Emergency radio

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This article mainly presents the situation in Germany and Austria . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

As emergency radio (or disaster radio ) is called the radio operation, the radio amateurs make in their communications in emergency and disaster situations help. Radio amateurs then support aid organizations and other authorities and organizations with security tasks (BOS), or forward received emergency calls to them.

General

The amateur radio service is an international radio service in accordance with the Radio Regulations (VO Radio).

§ 2 . No. 2 of the Amateur Radio Act states: "In this Act amateur service is a radio service by radio amateurs among themselves to experimental and technical-scientific studies for their own development, to international understanding and to support relief efforts in emergencies and disasters perceived becomes. The amateur radio service includes the use of space stations . The amateur radio service and the amateur radio service via satellite are not security radio services… ”. Section 16 of the Amateur Radio Ordinance further explains the technical and operational framework conditions for amateur radio stations: "... the use of international emergency, urgency and safety signs of the maritime and aviation radio service is not permitted ...". This separates z. B. the use of the emergency sign MAYDAY in the amateur radio service.

Radio amateurs around the world have always made their equipment and knowledge available for assistance. For emergency calls, in the event of natural disasters, in developing countries, in wars, urgently needed medicines, emergencies at sea. Regardless of the crisis situation, radio amateurs are often the first to establish contact with the outside world when commercial telecommunications networks fail.

In order to establish an intercontinental radio link on shortwave , in addition to the necessary knowledge about the propagation conditions, a few meters of wire as an antenna (if necessary stretched between rubble and trees), a (car) battery or solar cell, a (self-made) radio device with around 1 up to 5 W transmission power and a Morse code key or a microphone.

With around two million radio amateurs worldwide who are active around the clock thanks to the time difference, you can always reach someone.

Many radio amateurs regularly take part in international competitions ( field days ), where the aim is to make as many international radio connections as possible within 24 hours, with the greatest possible distance, regardless of the power grid with portable antennas. Radio amateurs help to set up and operate communication networks in crisis situations even without official requirements. Just like everyone else, radio amateurs are also obliged to provide assistance, including placing or forwarding (received) emergency calls.

Floods, earthquakes, storms, large fires and other serious disasters almost always destroy and damage telecommunications equipment or overload them with massive increases in usage. It is irrelevant whether the technology is new or old. It no longer works without the appropriate infrastructure and without electricity and telephone lines. The strength of amateur radio is particularly evident here. Radio amateurs operate their station independently of an infrastructure. You have numerous contacts regionally and internationally and thus make one of the most important contributions in supporting authorities and aid organizations in emergency communication.

A great advantage of the amateur radio service is the frequency ranges assigned worldwide . This means that uncomplicated, cross-border communication is possible at any time, while the cooperation of various auxiliary personnel - such as BOS , Bundeswehr, local energy providers, etc. - repeatedly fails due to the different radio services and frequencies even in regional or national major damage situations.

history

In addition to the technical development of the last few decades, radio amateurs' emergency radio and its importance has also changed. Radio amateurs already operated mobile radio systems from their cars, while most did not even have a car radio. At the time, you were among the privileged people who were able to communicate on the move long before there was any CB radio or even cell phone networks.

Since the late 1990s at the latest, thanks to the improved network expansion of the D and E networks and the slump in costs on the mobile communications market, it has been a matter of course for everyone today to carry a mobile phone with them and be sure of being able to make an emergency call at any time . The base stations in the mobile radio networks are mostly only briefly protected against failure of the mains power supply. The remaining base stations are then quickly overloaded, so cell phones are useless in the event of a longer power outage. Radio amateurs can still forward emergency calls with their mobile and portable devices. Even today, CB radio and amateur radio for making emergency calls have the advantage over mobile phones that they work on frequencies with better propagation conditions and can thus also establish connections under certain circumstances when mobile phones can no longer reach a base station.

For decades, aid organizations and development workers have used the international amateur radio service for reliable transmission of messages. Today, aid organizations use satellite telephones for international missions . Correspondents of the international press also use these systems, so that in some cases the aid organizations return to radio amateurs as a fallback level, even in international aid missions.

In 1998, the Tampere Convention stipulated that in the event of a disaster, amateur radio equipment could easily be transported abroad and operated there.

The German Amateur Radio Club (DARC) signed a cooperation agreement with the Bavarian State Association of the Technical Relief Organization (THW) on October 13, 2014. It is agreed that:

  • the support of the DARC for the THW through the establishment of wireless telecommunication connections if other telecommunication connections are not or insufficiently available
  • To prepare for possible support missions, joint training events and radio exercises are carried out

Emergency radio frequencies

Identified emergency frequencies that are bindingly agreed by international law, such as those used by the security radio services ( aviation and marine radio services ), which are constantly monitored by the organizations responsible for search and rescue , do not exist in the amateur radio service. In principle, every radio frequency on which an emergency call is received must be kept free of the other frequency users for the subsequent emergency traffic. Similarly, in the amateur radio service, emergency radio frequencies are kept free from other stations.

The following emergency radio frequencies are recommended internationally in the amateur radio service (emergency radio frequencies according to IARU recommendation of January 1, 2006).

Short wave (KW)
  • 80 m 3760 kHz all operating modes - activity center region 1 emergency radio
  • 40 m 7110 kHz all operating modes - activity center region 1 emergency radio
  • 20 m 14300 kHz all operating modes - activity center for worldwide emergency radio
  • 17 m 18 160 kHz all operating modes - activity center for worldwide emergency radio
  • 15 m 21360 kHz all operating modes - activity center for worldwide emergency radio
  • 11 m 27065 kHz all operating modes - worldwide emergency radio channel 9 CB
Ultra short wave (VHF)
  • 2 m 144.260 MHz USB
  • 2 m 145.500 MHz FM (S20) - (mobile) call
  • 2 m 145.525 MHz FM (S21)
  • 2 m 145.550 MHz FM (S22)
  • 70 cm 433.500 MHz FM - international call

In addition, the following frequencies have been recommended in Germany, Austria and Switzerland:

  • 160 m 1873 kHz LSB (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
  • 80 m 3643 kHz LSB (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
  • 40 m 7085 kHz LSB (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
  • 30 m 10138 kHz USB (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
  • 20 m 14180 kHz USB (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
  • 10 m 28238 kHz USB (Germany)
  • 70 cm 434,000 MHz FM (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)

technology

Discarded military radio car of a radio amateur
Improvised radio operation with car battery

Radio amateurs have a wealth of technical options for crisis communication at their disposal. These are always unencrypted PMP connections (point to multipoint, i.e. point to multipoint). The advantage is that sent messages always reach a group of recipients - comparable to a telephone conference call with any number of participants. Radio discipline is therefore very important.

Frequencies

Ultra short wave VHF
  • direct - local connections
  • Amateur radio relays or transponders - regional connections
  • Amateur radio satellites - intercontinental connections
  • Echolink conference server. Echolink is a system to connect VHF relays and PCs worldwide using the Internet (VoIP). There are various emergency radio conference servers here. This technology is not self-sufficient and requires functioning internet connections.
Shortwave KW
Worldwide connections with low transmission power are possible here, provided the interference level is not too high. The interference is caused, among other things, by PLC , broadband cables , plasma screens , inadequately radio-suppressed technical systems such as motors, etc.
  • nationwide radio links
  • Europe-wide radio links
  • worldwide radio connections

Operating modes

Radiotelephony
Digital operating modes
Image transfer

Examples of emergency radio actions by radio amateurs

In emergencies, such as snow disasters or floods, radio amateurs were often the last resort to maintain communication if other means of communication failed.

June 2, 1928 - Nobile North Pole Expedition

During a North Pole expedition, the Italian polar explorer Umberto Nobile with the airship Italia got into a snow storm on the way back from the North Pole and crashed north of Spitsbergen. Some survivors were floating on an ice floe. The Russian radio amateur Nikolai Reinholdowitsch Schmidt received an SOS call from the survivors with a self-made shortwave receiver . A worldwide rescue operation has been initiated. There is also the radio play SOS… rao rao… Foyn - “Krassin” saves “Italia” . The feature film " The Red Tent " (1969), with Claudia Cardinale, Hardy Krüger, and Mario Adorf as radio operator for the Nobile expedition, presents the events in detail.

Feb. 01, 1953 - The Netherlands Flood Disaster

During the flood disaster of 1953 in the Netherlands, when a spring tide and a heavy north-west storm hit many dykes, 150,000 hectares of land were under water and over 1,800 people drowned. The telephones were dead, so communication in the flooded area took place exclusively via the amateur radio service on the frequency 3.700 megahertz in AM. Extract from an article in the emergency newspaper of the PZC on Tuesday, February 3, 1953, “And when the phone fell silent, there were the radio amateurs. Through them the country learned more about the seriousness of the situation and the disaster. "

The Netherlands and Great Britain reacted with the strong involvement of radio amateurs in civil protection through the emergency radio organizations RAYNET (Great Britain) and DARES (Netherlands). In 2009 the EU exercise FloodEx took place in the Netherlands, which simulated the exercise situation of the 1953 disaster. The THW took part for Germany .

Feb. 16, 1962 - Storm surge in Hamburg

During the Hamburg storm surge in 1962 , the police, rescue and emergency services had their own frequency ranges and were unable to communicate directly with one another. Radio amateurs with their tunable devices could easily help out here. On Sunday morning, a fixed station was set up on the 9th floor of the district office at the main train station in the city high-rise, a fixed station was used at the Finkenwerder local office and mobile stations were used at the two other local offices. Over 400 radio messages largely in the 80-meter band were sent or received in the course of 29 hours up to Monday evening, calls for help for medication, food and doctors were accepted and forwarded, telegrams were recorded to relatives and messages were sent to other authorities and private individuals.

Dec. 28, 1978 - Snow Disaster in Northern Germany

During the snow catastrophe in Schleswig-Holstein on December 31, 1978, when the electricity and telephone networks failed and it turned out that aid organizations, electricity suppliers, the Bundeswehr and the Federal Post Office at that time could not communicate with each other due to different radio systems and frequencies. Radio amateurs jumped into the breach with their devices, some of which they had built themselves, and passed on messages, manned control centers, workshop vehicles, helicopters and tanks, and made it possible to coordinate the emergency services.

July 1983 - Flood in Blumenau, Brazil

The city ​​of Blumenau was flooded for over a month. Constantly new rains ensured that the level of the Itajaí River kept rising. In the flood-experienced city, nobody expected a high of 15.3 meters. Districts that were initially considered high enough and safe were flooded. The electricity and telephone networks collapsed, there was no drinking water and no food. Radio amateurs set up an emergency radio network and ensured communication, which made it possible to coordinate the aid measures. The strong current and swept trees, houses and cars made evacuation measures with boats impossible, helicopters were the only means of transport.

This flooding of the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina in Brazil and the emergency radio of radio amateurs is documented in the book "A valley calls for help".

September 19, 1985 - Earthquake in Mexico City

In the first days after the severe earthquake in the metropolis of Mexico City , amateur radio was the only connection to and from abroad.

Aug. 28, 1988 - Plane crash in Ramstein

When the telephone network collapsed after the accident at the Ramstein air show , radio amateurs made emergency calls via mobile and portable stations, relayed messages, organized urgently needed blood supplies and delivered messages from survivors to relatives.

Dec. 7, 1988 - Earthquake in Armenia

Northern Armenia was shaken by a severe earthquake at 11:41 a.m. , value 6.8 on the moment magnitude scale . The city of Spitak with 60,000 inhabitants was razed to the ground, 25,000 people died. Other cities and villages were also badly affected. Soviet radio amateurs immediately started emergency communications with other parts of the country. The Technical Relief Organization (THW) sent a special unit, including a radio amateur, who made contact with the operations management team and to Germany. The German Red Cross (DRK) installed an extensive shortwave radio network in Armenia with three fixed stations ( Yerevan , Stepanavan and Leninakan ) and equipped several emergency vehicles with mobile shortwave systems. The connection to the shortwave station of the DRK in Meckenheim-Merl - mainly in the AMTOR operating mode - was maintained via these systems for a period of almost six months. The operation was maintained over the entire time by DRK shortwave radio operators, who are often radio amateurs as well.

February 23, 1999 - Avalanche accident in Galtür

In the avalanche accident in Galtür in the Austrian Tyrol , the cell phone and telephone network collapsed. The access to Galtür was closed due to the danger of avalanches. Many vacationers were trapped there with the villagers. In order to be able to ensure the connection to the outside world, a radio link was established via amateur radio in the evening, initially over 80 m, a little later also via the Zugspitze relay to 70 cm, for three days the emergency radio traffic ran via the Zugspitze relay.

September 11, 2001 - Attacks on the World Trade Center

After overloading and failure of the telephone and internet as a result of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, the Siemens site in Iselin, New Jersey, among others, was cut off. The German crisis team at Siemens received information about an amateur radio station from Siemens employees in Germany, from where a radio link was established to the New York branch, among other things.

August 14, 2002 - Elbe floods in Germany

In the case of evacuations in the Bitterfeld area, the assistance train was requested from the DRK Bernburg. The team included six radio amateurs who brought their private radios with them to use. The BOS radio was completely overloaded and the cell phone networks were unusable. Communication between the four evacuation points, some of which were several kilometers apart, was carried out almost exclusively via the DB0WOF amateur radio relay in Wolfen.

December 26, 2004 - Seaquake in the Indian Ocean

The Indian amateur radio station VU4RBI, which became famous for its emergency radio activities, a few days before the 2004 tsunami disaster .

During the tidal wave that followed the earthquake , radio amateurs who were on a DXpedition in the area provided their radios. With the help of conventional car batteries and simple dipole antennas , radio stations were set up and a direct connection to the emergency response team was established. During the first two days after the quake, amateur radio was the only way to inform friends and family on the Indian mainland.

Aug 23, 2005 - Hurricane Katrina

The radio amateurs, who have joined forces in the Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network (SATERN) and in the West Gulf ARES Emergency Net, provided their amateur radio stations with additional communication channels during Hurricane Katrina to enable a rapid flow of information. During the day the frequencies 7.285 and 14.265 MHz and in the evening the frequencies 3.873 and 14.265 MHz were used. The usual VHF frequencies could not be used because of the large-scale power failure, as the range was insufficient and the relay stations had fallen victim to the power failure. The only thing left was to switch to the shortwave. Up to a thousand radio amateurs were involved in these radio networks every day and ensured continuous operation (24 hours, 7 days).

Jan 10, 2010 - Haiti earthquake

Immediately after the earthquake became known , the IARU and amateur radio umbrella organizations called on all radio amateurs to keep the emergency radio frequencies (IARU Region 2) free and to listen. The power and telephone networks were largely destroyed by the quake. There are very few radio amateurs in Haiti; nevertheless survival reports and calls for help could be received and forwarded. Aid organizations that were on their way to Haiti also rely on amateur radio, as the large number of helpers overloaded the satellite telephone connections.

March 2011 - earthquake and tsunami in Japan

After the Tōhoku earthquake in 2011 , there was initially no information on whether an emergency radio network would be set up, but the IARU asked to keep the emergency radio frequencies of IARU Region 3 free on all bands. Even before that, however, were of the GAREC (-Vorgaben G lobal A mateur R adio E mergency C onference , dt. Worldwide amateur radio Notfunkkonferenz different Notfunkfrequenzen) announced. On the first day after the earthquake, on March 12th, it became known that telecommunication was not possible via cellular or landline networks , as the earthquake caused the connections to collapse. Then there was the news of the power grid failure in some parts of Japan . The Japanese radio amateur Icko Suzuki, JA1BPA announced that emergency radio operations in Japan would be carried out regularly on the 40-meter and 2-meter bands . From the station JA7RL in JARL -Hauptquartier ( J apan A mateur R adio L eague , dt. Japanese Amateur Radio League ) in Tokyo was announced on March 13 that it had begun with the coordination of crisis communication. This would also be supported by many other headquarters stations (regional control centers) in the crisis areas. All information collected was sent to JA7RL and, if possible, published on the Internet. The regional manager of Osaka , JR3QHQ took over z. B. on the frequency 7,043 kHz the line. JL3YSP in Wakayama took care of the communication there on 7075 kHz. Many other stations were set up in the makeshift shelters in order to maintain communication in the less affected areas in which the electricity was cut off.

December 2011 - Storm Dagmar, Scandinavia

After Storm Dagmar hit Scandinavia, around 270,000 Swedes and Norwegians were hit by power outages and broken communications and power lines. Around 5,000 radio amateurs in Scandinavia started emergency radio operations or were on standby.

May 2012 - 6.0 magnitude earthquake struck northern Italy

Immediately after the first earthquake in Emilia-Romagna on May 20, 2012, radio amateurs of the national emergency radio and volunteer group RNRE started emergency radio operations until the commercial networks were provisionally restored.

Due to strong aftershocks on May 29, 2012, the telephone networks in many cities were again disrupted and emergency radio operations were resumed, on shortwave 7.060 MHz and VHF 145.200 MHz.

Organized help from radio amateurs

Germany

Some radio amateurs have come together in Germany to organize help via amateur radio. Some examples are

Organized emergency radio organizations

In many countries, radio amateurs are in the national civil protection - authorities deeply involved. Examples are

Exercises and cooperation with aid organizations

In addition to local activities, the IARU hosts a global emergency radio exercise twice a year , the Global Simulated Emergency Test (Global SET) in May and November. There is also a worldwide IARU field day in June and September . This special form of competition is about radioing from the meadow or field without a fixed power connection with portable stations and antennas.

In addition, there are international emergency radio exercises via amateur radio satellites "Satellite Simulated Emergency Test - SSET" with the aim of sending voice and data (APRS / e-mail) via amateur radio satellites and confirming receipt. There are also plans for a geostationary amateur radio satellites for emergency radio Another international project is "AMSAT EmComm" Young Helpers on the Air - YHOTA on the second weekend of May and on the last Saturday in September, an international meeting of youth groups of charities and school medical services on the amateur radio bands.

Many radio amateurs among the BOS members have joined together in the interest group radio amateurs in aid organizations (IG-FiH) . You will also find many BOS amateur radio club stations here. In some places there are emergency radio groups of the DARC or the VFDB as well as the clubs listed above, which regularly work with the BOS on exercises . These emergency radio groups used to be widespread as part of the ZS civil protection , but were disbanded after reunification and the end of the Cold War in the 1990s.

Red Cross

Worldwide

WCC amateur radio station, 2001

The International Red Cross operated a worldwide shortwave radio network with the main radio station in Versoix (near Geneva) in Switzerland (call sign HBC88) and for internal communication between national companies until 2011 . The frequencies assigned to the Red Cross are mostly directly adjacent to the amateur bands. AMTOR or PACTOR was often used as the operating mode .

International callsigns:

  • DEK24 German Red Cross
  • HBC88 IKRK main radio station Versoix
  • HB8GVA ICRC Geneva
  • OEH310 Austrian Red Cross
  • PGA88 Dutch Red Cross, Heemstede
  • TMC88 French Red Cross, General Secretariat, Paris

Germany

In Germany, as part of the DRK relief train , shortwave radio stations were set up at the DRK regional associations across (West) Germany and operated on site by the communication group of the respective relief train department. The radio station of the DRK Federal Association (DEK88) was for decades in Meckenheim-Merl near Bonn, the location of the former DRK federal school . With the final closure of the location in 2006, the station was relocated to the DRK General Secretariat in Berlin . After the DRK relief train was disbanded, some regional associations continued to operate the shortwave station on their own.

In 2010 a new shortwave radio network was set up. This DRK - HF-Net is designed as a fallback level for communication between the General Secretariat of the DRK in Berlin and the offices of the DRK regional associations. Several BOS HF frequencies (outside of the amateur radio bands) are available for this purpose. The primary operating mode is PACTOR using an additional encryption . Similar to the WinLink system, e-mails with file attachments are transmitted via peer-to-peer (P2P) connections directly from PC to PC or via an HF gateway with Internet connection. "Telephony" in the public telephone network is also possible via an automated phone patch . The Phonie operating mode is only used in exceptional cases.

Call sign in the DRK - HF-Net:

  • DEK2310 LV Berlin Red Cross
  • DEK24 LV Westphalia-Lippe
  • DEK25 LV Baden-Württemberg
  • DEK26 LV North Rhine
  • DEK27 LV Lower Saxony
  • DEK28 LV Hessen
  • DEK29 LV Rhineland-Palatinate
  • DEK30 LV Schleswig-Holstein
  • DEK31 LV Bavarian Red Cross
  • DEK3110 LV Bavarian Red Cross (mobile)
  • DEK3210 LV Bavarian Red Cross (water rescue service - mobile)
  • DEK3310 LV Hamburg
  • DEK34 LV Bremen
  • DEK3510 LV Saarland
  • DEK36 LV Badisches Rotes Kreuz
  • DEK3710 LV Oldenburg
  • DEK38 LV Brandenburg
  • DEK39 LV Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
  • DEK40 LV Saxony
  • DEK41 LV Saxony-Anhalt
  • DEK42 LV Thuringia
  • DEK77 Federal Association (Gateway)
  • DEK7710 Federal Association (mobile)
  • DEK88 Federal Association (General Secretariat)
  • DEK8810 Federal Association (General Secretariat) (mobile)
  • DEK8812 Federal Association (FüLZ) (mobile)

Amateur radio groups and stations of the German Red Cross

  • DN0TEL Notfunk-Deutschland e. V. Cooperation partner of the DRK-LV Hessen
  • DL0BRK State Specialized Service IuK, Bavarian Red Cross
  • DL0RKP DRK Peine
  • DR2K DRK Peine
  • DB0DRK DRK Burgdorf
  • DA0DRK readiness Morsbach
  • DD0DRK DRK telecommunication readiness state association Saxony-Anhalt
  • DF0RT DRK local association Fellbach telecommunications service
  • DR0K / DB0JRK Youth Red Cross Fürth
  • DL0JRK German Youth Red Cross
  • DL0DRK telecommunications community of the DRK Dortmund
  • DR1K water rescue service Bavaria
  • DK0RK DRK regional association Westphalia-Lippe
  • DL0RZ DRK regional association Berlin
  • DK0NOT DRK OV Bad Schwalbach IuK unit

Austria

The WCC still operates a shortwave communication network today, which is used for internal communication and to connect to other BOS from the SKKM if other communication channels are no longer successful.

  • OEH310 Austrian Red Cross, General Secretariat, Vienna
  • OEH320 Austrian Red Cross, LV Lower Austria, Tulln; as well as the mobile station OEH3201
  • OEH330 Austrian Red Cross, LV Vienna; Mobile station OEH3301
  • OEH41 Austrian Red Cross, LV Burgenland, Eisenstadt; Mobile station OEH4101
  • OEH51 Austrian Red Cross, LV Upper Austria; Mobile station OEH5101
  • OEH56 Austrian Red Cross, LV Salzburg, Salzburg; Mobile station OEH5601
  • OEH61 Austrian Red Cross, LV Steiermark, Graz, Laubegg station location; Mobile station OEH6101
  • OEH71 Austrian Red Cross, LV Tirol, Innsbruck; Mobile station OEH7101
  • OEH81 Austrian Red Cross, LV Carinthia; Mobile station OEH8101
  • OEH91 Austrian Red Cross, LV Vorarlberg, Feldkirch; Mobile station OEH9101
  • OEK9101 Support Unit Austria

Amateur radio stations of the Austrian Red Cross

  • OE1XXK WCC general secretariat
  • OE1XRK ÖRK LV Vienna
  • OE2XRK ÖRK LV Salzburg
  • OE3XRK ÖRK LV Lower Austria
  • OE4XRK ÖRK LV Burgenland
  • OE5XRK ÖRK LV Upper Austria
  • OE6XRK ÖRK LV Styria
  • OE7XRK ÖRK LV Tirol
  • OE8XRK ÖRK LV Carinthia
  • OE9XRK ÖRK LV Vorarlberg

France

  • F6KCR French Red Cross

literature

  • Antonio B. Barreto and Alda S. Niemeyer: A valley calls for help . Debras, 2004, ISBN 978-3-937150-00-0 Documentation of the flood in Blumenau from 1983.
  • Stan Gülich (SM7WT): Thanks to Amateur Radio (English). Lunds Offset 1994 available from Debras Verlag.
  • Reinhard Klein-Arendt: Emergency and disaster radio on shortwave aid organizations and their frequencies. vth Verlag, 11/2006, ISBN 978-3-88180-655-8 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Use of radio amateurs during the Hamburg storm surge in 1962 on the DARC e. V. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  2. ↑ Japan Info No. 2 Report from the Emergency Radio Department of the German Amateur Radio Club on the DARC website . Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  3. ↑ DL0JRK homepage
  4. ↑ a b call signs not assigned according to the Federal Network Agency (as of February 10, 2016) - see call sign database of the BNetzA
  5. ↑ Call sign list of the BMVIT (PDF; 775 kB) Retrieved on July 2, 2013.