Julius Plücker

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Julius Plücker, lithograph by Rudolf Hoffmann , 1856
Plücker grave at the old cemetery in Bonn

Julius Plücker (born June 16 or July 16, 1801 in Elberfeld (today in Wuppertal ), † May 22, 1868 in Bonn ) was a German mathematician and physicist .

Life

Julius Plücker grew up in Elberfeld as the grandson of Johannes Plücker and a descendant of the reformed Elberfeld industrialist family Plücker, which since 1589 was managed by Duke Johann III. from Kleve-Jülich-Berg belonged to Garnnahrung loaned and provided numerous Elberfeld mayors and city judges. From 1784 until the end of the 19th century, the family and their descendants owned Lüntenbeck Castle near Elberfeld. After his school days in Elberfeld and Düsseldorf, where he attended the humanistic grammar school, renamed Görres-Gymnasium after the Second World War, from the beginning of 1816 until graduation in 1819 , Plücker studied in Bonn , Berlin , Heidelberg and Paris . In 1824 he received his doctorate on "Generalem analyzeos applicationem ad ea quae geometriae altionis et mechanicae basis et fundamenta sunt, e serie Tayloria deducit" in Marburg with Christian Ludwig Gerling (a student of Carl Friedrich Gauß ), received his habilitation in Bonn in 1825 and worked as a private lecturer . In 1828 he received an extraordinary professorship for mathematics in Bonn. In 1832 he went to Berlin as a private lecturer and also taught at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium there . In 1833 he followed a call to the University of Halle . In 1835 he returned, now as full professor , to the University of Bonn and taught there until his untimely death. In 1844/45 and 1855/56 he was the rector of the university.

The Bavarian Academy of Sciences elected him in 1859 as its external member. In 1864 he was elected a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences . Since 1867 he was a corresponding member of the Académie des sciences .

His grave is in Bonn in the old cemetery .

plant

Together with Heinrich Geißler , Plücker created the conditions for modern vacuum technology . His basic research later became important for atomic physics.

In mathematics, he invented line geometry , in which a point is characterized by the straight lines passing through it, and worked on algebraic curves and their singularities . The Plücker matrix and Plücker coordinates for the unambiguous representation of straight lines as well as Plücker's formulas , which establish a simple relationship between the number of special points on a curve , are named after him . In combinatorics he provided one of the earliest descriptions of block plans (he constructed S (2,3,9) in his book System der Analytischen Geometrie from 1835). He introduced ruled surfaces and a special ruled surface (Plücker conoid ) is named after him.

In physics, among other things, he dealt with the magnetism of crystals and with electrical discharges in a vacuum . In 1858 he discovered the cathode rays .

Since 1855 he was a foreign member of the Royal Society , with whose Copley Medal he was awarded in 1866.

The asteroid (29643) Plücker was named after him.

Fonts

  • Analytical-geometric developments , Volume 1, Essen 1828, Archives , Volume 2, 1831, Archives
  • System of analytical geometry based on new perspectives , Berlin 1835, Archive
  • Theory of Algebraic Curves , Bonn 1839, Archives
  • System of the geometry of space in a new analytical treatment , Düsseldorf 1846, Archive , Second cheaper edition , Düsseldorf 1852, Archive
  • Gesammelte Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen , Volume 1, Mathematische Abhandlungen (Ed. A. Schoenflies, Fr. Pockels), Teubner 1895, Archives , Volume 2, Physikalische Abhandlungen (Ed. Fr. Pockels), 1896, Archives

literature

Web links

Commons : Julius Plücker  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz von Kobell : Julius Plücker (obituary) . In: Meeting reports of the royal. bayer. Academy of Sciences in Munich . tape 1 , 1869, p. 393–395 ( online [PDF; accessed March 23, 2017]).
  2. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 191.
  3. ↑ List of members since 1666: Letter P. Académie des sciences, accessed on February 4, 2020 (French).
personal data
SURNAME Plücker, Julius
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German mathematician and physicist
DATE OF BIRTH June 16, 1801 or July 16, 1801
PLACE OF BIRTH Elberfeld
DATE OF DEATH May 22, 1868
Place of death Bonn