Kirill Borisovich Tolpygo

Kirill Borisovich Tolpygo ( Russian Кирилл Борисович Толпыго / Ukrainian Кирило Борисович Толпиго / Kyrylo Boryssowytsch Tolpyho ; May 3 ^{. Jul} / 16th May  1916 ^greg. In Kiev ; † 13. May 1994 in Donetsk ) was a Soviet state physicist and university teacher .

Life

Tolpygos father Boris Nikolajewitsch Tolpygo (1889-1958) was a lawyer and combatant of the First World War and holder of the Order of St. Stanislaus . He was arrested by the GPU in 1923 for counter-revolutionary activities. Thanks to Raymond Poincaré's intervention , he was not shot, but sentenced to 10 years of forced labor (and again from 1947–1957). As a result, Kirill Tolpygo grew up in the family of his maternal grandfather Borys Bukreev , who was a recognized mathematician and professor at Kiev University .

Although he was the son of a political prisoner, Kirill Tolpygo was able to study physics at the University of Kiev , graduating in 1939. He then began his apprenticeship at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (AN-USSR) with Solomon Pekar in Kiev. However, he was drafted into the Red Army in November 1939 and participated in the German-Soviet War as an artilleryman . In 1941 he was seriously wounded during the Yelnya offensive as part of the Smolensk Kessel Battle .

In early 1945, Tolpygo was discharged from the army and sent back to the Kiev Institute of Physics to continue his studies. In 1949 he received his doctorate as a candidate for physical and mathematical sciences and in 1962 for a doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences . In 1963 he was appointed professor and in 1965 he became a Corresponding Member for Theoretical Physics of the AN-USSR. Tolpygo worked from 1948 to 1960 in the Institute of Physics and then until 1966 in the Institute of Semiconductors of the AN-USSR , which had been spun off from the Institute of Physics in 1960. In addition, he has taught at the University of Kiev since 1945 and headed the Chair of Theoretical Physics from 1960–1966 .

In its Kiev time Tolpygo developed a quantum-mechanical theory of crystal lattice - momentum , the deformation of the electron shell of the ions taken into account ( Tolpygo model ). In 1950 he predicted the bound states of photons and optical phonons , now known as lattice polaritons . The following year, Huang Kun obtained the same result using a different method. He later generalized his theory by including long-range Coulomb interactions in order to be able to describe crystals with covalent bonds (e.g. silicon , germanium , diamond ), noble gas crystals and molecular crystals . It was predicted that an electrical wave would be generated by an elastic wave in the crystal ( flexoelectric effect ). In 1961 Tolpygo predicted the generation of sound by a charge carrier stream, which is now well known in acoustoelectronics . Tolpygo's theory explained all electron- phonon interactions and was applied to the theory of polaritons, color centers, and excitons in alkali halide crystals. Tolpygo also studied kinetic phenomena in semiconductors and developed theories in particular for bipolar charge carrier diffusion , pn junctions , thermal rectification and surface phenomena.

During the thaw , Tolpygo joined the Sixties Movement and signed a letter to the Soviet government in defense of Alexander Ginsburg and Yuri Galansov , whereupon his position at Kiev University became problematic. At that time, Alexander Galkin organized a new science center in Donetsk for the decentralization and regionalization of science in Ukraine . Galkin convinced Tolpygo to come to Donetsk. In 1966 Tolpygo moved to the Donetsk Physics and Technology Institute of the AN-USSR (since 1994 Alexander Galkin Institute for Physics and Technology) and headed the Department of Theoretical Physics until 1988, after which he was a leading scientist until his death stay. In 1965 he became a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR

In 1966 he also founded the new chair for theoretical physics at the Donetsk State University , which he initially headed. To this end, he established the new chair for biophysics there in 1967 .

During this time Tolpygo worked on the many-electron theory of crystals in order to take into account the electron correlations in the band theory . He developed the model of the metastable Frenkel excitons to describe optical absorption and a microscopic theory of Cherenkov radiation . In addition to solid state physics , he dealt with biophysics . He proposed a theory of muscle contraction based on the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate . He studied mutation mechanisms . He predicted a new quasiparticle , the protonic exciton, and studied its properties.

Tolpygo was married twice to a physicist each and had four children, the mathematician Alexei, the musician Natalja, the solid-state physicist Sergei and the materials scientist Vladimir.

Individual evidence

1. ^ To the centenary of the birth of Kirill Borisovich Tolpygo (1916−1994) (accessed May 29, 2016).
2. ↑ Emmanuel Rashba : Kirill Borisovich Tolpygo: Teacher, Advisor and Scientist . In: Low Temperature Physics . tape 42 , no. 5 , 2016, p. I-V .
3. ↑ VV Rumyantsev, KV Gumennyk: Towards a History of Concepts of Light-Matter Coupling . In: Journal of Photonic Materials and Technology . tape 1 , no. 1 , 2015, p. 1–9 , doi : 10.11648 / j.jmpt.20150101.11 .
4. ↑ ^{a b} K. B. Tolpygo: Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions . In: Ukrainian Journal of Physics . 53, special edition, 2008, p. 497-509 .
5. ^ H. Kaplan, JJ Sullivan: Lattice Vibrations of Zincblende Structure Crystals . In: Phys. Rev. Band 130 , 1963, pp. 120-129 .
6. ↑ VS Mashkevich, KB Tolpygo: Electrical, optical and elastic properties of diamond crystals . In: Soviet Physics JETP . tape 5 , no. 3 , 1957, pp. 435-439 .
7. ↑ KB Tolpygo: Long-range forces and the dynamical equations for homopolar crystals of the diamond type . In: Soviet Physics - Solid State . tape 3 , no. 3 , 1961, pp. 685-693 .
8. ↑ KB Tolpygo: Optical, elastic and piezoelectric properties of ionic and valence crystals with ZnS-type lattice . In: Soviet Physics - Solid State . tape 2 , no. 10 , 1961, pp. 2367-2376 .
9. ↑ KB Tolpygo: Long wavelength oscillations of diamond-type crystals including long range forces . In: Soviet Physics - Solid State . tape 4 , no. 7 , 1963, pp. 1297-1305 .
10. ↑ KB Tolpygo, IG Zaslvaskaya: Bipolar diffusion in semiconductors at large currents . In: Sov. J. Tech. Phys. tape 25 , no. 6 , 1955, pp. 955-977 .
11. ^ EI Rashba, KB Tolpygo: Bipolar diffusion of current carriers at the presence of deep traps . In: Zh. Eks. Teor. Fiz. tape 31 , no. 2 , 1956, p. 273-277 .
12. ↑ KB Tolpygo: Emission capability of an abrupt pn-transition and its effect upon the conductivity of a semiconductor . In: Soviet Physics - Technical Physics . tape 14 , no. 2 , 1956, p. 287-305 .
13. ^ Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after OOGalkin of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (accessed May 29, 2016).
14. ↑ Website of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ( Memento of the original dated November 30, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Member page Kyrylo Boryssowytsch Tolpyho, accessed on November 29, 2016 
15. ↑ VA Telezhkin, KB Tolpygo: Theory of electron-structure of radiation defects in semiconductors (Review) . In: Soviet Physics Semiconductors - USSR . tape 16 , no. 8 , 1982, pp. 857-875 .
16. ↑ KB Tolpygo: Possible role of hydrogen bonds in conformational changes in biopolymers and carrying out their macroscopic displacements . In: Studia Biophysica . tape 69 , no. 1 , 1978, p. 35-51 .
17. ↑ KB Tolpygo: Spreading of excitations and changes in atomic vibrations in poly-guanine-cytosine due to hydrogen bond excitations . In: Journal of Molecular Structure . tape 299 , 1993, pp. 185-190 , doi : 10.1016 / 0022-2860 (93) 80293-5 .