage in Denmark open to gays and lesbians
    20. a b Sueddeutsche.de: Ehe für alle, That changes for homosexual couples
    21. zeit.de : France's National Assembly votes for gay marriage
    22. Advocate: Ireland Approves Adoption by Same-Sex Couples Ahead of Marriage Vote
    23. Samtokin 78
    24. Queer.de : Only four votes against, Luxembourg allows marriage to be opened
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    26. Pinknews: Norway's gay marriage law also grants new parental rights
    27. Pinknews: Norway legalises gay marriage ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2009 on WebCite ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pinknews.co.uk
    28. Queer.de: Austria lifts the ban on adoption
    29. Queer.de: After a change of power, Portugal: Adoption right for gay couples decided
    30. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/KooS
    31. Queer.de: San Marino: Parliament decides on civil partnerships
    32. Queer: Slovenia shrinks from opening up marriage
    33. Der Standard: First adoption in a lesbian relationship
    34. Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola ( Croatian ) July 10, 2015. Accessed July 10, 2015.
    35. Izvanbračni parovi konačno mogu posvajati djecu ( Croatian ) June 6, 2014. Accessed June 6, 2014.
    36. ^ Case of X and others v. Austria ( English ) February 19, 2013. Accessed July 10, 2015. NLMR 1/2013-ECHR . February 19, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
    37. Propis po kojem nevjenčani parovi mogu posvajati logikom se stvari mora preliti i na istospolne zajednice ( Croatian ) on June 14, 2014. Accessed July 10, 2015.
    38. European Convention on the Adoption of Children
    39. European Convention on the Adoption of Children (revised)
    40. ^ Draft law on the European Convention on the Adoption of Children of November 27, 2008 (revised)
    41. Haufe: Equivalent adoption law for homosexual couples in accordance with European law?
    42. Ftd: EKD President for Adoption Rights for Homosexuals ( Memento from August 1, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
    43. Frankfurter Rundschau: Adoption right for gay couples
    44. Scientific Services - German Bundestag: Equal opportunities for registered civil partnerships: joint adoption of a stranger's child (PDF; 135 kB) Archived from the original on May 25, 2010. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved February 17, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.volkerbeck.de
    45. dipbt.bundestag.de: Drucksache 17/8248 (PDF; 549 kB) , December 21, 2012, accessed on March 4, 2012.
    46. bundesverfassungsgericht.de: Non-admission of successive adoption by registered life partners is unconstitutional
    47. Act to implement the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court on successive adoption by life partners from June 20, 2014, Federal Law Gazette 2014 Part I No. 27, issued in Bonn on June 26, 2014, p. 786
    48. Sueddeutsche.de: Father, Father, Child, The Federal Court of Justice makes it easier for gay and lesbian couples to have adoptions abroad recognized in this country as well
    49. ^ The Press : Homosexuals Allowed Adoption , Feb. 19, 2013
    50. Adoption Law Amendment Act 2013 on parlament.gv.at
    51. “Stepchild adoption will be opened to same-sex couples” on parlament.gv.at
    52. Information on www.parlament.gv.at
    53. Federal Act of June 18, 2004 on the Registered Partnership of Same-Sex Couples (Partnership Act, PartG; SR 211.231), Art. 28 ( online ; PDF; 126 kB)
    54. - ( Memento of the original from June 13, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bger.ch
    55. Queer: Mexico: Supreme Court Approves Gay Adoption
    56. Queer.de: Decision of the Constitutional Court, Mexico: Adoption ban for gay couples unconstitutional
    57. Queer.de : Decision of the Supreme Court, Colombia allows adoption by gay couples , accessed on November 5, 2015.
    58. Sydney allows gay couples to be adopted. ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on: blu.fm September 6, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.blu.fm
    59. Queer.de: Victoria equates homosexual couples in adoption law
    60. ↑ Team.com : Adoption for same-sex married couples now possible across Australia
    61. queer.de: New Zealand opens marriage
    62. ECHR: ECHR confirms the right to adopt lesbians and gays
    63. Euronews: Same-sex adoptive parents - Court criticizes France
    64. Australian Gay and Lesbian Law Blog Family Court: lesbian co-mother is a parent
    65. Belgian State Gazette Law of May 5, 2014 , in German in the Belgian State Gazette of December 18, 2015 , amended by law of December 18, 2014
    66. Retsinformation.dk Børneloven
    67. legislation.gov.uk Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 2008: Cases in which woman to be other parent
    68. Alþingi Barnalög
    69. The Canadian Bar Association GLBT Families and Assisted Reproductive Technologies ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cba.org
    70. Staatsblad Wet van 25 November 2013 dead wijziging van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in association with het juridisch ouderschap van de vrouwelijke partner van de moeder different than by adoptie
    71. Lovdata Barnelova
    72. Legal information system § 144 Abs. 2 ABGB
    73. Sveriges Riksdag Föräldrabalk
    74. Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (see Art. 7)
    75. Flanderninfo.be: What will change from January 1st? (“Family” section) ; official German title of the law: " Law to determine descent from the co-mother "
    76. Tagesschau.de: Order of the Federal Court of Surrogacy through the back door ( memento of December 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
    77. Decision XII ZB 463/13. Federal Court of Justice, December 10, 2014.
    78. Data fields 1200 and 1300, column "Comments", Appendix 1 (to Section 11 of the Personal Status Ordinance)
    79. http://www.cryobank-muenchen.de/Donogene-Insemination/Krankenkasse
    80. - ( Memento of the original from January 3, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.erlanger-samenbank.de
    81. Zeit online: "State subsidizes artificial insemination even for unmarried people"
    82. a b LSVD.de: What will change with the new guidelines of the German Medical Association for the removal and transfer of human germ cells in the context of assisted reproduction?
    83. queer.de: Austria: Ban on sperm donation for lesbians is unconstitutional
    84. knowledge G16 / 2013, inter alia, the Constitutional Court of 10 December 2013, available on the Legal Information System of the Republic of Austria (RIS).
    85. Federal Act on Medically Assisted Reproduction of December 18, 1998
    86. Heike Haarhoff: "Die Kinder-Frau" TAZ from November 16, 2006.
    87. Storkklink.dk ( Memento of the original from June 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.storkklinik.dk
    88. Der Standard.at: The right of the single Swede to have a child
    89. Queer: Norway opens up marriage
    90. Der Standard.at: Right of single Swedish women to have a child
    91. Märkische Allgemeine: Fertile Vacation ( Memento from June 25, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
    92. FDP MP Michael Kauch: What a gay father experiences on the Internet in Stern (magazine) , accessed on March 15, 2017