Talalati Castle

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Talalati Castle
Alternative name Tabalati,
Ras el-Ain Tlalet
limes Limes Tripolitanus
(back line)
section Djebel Dahar
Dating (occupancy) AD 263 to
late 4th / early 5th century
Type Fort
unit Cohors VIII Fida equitata
size 93 × 93 m (= 0.86 ha)
Construction stone
State of preservation partially preserved remains of the surrounding wall are visible
place Ras el-Ain Tlalet
Geographical location 32 ° 59 '13.3 "  N , 10 ° 20' 38.7"  E
height 260  m
Previous Small fort Henchir Medeina (south)
Subsequently Small fort Benia bel Recheb (northwest)
Backwards Small fort Henchir Rjijila (east)
Upstream Chenini-Clausura (southwest)
Wadi-Skiffa-Clausura (south) (west)
The Limes Tripolitanus with the fort

The Talalati or Tabalati fort is a Roman military camp , the garrison of which, as a border guard section command , was responsible for security and surveillance tasks on the rear Limes Tripolitanus , a deeply tiered system of forts and military posts in the Roman province of Africa proconsularis , later Tripolitania . Talalati is probably identical to the fort at Ras el-Ain Tlalet, which is located around two kilometers south of Ksar el Ferdj in the highlands of Dahar in southern Tunisia , Tataouine governorate .

location

Site plan of Ras el-Ain Tlalet fort above Wadi Tlalet (1904)

The “strongest entrenchment workers among the soldiers of the Limes Tripolitanus”, as the building inscription from AD 263 says, built the fort in the southern end of a heavily eroded and therefore only slightly sloping terrain spur in the wide plain of Ferdj . Only a few meters below the area open at the top of the east-facing elevation two dry valleys each other and perform their temporary water present in Wadi Tlalet in northeast direction to the large Wadi Fessi out from. The fort was an important point on the route from the Djeffara plain to the east , an important agricultural center for Rome, to the Jura main level of the Dahar and down to the western desert forts on the border with the Sahara . In this context, the soldiers of the Talalati fort controlled an important rear section of the Limes on the Djebel Demmer, a mountain range of the Dahar. This section consisted of several key passes blocking Clausuræ and situated northwest fortlet Benia bel Recheb . According to the British archaeologist David Mattingly , the rear small fort Henchir Rjijila could also be an outpost of Talalati.

Research history

The castle ruins were discovered in 1894 by the artillery lieutenant Henri Lecoy de la Marche during an archaeological expedition. He had a first excavation carried out, exposing parts of the north and south gates. Another excavation took place in July 1902 under the direction of Lieutenant Goulon, who had the east and west gates, parts of the enclosing wall and the south-west corner examined. The officer noted in his report that this operation cost a lot of time, as large amounts of rubble and coarse masonry, which in his opinion came from post-Roman times, had to be cleared. In 1908, Lieutenant Bouvet re-examined the west gate and the south-west corner of the fortification. In 1912, Captain Boizat had buildings in the camp village ( vicus ) examined, including the military bath . Lieutenant Antoine-Clodius Esmiol, who was responsible for the mission, had already visited the site several times in advance to get an idea of ​​the earlier investigations and to determine what he could achieve with the limited resources available to him. The excavations began in the last days of January 1912 with a small detachment of seven to eight men working under the orders of a local corporal . The soldiers found it very tempting to expose the interior of the fort, which was about two to three meters filled with rubble, but the resulting excavation could only have been done with a cart. With her limited strength and a wheelbarrow, however, that could not be done. Esmiol was ordered to Morocco on March 9, 1912, but the work continued.

Since the old excavations largely dealt with the surrounding wall and the gates, only a few details from the interior of the camp are known. The building inscriptions from the gates were among the most important finds. One of the early researchers who dealt with Talalati was Colonel Paul Toussaint, commander of the land surveying brigade, who, among other things , dealt with the distance information in the Itinerarium Antonini , an ancient street directory with distance information. Around 1970 the French archaeologist Pol Trousset visited Ras el-Ain Tlalet and found the place in a bad condition. Due to the so far only marginally known camp village, Mattingly pleaded for a modern excavation and examination of the site.

identification

In 1903, the French archaeologist Jules Toutain (1865–1961) proposed to identify the well-known station Tabalati with Tataouine from two ancient sources, the Notitia Dignitatum Occidentalis and the Itinerarium Antonini , taking the ancient name north-west of the city Djebel Tlalet received at Ras el-Ain. In "Tlalet" he was a pre-Islamic, altlibyschen term, which he believed this from the Kabyle was derived root word "Tilili". In this sense, Toutain assumed that he would be able to change the name “Tabalati”, handed down in the Antonini Itinerary, into what he believed to be a more correct “Talalati”. A term that the Notitia Dignitatum Occidentalis knows as Talalatensis . The current definition with the Roman fort discovered at Ras el-Ain was not made until the epigrapher René Cagnat (1852–1937) in 1912, who took over the considerations for the name of this camp from Toutain. To this day, however, there is no unequivocal scientific evidence that the Ras el-Ain fort is to be equated with Tabalati.

Like other researchers, Toussaint also came to the conclusion to equate Tabalati with Ras el-Ain. He tried to reconstruct the ancient road network using the Antonini Itinerarium. One of his considerations was to equate Auzemmi / Augemmi with the small fort Benia bel Recheb, as it was about 30 Roman miles from Tabalati. At the same time, in his opinion, the distance from Tabalati to the small fort Henchir Medeina was also around 30 miles. The British archaeologist Norman Hammond also shared this idea .

The extract from the Antonini Itinerary relating to the question reads:

Auzemmi / Augemmi mpm XXX
Tabalati mpm XXX
Thebelami mpm XXV
Tillibari mpm XXX

Building history

Dating

Dated ceramic shards indicate that the Romans used this place as early as the beginning of the third century. If the theory is correct that Ras el-Ain Tlalet corresponds to the ancient Talalati, the archaeological evidence is supported by the Itinerarium Antonini, the first version of which was created in the early third century, during the reign of Emperor Caracalla (211-217) . David Mattingly wondered whether the later fort could have emerged from an older small fort or a civilian settlement. These questions, too, could only be resolved through excavations.

The building inscription of the fort, which was discovered by Lecoy de la Marche at the north gate in 1894 by Lecoy de la Marche, dates from the year AD 263. It was built by the Cohors VIII Fida equitata (8th partially mounted cohort "the loyalty"). A similar inscription, broken into eight pieces, was found by Bouvet in 1908 on the eastern gate of Ras el-Ain.

Imp (erator) Caes (ar) [[[P (ublius) Lici] nius Gallienus]] Pius Felix Invictus
Aug (ustus) Germanicus Persicus maximus pontifex
maximus tr (i) b (unicia) p (otestate) XII co (n) s (ul) V p (ater) p (atriae) proco (n) s (ul) castra coh (ortis)
VIII fidae opportuno loco a solo instituit
operantibus fortissimis militibus suis ex limit
Tripolitano

Translation: “Emperor Publius Licinius Gallienus , the pious, happy and invincible Augustus, conqueror of the Germanic peoples, greatest victor over the Persians, high priest, holder of tribucinic power for the twelfth time, consul, father of the fatherland, proconsul , built the castle of the Cohors VIII Fida in a favorable location from the ground up with the help of the strongest fortification workers among his soldiers from Limes Tripolitanus. "

Two more inscription stones document extensive repair work on the fort's defenses almost a hundred years later, around AD 355/360. These two stones were also discovered by Lecoy de la Marche in 1894.

[…] VAGANI […] SIO […] S […] DINE L […]
[dd (ominorum) nn (ostrorum)] Constanti Pii Felicis ac triumphatoris s [emper Aug (usti)]
[et Iul] iani fortissimi ac floren [t] issimi Caes [aris]
[castell] um (?) funditus evers [u] m [par] tim ex su [o sumptu]
[partim ex…] VM […] RESCONII [i] nlaesis N […]
[provin] cialibus [… T (itus) A] rchon [tius Nilus…]

Translation: “… our Lord Constantine, the pious, happy and eternal triumphant Augustus and Julian, the bravest and most brilliant Caesar. The completely destroyed fort was partly at its own expense partly from ... intact / undamaged ... provincial residents ... Titus Archontius Nilus. "

The following inscription was much more damaged:

[… Dil] apsa ad REI […]
[…] OS propugna [cul ...]
[T (itus) Archon] tiu [s] Nilus v (ir) [p (erfectissimus) praeses et comes p (rovinciae) T (ripolitaniae)]
[prov] incialibus o [ptulit]
[ad ex] ercituum u [tilitatem] [p] rocuravi [t]

Translation: "... that had fallen apart, ... defenses ... Titus Archontius Nilus, a accomplished man, governor and military commander of the Province of Tripolitania, offered the provincial residents [and] took care of them for the benefit of the armies."

(Flavius) Titus Archontius Nilus held the civil and military leadership of the province of Tripolitania from 355 to 360 AD as praeses et comes provinciae Tripolitanae .

A final reference to the further history of the fort as the seat of a border guard commander is provided by the Notitia Dignitatum Occidentalis, which is part of a late Roman codex that was given its current text form around 425 or a little later. The information contained there can, however, date back to the late 4th century, as it can be proven that many of the information in the written record was already out of date or partially inaccurate at the time. Mattingly assigns the reference to Talalati to the late 4th century. Alongside other scholars, the ancient historian Ralf Scharf (1959–2013) assumed that the eastern part of the Notitia Dignitatum referred to here was a coherent document that had a terminus post quem of 399 or possibly closer to 401 AD.

Enclosing wall

Site plan of the fort with the surrounding buildings

The nearly square fort measures around 93 × 93 meters (= 0.86 hectares) and has rounded corners. As with the Gholaia (Bu Njem) fort in Libya, its main dimensions could be based on the Punic cubit, which would result in a dimension of 180 × 180 cubits. The surrounding wall is 1.50 meters thick and between 1.60 and two meters high. It consists of an irregular, rather roughly set quarry stone masonry in which relatively small material was processed. Corner towers and intermediate towers are not known, but driveways 2.70 to three meters wide were found on all four sides of the camp, each flanked by two U-shaped gate towers. These four goals correspond to each other so that two are opposite each other. The north and south gates are each 54 meters from the west corner and 34 meters from the east corner. Recent research on the gates has shown that the back of the gates, towards the interior of the camp, were open like shell towers .

At the north gate, Lecoy de La Marche found the very well-preserved building inscription from AD 263 in 1896. Goulon, who worked on the east gate in 1902, discovered a slightly damaged ornament pattern carved in stone. The officer measured the width of the entrance to this gate at three meters. On the inner walls of this once vaulted driveway there were four wall pillars, all of which were made of the same trimmed stone . At a height of 1.70 meters, a simply designed cornice lay on the pillars, above which the arch segments originally rose. Goulon found a pillar base between the two pillars that were visible on the outer facade of the gate. The column itself was about 1.50 meters from this base at the time of the excavation. In the corridor of the gateway, between the four pillars, Goulon hid parts of a broken building inscription, the content of which was very difficult to decipher. The content of the inscription was similar to that of AD 263. At an unknown point in time, one of the two entrances between the column and the wall pillar was blocked. Goulon believed he saw the remains of three steps in this area. The defensive wall examined in the area of ​​the gate had a width of one meter and was still between 2.50 meters and 2.80 meters high. Other building structures that, according to Goulon, were built directly onto the inside of the gate, may come from a later renovation phase.

The best preserved west gate has been exposed down to the original Roman level. A corridor formed in the space between the driveway, with two rectangular wall pillars protruding on each long side. During the excavation, these pillars still supported two arch segments made of ashlar, which once arched the driveways. From the remainder of the arch, an original height of around 3.50 meters at the keystone could be calculated. It turned out that this gate only had a single-lane driveway and was closed with a single-leaf gate whose hinge hole was still preserved. The gate was most likely locked with a horizontal wooden beam. For this, a recess was made in the wall at a height of 1.60 meters on both sides of the corridor.

During his inspection around 1970, Trousset was able to determine that the pillars at the north and south gates were still well preserved, but in worse shape at the west and east gates. In addition, the arched segments known from the historical description were missing.

In addition to the finds already mentioned, large quantities of ceramic shards come from the fort. A marble fragment, iridescent glass fragments, and two copper objects came to light at the west gate, one of which Goulon thought of as a vase handle.

Interior development

The excavations carried out in 1902 in the rounded southwest corner only took place to a depth of 0.50 meters. At this height, no corner tower could be identified, but three chambers that were attached directly to the defensive wall. Goulon found a layer of ash everywhere on the subgrade, which had been cleared of rubble, whereby the walls of the interior buildings showed no visible traces of fire. Their building material seemed to have been made from the rock.

Room A was 4.90 x 4.90 meters. Remains of a lime mortar coating can still be seen on its walls, and signs of the former beam ceiling could be observed.

Room B was 4.50 x 3.10 meters and apparently had no door. The room had been used as a storage room, as around thirty amphorae and numerous broken glass could be collected in it.

The last room C with an area of ​​8 × 8 meters was located directly in the south-west corner of the fort and was separated from the wall of the surrounding wall by a narrow corridor. More detailed information on this finding is not known, as the early excavators did not have time during their mostly relatively cursory investigations to remove all the rubble that filled the Roman fortifications. When Trousset visited in 1970, the remains of the interior buildings in the southwest corner were already badly damaged and no longer identifiable.

From the late period of the fort there is a grave that was dug in the corridor of the west gate and is possibly Christian. The excavators found a small jug and a red terracotta lamp decorated with the monogram of Christ at a depth of 2.2 meters . Based on these finds, Mattingly assumed that the fort was probably abandoned at some point between AD 360 and the Vandal invasion of North Africa under King Geiseric (428-477).

The Talalati Border Guard Section Command

The Cohors VIII Fida (equitata), stationed in the as yet unlocated fort Secedi, built the fort of Ras el Ain around 600 kilometers to the north-west of their previous location in AD 263. From on Ostraca daily reports received from today in Libya situated castle Gholaia shows that some horsemen (equites) of Cohors VIII Fida at least in the years 258/259 n. Chr. From their parent unit in Secedi after Gholaia as dispositi had been detached to under among other things to do service as a rider. The time window in which the cohort was shifted to the northwest is therefore to be classified between 259 and 263 AD. The reason for the relocation is apparently the archaeologically verifiable abandonment of the military border installations in the region around Gholaia, which were advanced far to the south, and which occurred during this period. This task probably also affected the Gheriat el-Garbia fort with the associated outpost. Serious defeats on other frontier sections of the empire, including the final Limes fall in the Germanic provinces, internal Roman conflicts, troop shortages and strategic considerations will have forced Emperor Gallienus (260-268) to take this step at the height of the imperial crisis and the tripolitan one Move the border back at least in the area around Gholaia.

During the late antiquity, a Praepositus limitis Talalatensis is proven for the military greater Talalati area through the Notitia dignitatum . The Limes Tripolitanus was divided into individual border commands before the middle of the 3rd century. The supreme command for these individual border protection sections, which can be shown to have been established since the middle of the 3rd century, was probably initially still in the hands of local troop leaders, the Praepositi limitis , who had their staff positions in the larger forts at the rear. At the end of the 3rd century or around 300 AD, the border protection was centralized and placed under the authority of the governor of the newly created province of Tripolitania. Even before AD 400, the office of Dux provinciae Tripolitanae was established , a high-ranking officer in the Western Roman army who was in command of the African border guards. The individual border protection sections were now subject to the orders of local commanders. These kept the name Praepositi limitis , but now had to take care of much smaller border sections. In the case of Talalati, the Praepositus limitis Talalatensis was responsible for security at the Talalatensis border section. The exact geographical delimitation of this section command has not yet been scientifically clarified.

Watchtower

On the eastern edge of the Ferdj plain, the Roman military erected a watchtower consisting of elongated and rectangular blocks in an exposed position on a steep plateau-like plateau. From this tower there was a line of sight to the fort about 20 meters lower in the valley. Furthermore, a large part of the wide, western plain and a section of the important long-distance connection running north of the plateau along the Wadi Fessi, which is around 30 meters lower, could be seen. The wadi, which was associated with strong seasonal erosion, had cut a deep, narrow valley into the rocks in this area, which enabled access to the plain. The blocks from which the rectangular tower was built are carefully carved. The term post quem for this structure may probably be used at the earliest with the establishment of the Talalati garrison. Due to its excellent location, the French military reused the tower as a signaling station until 1914.

Vicus

Civil buildings

Outside the camp, excavations in 1912 to the north and west uncovered a long, irregular and discontinuous structure that was based on a weak foundation. On the west side of this construction, 127 meters in front of the west gate of the fort, a square foundation of 25 × 27 meters with a number of small rooms was documented.

The finds discovered in 1912 in the camp village include some fragments of iridescent glass and seventeen corroded bronze coins, including one with the image of Emperor Constantine (306–337) and the inscription IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG as well as two pieces in which Revers shows the Roman she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus could be seen.

Fort bath

The fort bath after the 1912 investigations

The following description follows the report by Boizot and the minor additions by Trousset. The more extensive new representation by the French archaeologist Yvon Thébert (1943–2002), which only appeared after his death in 2003, is referenced in detail .

On the north side of the fortification, relatively large, but largely destroyed building foundations were discovered in 1912, and around 35 meters from the camp, to the right of the north gate, there was a small military bath , the remains of which were designed in the manner of Roman baths. The excavation drawing shows that not the entire bath, but only around 130 square meters has been archaeologically developed. In this context, Captain Boizat mentions that further investigations were no longer possible due to lack of time. The excavators uncovered four rows of rooms connected in series in the central area, all of which were hypocausted . The height of the suspensura was around 0.45 meters. The thickness of the floor with the screed was 0.20 meters. The floor consisted of two layers of floor tile panels measuring 0.55 meters by 0.58 meters. Between these layers was another layer of Roman concrete . The small pillars supporting the floor were made of rectangular brick slabs and had a side length of 0.16 to 0.18 meters. Both the large and the small tiles had finger marks on one side.

Room A was a hot water basin ( caldarium ) and designed in a semicircle. It was built by Space B entered from. Along the semicircular wall there was an approximately 0.30 meter wide, brick-walled and cemented wall projection.

Room C was measured with a size of 2.15 × 2.25 meters. Along the wall that separates room C from room B, nine cemented tubules could be documented in situ . They were square and had a side length of 0.10 meters. With the help of these hollow bricks , which were blackened inside, the walls of the room were heated and at the same time the hot air was led out of the building. Room C was heated indirectly via room B. Room D certainly had an entrance through room C. It is possible that the masonry at this point was too damaged to tell. There was also an entrance from room B to room D, which, according to the excavators, only indicated itself.

Room E was 1.90 meters wide and 5.35 meters long. The western part of the room was taken up by a one meter protruding and 0.30 meter high platform that extended over the full width of the room. In the west wall behind room E there was a hot air opening for the praefurnium . It is possible that a hot water tub originally stood on the platform. Also near the platform, the excavators discovered two in situ existing tubules . Due to the good state of preservation of this room, they found that the wall arched inwards at a height of 1.20 meters. Obviously at least this room once had a barrel vault .

The praefurnium is in the west of the complex. The boilers in which the water for the underfloor heating was heated were once located there. In Ras-el-Aïn Tlalet, three of these heating points could be detected, from which rooms A, D and E were served directly with hot air. As described above, however, room C could also be heated. The wall openings for the hot air supply in the west wall were bricked in a rectangular shape, 0.30 meters wide and 0.55 meters high. In addition, the opening behind room A was designed as a wide, tall, rounded niche. This niche could once have housed the boiler. The three heating points were also separated from each other by short wall templates. To the west, the praefurnium was limited by a wall no more than 1.20 meters away. However, this wall was not further excavated.

Room F consisted of a carefully cemented semicircular basin, which was probably filled with cold water and, along with room G, belonged to the frigidarium . In the middle of the east wall of the basin was a small drainage duct, which at its widest point was 0.30 meters high and just as wide. A ceramic pipe was laid in this canal. The excavators were able to follow the canal, which was laid under the floor, straight ahead, in an easterly direction, to the end of room G, which was connected to room F.

Room G was 0.40 meters higher than the adjoining room E to the north and was accessible via two steps. A rectangular cold water basin, 0.30 meters deep, took up almost all of room G. The basin and was in communication with a small covered channel that was led under the steps from room E. This channel apparently provided the pool with water. In the southeast corner of the basin, into which the end of the south wall of room G also opened, the excavators saw a small, uncovered canal that was led around the south wall and apparently followed a narrow, west-east oriented corridor that led to room H. In the west wall of room G there was a wall niche a , which separated the corridor of room H and room G by only 0.10 meters. The frigidarium with rooms F and G was accessible from the east through a long corridor, which possibly served as an entrance. The incomplete excavation prevents further unequivocal deliberations.

Room H also had a cemented wall with rounded corners and was around 0.15 meters high and 0.30 meters wide. According to the excavators, the floor of this room had the same height as the room itself. According to the report, room I to the south had "no special features".

The eastern end of the examined area was formed by a wall belonging to the bath, which, like the northern part of the bath, was not excavated any further. This wall formed a north-south running corridor to the discussed rooms, which was between one and 1.25 meters wide. 2.30 meters from the outer southeast corner of Room E, a one meter high vertical step was found in the corridor, with no signs of a staircase being detected.

In the vaults of the thermal baths, conical, small ceramic tubes tapering to a point were installed as filling material. A technique not uncommon for Roman buildings , which led to weight savings, especially in domed structures, and thus simplified the statics. The pipes were 0.10 meters long and 0.05 meters in diameter at their wide end. They were inserted into one another at an angle, the tips being embedded in a very hard lime mortar.

literature

  • David Mattingly : Tripolitania. Batsford, London 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , pp. 132, 156-157.
  • Yvon Thébert : Thermes romains d'Afrique du Nord et leur contexte méditerranéen , École française de Rome, Rome 2003, ISBN 9782728303984 , pp. 147–148.
  • René Rebuffat : Propugnacula . In: Latomus 43, 1984, p. 20.
  • René Rebuffat: Speaking of “Limes tripolitanus” . In: Revue archéologique 1980, 1 (1980), p. 111; P. 118.
  • Pol Trousset : Recherches sur le limes Tripolitanus, du Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne. (Etudes d'Antiquites africaines). Éditions du Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1974, ISBN 2-222-01589-8 . Pp. 98-102.
  • Julien Guey: Note on Flavius ​​Archontius Nilus et Flavius ​​Nepotianus . In: Revue des études anciennes 53 (1951) No. 3-4 pp. 248-252.
  • Boizot: Fouilles exécutées in 1912 dans le camp romain de Ras-el-Aïn-Tlalet (Tunisie) . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1913, pp. 260–266.
  • Goulon: Le Castellum de Ras-el-Ain-Tlalet . In: Jules Toutain: Notes ed documents sur les voies stratégiques et sur l'occupation militaire du Sud-Tunisien à l'époque romaine . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1903, pp. 272–409; here: pp. 351–354.
  • Henri Renault: Note sur l'inscription de Ras el Aïn et le limes tripolitain à la fin du IIIe siècle . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1901, pp. 429–437.
  • Henri Marie Albert Lecoy de La Marche: Recherche d'unevoie romaine du golfe de Gabès vers Ghadamès, par M. le lieutenant Lecoy de La Marche . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1894, pp. 399–402.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Michael Mackensen : forts and military posts of the late 2nd and 3rd centuries on the "Limes Tripolitanus" . In: Der Limes 2 (2010), pp. 20–24; here: p. 22.
  2. ↑ a b c d Pol Trousset : Recherches sur le limes Tripolitanus, du Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne. (Etudes d'Antiquites africaines). Éditions du Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1974, ISBN 2-222-01589-8 . Pp. 98-102; here: p. 99.
  3. ↑ Wadi-Zraia-Clausura at 33 ° 6 '13.63 "  N , 10 ° 9' 17.7"  E ; Wadi-Skiffa-Clausura at 33 ° 2 '11.81 "  N , 10 ° 9' 13.8"  E ; Wadi-Skiffa-Clausura (South) at 33 ° 0 ′ 32.79 "  N , 10 ° 9 ′ 45.6"  E ; Chenini-Clausura at 32 ° 53 '32.92 "  N , 10 ° 14' 37.78"  O
  4. ↑ fortlet Benia bel Recheb at 33 ° 11 '38.2 "  N , 10 ° 10' 32.9"  O
  5. ^ David Mattingly : Tripolitania. Batsford, London 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 314.
  6. ↑ Henchir Rjijila small fort at 33 ° 0 ′ 33.1 ″  N , 10 ° 43 ′ 2.98 ″  E
  7. ↑ a b Goulon: Le Castellum de Ras-el-Ain-Tlalet . In: Jules Toutain : Notes ed documents sur les voies stratégiques et sur l'occupation militaire du Sud-Tunisien à l'époque romaine . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1903, pp. 351–354; here: p. 351.
  8. ↑ Goulon: Le Castellum de Ras-el-Ain-Tlalet . In: Jules Toutain: Notes ed documents sur les voies stratégiques et sur l'occupation militaire du Sud-Tunisien à l'époque romaine . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1903, pp. 351–354; here: p. 352.
  9. ↑ Full name: "Esmiol (Antoine-Clodius), lieutenant au 4e régiment de tirailleurs à Foum Tatahouine (Tunisie)"; Officiers d'Académie . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1912, p. 119.
  10. ^ Boizot: Fouilles exécutées en 1912 dans le camp romain de Ras-el-Aïn-Tlalet (Tunisie) . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1913, pp. 260–266; here: p. 260.
  11. ↑ a b c Boizot: Fouilles exécutées en 1912 dans le camp romain de Ras-el-Aïn-Tlalet (Tunisie) . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1913, pp. 260–266; here: p. 264.
  12. ^ David Mattingly : Tripolitania. Batsford, London 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 156.
  13. ^ Paul Toussaint: Résumé des reconnaissances archéologiques exécutées par les officiers des brigades topographiques d'Algérie et de Tunisie pendant la campagne de 1903-1904 . In: Bulletin archéologique du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1905, pp. 56–74.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Pol Trousset : Recherches sur le limes Tripolitanus, du Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne. (Etudes d'Antiquites africaines). Éditions du Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1974, ISBN 2-222-01589-8 . Pp. 98-102; here: p. 100.
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g David Mattingly : Tripolitania. Batsford, London 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 157.
  16. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occidentalis , 25.31, 31.18
  17. ^ Provinciae Africae . In: Itinerarium Antonini 75, 2,3,4.
  18. ^ Jules Toutain: Notes et documents sur les voies stratégiques et sur l'occupation militaire du sud tunisien à l'époque romaine . In: Bulletin archéologique du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1903, p. 401. ( digitized version )
  19. ^ Pol Trousset: Recherches sur le limes tripolitanus, du Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne , Paris 1974, p. 32.
  20. ^ René Cagnat: L'Armée Romaine d'Afrique l'occupation militaire de l'Afrique sous les empereurs . Imprimerie nationale, E. Leroux, Paris 1912, p. 531.
  21. ↑ fortlet Henchir Medeina at 32 ° 35 '26.67 "  N , 10 ° 29' 36.64"  O
  22. ↑ Norman Hammond : The Limes Tripolitanus. A Roman Road in North Africa . In: Journal of the British Archaeological Association 30 (1967), pp. 1-18; here: p. 10.
  23. ^ Provinciae Africae . In: Itinerarium Antonini 75, 2,3,4.
  24. ^ David Mattingly : Tripolitania. Batsford, London 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 94.
  25. ↑ CIL 08, 22765 .
  26. ^ A b Pol Trousset : Recherches sur le limes Tripolitanus, du Chott el-Djerid à la frontière tuniso-libyenne. (Etudes d'Antiquites africaines). Éditions du Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1974, ISBN 2-222-01589-8 . Pp. 98-102; here: p. 101.
  27. ↑ CIL 08, 22766 .
  28. ↑ René Rebuffat : Au-delà des camps romains d'Afrique mineure: renseignement, contrôle, pénétration . In: Hildegard Temporini (ed.): Rise and decline of the Roman world, Vol. 10/2, de Gruyter, Berlin 1982, pp. 474-512; here: p. 481.
  29. ↑ René Rebuffat: A propos you "Limes tripolitanus" . In: Revue archéologique 1980, 1 (1980), p. 111; P. 118.
  30. ↑ CIL 08, 22768 .
  31. ↑ René Rebuffat : Propugnacula . In: Latomus 43, 1984, pp. 3-26, here: p. 20.
  32. ↑ On line 1: R. Rebuffat suspects that the untranslated part can be added to "ad rei [ntegr ...]", which would then mean something like "for renewal" or "until renewal". On line 2: Here Rebuffat suggests adding the first two letters to “muros”. Translated, the second line would then mean “walls and defenses” or “walls and / including battlements”.
  33. ^ Gareth Sears : Late Roman African Urbanism. Continuity and transformation in the city. (= BAR International Series 1693), Archaeopress, Oxford 2007, p. 72.
  34. ^ Maurice Euzennat : Quatre années de recherches sur la frontière romaine en Tunisie méridionale . In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres , 116-1 (1972), pp. 7-27; here: p. 20.
  35. ↑ Ralf Scharf: The Dux Mogontiacensis and the Notitia Dignitatum. A study of late antique border defense. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes 50), de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-018835-X , pp. 1–7.
  36. ^ David Mattingly : Tripolitania. Batsford, London 2005, ISBN 0-203-48101-1 , p. 132.
  37. ↑ Ralf Scharf: The Dux Mogontiacensis and the Notitia Dignitatum. A study of late antique border defense. (= Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - supplementary volumes 50), de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-018835-X , p. 3
  38. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occidentalis , 25.31, 31.18
  39. ↑ a b c Goulon: Le Castellum de Ras-el-Ain-Tlalet . In: Jules Toutain: Notes ed documents sur les voies stratégiques et sur l'occupation militaire du Sud-Tunisien à l'époque romaine . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1903, pp. 351–354; here: p. 354.
  40. ↑ a b c d Goulon: Le Castellum de Ras-el-Ain-Tlalet . In: Jules Toutain: Notes ed documents sur les voies stratégiques et sur l'occupation militaire du Sud-Tunisien à l'époque romaine . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1903, pp. 351–354; here: p. 353.
  41. ↑ Gholaia Fort at 30 ° 34 ′ 41.51 ″  N , 15 ° 24 ′ 46.84 ″  E
  42. ↑ a b Michael Mackensen : Crew accommodation and organization of a Severan legionary vexillation in the Tripolitan fort Gholaia / Bu Njem (Libya) . In: Germania 86.1, 2008 (2009), pp. 271-306; here: p. 286.
  43. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber : The end of the Upper German-Raetian Limes - a research task. In: Hans Ulrich Nuber u. a. (Ed.): Archeology and history of the first millennium in southwest Germany (= Archeology and History 1), Sigmaringen 1990, pp. 51–68.
  44. ↑ Notitia dignitatum Occidentalis 25:29.
  45. ^ Christian Witschel: On the situation in Roman Africa during the 3rd century . In: Klaus-Peter Johne, Thomas Gerhardt, Udo Hartmann (eds.): Deleto paene imperio Romano. Transformation processes of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century and their reception in modern times . Steiner, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-515-08941-1 , pp. 145-22; here: pp. 184–186.
  46. ↑ Erwin M. Ruprechtsberger : The Roman Limes Zone in Tripoliania and the Cyrenaica (Tunisia - Libya) , (= Writings of the Limes Museum Aalen 47), 1993, p. 97.
  47. ↑ Watchtower at Talalati
  48. ↑ a b c Boizot: Fouilles exécutées en 1912 dans le camp romain de Ras-el-Aïn-Tlalet (Tunisie) . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1913, pp. 260–266; here: p. 266.
  49. ^ Boizot: Fouilles exécutées en 1912 dans le camp romain de Ras-el-Aïn-Tlalet (Tunisie) . In: Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 1913, pp. 260–266
  50. ↑ Yvon Thébert : Thermes romains d'Afrique du Nord et leur contexte méditerranéen . École française de Rome, Rome 2003, ISBN 9782728303984 , pp. 147-148.
  51. ↑ a b c d e Yvon Thébert : Thermes romains d'Afrique du Nord et leur contexte méditerranéen , École française de Rome, Rome 2003, ISBN 9782728303984 , pp. 147-148; here: p. 148.