Kirov class (1936)
 Heavy cruiser Kirow (type ship of the class, photo from 1941).
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The Kirov class (Киров) ( Project 26 or Project 26-bis / 26-bis2 ) was a six-ship class heavy cruiser of the Soviet Navy . The namesake of the class designed in the 1930s (as well as the type ship ) was the Soviet state and party functionary Sergei Mironowitsch Kirow . All six units of this type - which according to Russian or Soviet were named politicians, military personnel or cultural workers - were just before or during the Second World War put into service, with two cruisers for the Baltic Fleet , the Black Sea Fleet and the Pacific Fleet were completed . The ships all survived World War II and were eventually decommissioned in the 1960s and 1970s. The Kirov- class cruisers were the first large warships designed and built in the Soviet Union after the end of the Russian Civil War (1922). In addition, it was the only class of heavy cruisers, apart from the temporarily planned completion of the cruiser Petropavlovsk , which was purchased in the German Reich and was built for the Soviet Navy.
History and construction
After the heavy losses in World War I and the turmoil of the revolution and civil war , the Soviet Union , which was founded in 1922, was initially unable to design and build larger warships on its own; heavy industry and the supply economy had suffered too much from the warlike upheavals. In addition, many former specialists (tsarist naval officers as well as shipbuilding engineers ) had fled abroad before the Bolsheviks . It was only after 1928 that industrialization, including shipbuilding, was strongly promoted again in the context of the first five-year plan . However, there was still a lack of specialist knowledge to build modern warships, which is why the Soviet Union, which at that time was still very isolated internationally, sought support abroad.
In 1933, the Italian Navy succeeded in acquiring the construction plans for the light cruisers of the Montecuccoli class ( Condottieri type). Originally, the Soviet designers had envisaged a light cruiser with a water displacement of about 7,200 ts , high speed and an armament of six 15.2 cm guns in three twin towers. This concept was soon rejected, especially since the construction of pure heavy cruisers was carried out by almost all of the major sea powers after the naval conferences in Geneva (1927) and London (1930) - in which the Soviet Union, however, had not participated or to which it was not invited was - was strongly promoted. Subsequently, it was therefore decided to arm the new type of ship with guns of 18 cm caliber in triple turrets; this new marine caliber, developed in the late 1920s, was introduced into the Soviet Navy from 1932 and had very good performance data.
At the same time, however, it quickly became apparent that the existing plans for the Montecuccoli class did not allow these heavier guns to be included in the context of the ship's size. On the other hand, the Italian ships were structurally rather lightly built, while the Soviet engineers had to take into account the often harsh and wintry weather conditions in the Barents Sea or in the Baltic Sea . As a result, although the basic architectural features of the Italian cruiser design were retained, a new design was issued. This envisaged a ship with a standard displacement of now 7,700 ts and three triple towers. In purely mathematical terms, the necessary reinforcements of the trunk associations could also be included in this concept. In practice, however, sea damage and shooting damage (see Miscellaneous and Assessment) later showed that the ships of the Kirov class were still relatively light or too weakly constructed. The new type of cruiser was finally approved by the Council of People's Commissars on December 29, 1934 , and the contract to build six units was given. The ships were to be built in three lots, with two units being approved for each year in 1934, 1935 and 1936. (This made it possible, if necessary, to make modifications to the ships of the subsequent construction lots - which then happened later - whereby the project name changed from 26 to 26-bis and 26-bis2.)
Technical details
Armament
The cruisers of the Kirov class had a main artillery consisting of nine 18 cm L / 57 B-1-P model 1932 guns, three of which were in the midship line and each 232 (project 26) to 243 (project 26-bis2) Three tons of heavy triple towers were housed. Two towers, in an elevated position, were in front of and a tower aft of the superstructure. These guns, which were introduced into the Soviet Navy in 1932, fired an armor-piercing shell weighing 97.55 kilograms over a maximum distance of 37,800 meters (at a 45 degree rise). The endowment was usually 100 shells per gun. In terms of caliber, these guns were somewhat weaker than the comparable guns on heavy cruisers of other nations at that time (whose caliber was mostly 8 inches; only the Argentine cruisers of the Veinticinco de Mayo class and the British Hawkins class - the However, it was built before the various naval conferences - carried a similar caliber of 19 cm or 19.1 cm), but the Soviet type had a comparatively high rate of fire of an average of five to six shells per minute and a long range (see distance). (For comparison: the rate of fire of the 20.3 cm L / 50 Mark VIII gun used on cruisers of the British County class was on average around four rounds per minute, the range was around 28,000 meters.) A serious disadvantage, however was that the service life of the 18 cm guns, which operated with a comparatively high gas pressure of around 4.0 tons per square centimeter (20.3 cm L / 50 Mark VIII: 3.23 tons per square centimeter), was very short - at the beginning it was only 70 rounds. Later versions with a smaller propellant charge and deeper rifles achieved a service life of 320 rounds, but this was still well below that of the British gun (approx. 550 rounds).
The middle armament consisted of six (from 1942 sometimes eight) individually mounted 10 cm L / 56 B-34 guns of the 1938 model. This modern multi-purpose gun was produced in small series from 1936 and introduced into the Soviet Navy from 1938. The cannons fired a 15.8 kilogram grenade, with a barrel elevation of 85.5 degrees, the maximum height of fire was around 10,000 meters. Although it was a comparatively powerful weapon - depending on the level of training of the operating teams, the rate of fire was ten to 15 rounds per minute - production was very slow. At the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, just 38 (or 42?) Copies had been made. Since after the summer of 1941 the army armament had absolute priority, this meant that the two cruisers built in the Far East ( Kalinin and Kaganowitsch , which were not put into service until 1942 and 1944 respectively) were not equipped with these guns due to delivery bottlenecks, but instead were each equipped with eight heavy guns 8.5 cm Flak L / 52 90-K in single mounts. This was the naval version of the heavy army flak M1939 (52-K) .
The light anti-aircraft armament also varied greatly from ship to ship. According to the plans, this should consist of six semi-automatic 4.5 cm Flak L / 46 21-KM model 1932 and four heavy 12.7 mm Flak machine guns for each cruiser . However, there seems to have been deviations at the start of construction. So owned z. B. the cruiser Maxim Gorki from commissioning in October 1940 on presumably nine 4.5-cm Flak 21-KM. As part of modifications between the late summer of 1941 and the summer of 1943, the 4.5 cm cannons, which should not have proven themselves due to the low rate of fire (approx. 40 rounds per minute), were probably completely dismantled and carried through on almost all ships more modern 3.7 cm Flak L / 67 70-K model 1939/1940 replaced. The number of these cannons, which were individually mounted, differed considerably from ship to ship, so that no uniform information can be given. For example, while the Kirov carried a total of 15 of these guns in 1942/43 (this is also shown in the adjacent information block ), the Kaganowitsch probably owned 21 by 1944. On board the Molotov in 1944 both older 4.5-cm Flak 21- KM (6?) And newer 3.7 cm Flak 70-K (12?) Have been used side by side. The machine gun armament also grew in the course of the service life. In 1943/44 the number was up to 20 12.7 mm machine guns, with both single and partially quadruple mounts (these were possibly Vickers mounts supplied under the Lending and Lease Act).
All units of the Kirow class had six 53.3 cm torpedo tubes (type 39Y / 53-38U) in two pivoting triple tube sets, which were set up on both sides of the aircraft catapult on the upper deck. The torpedo armament remained on board throughout the war and was still present on all ships in 1946. In addition, all cruisers were also equipped for laying sea mines , with mine laying rails on both sides of the superstructure running approximately from the height of the rear funnel to the stern . As a rule, up to 100 mines (type KB 1940, anchor mines) could be carried, although the Voroshilov could hold up to 164 mines (this was probably possible because this ship had longer mine-laying rails).
Machine system
The machinery of the Kirov- class ships consisted of six oil-fired water - tube boilers of the Yarrow Normand type and two geared turbines that controlled two shafts. The type ship Kirow received the complete machinery of the Italian cruiser Eugenio di Savoia , which had been built and delivered by Ansaldo . The used turbines of the Belluzzo type served the Soviet engineers as a template for the development of their own turbines (type TV-7), which were installed on all subsequent ships of this class and which proved to be more powerful than the Italian originals. As a result, the performance data of the engines of the individual ships differed considerably from one another. According to the planning, the machine system on two three-bladed propellers, each 4.67 m in diameter, should have guaranteed an output of 110,000 WPS and an estimated maximum speed of 35 kn (approx. 65 km / h).
In test drives or so-called miles, however, these values were exceeded by all ships. During the tests, the Kirow - with its original Italian propulsion system - achieved a top speed of 35.94 kn (66.5 km / h) at 113,500 WPS. The cruiser Voroshilov , however, the fastest ship of the class, experienced a top speed of 36.72 kn (68 km / h) with the Soviet turbines with an engine output of 122,500 WPS. However, this value, which is also used in the adjacent information block, was found at a water displacement of around 8,400 ts, i.e. not under conditions with full operational displacement. The most powerful machine system (133,000 WPS) was on board the Molotow , which achieved a maximum speed of 36.32 kn.
However, these test drive results must be viewed with a certain degree of skepticism, as they were often not achieved with displacement and also with brief turbine override. Under operational conditions, the maximum speed was likely to have been around 33 to 34 kn, which means that the ships must still be considered comparatively very fast cruisers. Usually, at least the last ships in the class had a stock of oil of no more than 1,660 tons. At an economical speed of 18 kn, the maximum range was around 3,600 to 4,200 nautical miles . However, there were also major deviations in the information; the range of the fastest ship in its class, the Voroshilov , is said to have been only about 2,140 nautical miles.
Armor protection
The ships had side armor 121 meters long and 3.4 meters high - with 2.1 meters above and 1.3 meters below the waterline - which began in front of the foremost artillery tower and reached just behind the aft tower. In the units of Project 26, the thickness of this armored belt was only 50 mm, which subsequently turned out to be too weak to be able to meet the plans (protection against 15.2 cm fire fired at a distance of eight kilometers and falling at a shallow angle). Grenades). Since this armor protection was on average about 50 percent weaker than the protection of comparable foreign cruiser types, the ships of Projects 26-bis and 26-bis2 received side armor reinforced to 70 mm. The armored deck, the chimneys of the chimneys, the tower barbeds and the front sides of the main artillery towers were 50 mm thick (front sides of the towers in projects 26-bis and 26-bis2: 75 mm). The strongest armor protection was at the front of the command bridge at 150 mm (side areas: 100 mm). Furthermore, all ships had an armored box 20 mm (later 30 mm) thick above the steering gear.
The protection against underwater hits must be regarded as inadequate. Although all units had a good internal subdivision and a double floor , a torpedo bulkhead had to be dispensed with for reasons of space . Only in the area of the machine system were there side fenders, which were not continuous, only 14 mm thick. An effective protection against torpedo hits could not be guaranteed.
Aircraft equipment and sensors
From the time of commissioning, all units carried an aircraft catapult that was set up between the chimneys and rotated through 360 degrees . Two steam catapults of the type K-12 from Heinkel , bought in the German Reich in 1937 , which were installed on Kirow and Voroshilov, served as a template . The following ships were later given Soviet own designs (type ZK-1a / ZK-2b), which were loosely based on the Heinkel model. Normally, each cruiser carried two Beriev KOR-1 or (from 1941) Beriev Be-4 (KOR-2) aircraft on board . The aircraft equipment was optionally removed from the ships of Project 26 and partly of Project 26-bis from around the summer of 1942 in order to create space for additional anti-aircraft guns. In 1945 only Molotov , Kaganowitsch and Kalinin are said to have owned their aircraft equipment. By 1947 at the latest, however, it was also expanded on these three cruisers.
The heavy artillery was aimed using range finders of the type KPD-6 or KPD-3-6, with each tower having a six-meter base unit (DM-6). In Project 26, the measurement data were processed via the Molnija central fire control system ( Russian Молния for lightning ), whereby this mechanical computer system (type TsAS-1), based on an Italian design, was considered to be comparatively powerful and allowed the parallel tracking of multiple targets and individual tower fire control. The ships in projects 26-bis and 26-bis2 carried an improved system ( Molnija-ATs ), which could also process data from observation aircraft for the purpose of fire control. Here - purely arithmetically and not considered equivalent to the actual firing range - target data could be recorded over a distance of up to 45,000 meters.
In 1940 , the Molotov was the first (and only) unit of the class to receive an early Soviet radar of the Redut-K (50 KW ) type for air space observation. This relatively simple device worked at a wavelength of four meters and had a maximum range of around 65 nautical miles . In the later course of the war, all ships received various Western Allied radar systems via the lending and leasing law , including British Type 281 and Type 291 aerial warning devices from 1942. US type SG radar systems (aerial warning radar, 10 cm wavelength, 16 nautical miles range) were also installed from 1943 onwards. For the fire control of the heavy 18 cm guns, at least the two cruisers built in the Far East also received the British type 284 radar (50 cm wavelength, ten nautical miles range) from 1944.
Other and assessment
The cruisers of the Kirov class were popular with their crews and the Kirov itself was called the “darling of the fleet” according to Rear Admiral Yuri Alexandrovich Panteleev (who was in charge of the Leningrad naval base in 1941/42). This was also due to the fact that the ships were comparatively comfortably furnished and easily ventilated. All units had small libraries and sauna areas for the crew. In addition, there was a well-equipped dental practice and X-ray machines on board all ships , which was not common on Soviet warships (and also internationally) at the time. The cruisers had good firepower in relation to their size and were considered to be faster than average.
The weak points, however, were the relatively weak armor protection and the inadequate protective devices against underwater hits. Overall, the associations were too weakly constructed. In addition to sea damage in stormy weather, when tower volleys were fired at the ships, gunfire damage was also repeatedly caused by the tremors. As a result of warped plates and associations, for example, the turret slewing gear on the cruiser Molotov tilted twice, which meant that the firing of turret volleys was prohibited and instead the pipes could only be fired one after the other.
Units of the "Kirov" class
First group (project 26)
Special features: side armor and fronts of the main artillery towers only 50 mm thick, armored box rudder machine 20 mm thick, type ship Kirow still received the complete machinery of the Italian cruiser Eugenio di Savoia . Aircraft catapults from Heinkel.
| ship | Shipyard | Keel laying | Commissioning | Notes and whereabouts |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kirov ( Киров ) | Ordzhonikidze Shipyard , Leningrad , Soviet Union | October 22, 1935 | September 23, 1938 | After commissioning the Baltic fleet. 1939/40 participation in the winter war against Finland (bombardment of Finnish positions on Russarö in December 1939). Summer 1940: Participation in the occupation of the Baltic States. After the German attack in June 1941 temporary defense of Tallinn , in August 1941 retreat to Leningrad , subsequently blocked there by German-Finnish mine barriers. 7th / 8th September 1941: Bombardment of German deployments at Peterhof and Krasnoye Selo . April 1942: Badly damaged by three bomb hits during German air raids on Leningrad (86 dead). Repairs until summer 1942. No operational missions in 1942/43, stationary anti-aircraft ship in Leningrad and in front of Kronstadt . January 1944: Artillery support for the Leningrad-Novgorod operation for the final demolition of the German siege ring around Leningrad. Summer 1944: Finnish positions on the Karelian Isthmus are bombarded as part of the Vyborg-Petrozavodsk operation . No further operations until the end of the war in 1945. Badly damaged in October 1945 off Kronstadt by a German sea mine that had not yet been cleared , repairs by the end of 1946. Major overhaul and modernization between 1949 and 1953, then training and training ship. Visit to the German Democratic Republic in August 1961. Sold for demolition on February 22nd 1974. It may not be definitively scrapped until 1978. |
| Voroshilov ( Ворошилов ) | Marti-Süd-Werft , Mykolaiv , Soviet Union (today: Ukraine ) | October 15, 1935 | June 20, 1940 | After entering into service Black Sea Fleet. June 1941: After a German attack, advance against Constanța on June 23. September 1941: Temporary defense of Odessa , then retreat to the east coast of the Black Sea. November 1941: Bomb hit during German air raids on Novorossiysk , repairs in Poti until January 1942. April 1942: Bombardment of Feodosiya , also in May 1942 against German positions along the Kerch Strait and on the Taman Peninsula . Furthermore, transfer of the Soviet 9th Marine Infantry Brigade to Sevastopol . November 1942: Advance against the Romanian coast, mine hit off Snake Island . Repairs in Poti until early 1943. End of January 1943: Coastal bombardments at Cape Myshako as part of the North Caucasian Operation . After that no more operational missions. After 1945 training ship. Around 1952 (or 1954?) Modernization and renovation. Used as a missile test ship (Project 33) under the designation OS-24 from 1961, before removing the heavy artillery. Renewed renovation from 1963 to 1965 (project 33M). From 1971/72 residential hulk in Sevastopol under the classification PKZ-19 . Sold for demolition around 1973. |
Second group (project 26-bis)
Second construction lot, in which the side armor of the cruiser was reinforced to 70 mm. In 1941, the Molotov was the first Soviet warship to be equipped with an aerial warning radar device (Redut-K).
| ship | Shipyard | Keel laying | Commissioning | Notes and whereabouts |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maxim Gorki ( Максим Горький ) | Ordzhonikidze Shipyard, Leningrad, Soviet Union | December 20, 1936 | December 12, 1940 | From the commissioning of the Baltic fleet. June 23, 1941: Sustained a mine hit in the western Gulf of Finland while securing an offensive mining company , bow torn off. Ship initially towed to Tallinn , brought to Leningrad in July 1941 . Only emergency repairs there. Subsequent blocking in and defense of Kronstadt and Leningrad (see Kirov ). April 1942: Seven bombs hit in German air raids, moderate damage (32 dead). Makeshift repairs. 1944: Participation in and support of the Leningrad-Novgorod Operation (see Kirov ). Final restoration only after the end of the war. 1946/47: At times the flagship of the Baltic fleet. 1947: Test ship for use by the Kamow Ka-10 helicopter , first landing on board a Soviet warship on December 7, 1947. 1953 to 1955: modernizations. The conversion work to a rocket test ship was stopped in 1956, as it was no longer considered worthwhile. Subsequently deleted and sold for demolition in 1959. |
| Molotov ( Молотов ) | Marti-Süd-Werft, Mykolaiv, Soviet Union (today: Ukraine) | January 14, 1937 | June 14, 1941 | From the entry into service of the Black Sea Fleet. After the German attack in June 1941, first radar warning ship in Sevastopol and Tuapse . November 1941: Feodosiya bombarded . 24.-29. December 1941: Supply trips from Poti to Sevastopol (386th Rifle Division transferred, 600 wounded evacuated on the way back). After storm damage in January 1942, bombardment of German positions near Kerch in March 1942. May / June 1942: Overhaul and repair in Poti. Mid-June 1942: Two successful supply and evacuation trips to Sevastopol (on June 15, 1942 alone, a total of 2,908 wounded and refugees were taken on board). In August 1942, during a bombardment mission off Feodosia, engagement with Italian MAS speedboats and German torpedo planes. Suffered a torpedo hit, bow torn off over a length of 20 meters. Brought to Poti, makeshift repairs until summer 1943, after that no more operational missions. Final repairs after the end of the war. October 1946: Ammunition fire (22 dead). 1947–1949: radar test ship. 1952–1955: Conversion and modernization (anti-aircraft ship). 1955: Participation in rescue attempts after the sinking of the battleship Novorossiysk , five fatalities among the own crew. August 1957: Renamed to Slava ( Слава ). From 1961 training ship. Patrol off the Syrian coast during the Six Day War in 1967. December 1970: Another voyage to the Mediterranean. 1971: decommissioned. Sold for demolition on April 4, 1972. |
Third group (project 26-2)
Special features: Third construction lot, the ships of which were both built in the Far East. In both units, the reinforcement of the side armor was retained to 70 mm, the front sides of the main artillery towers were also reinforced to 75 mm, the armored box of the steering gear to 30 mm. Increase of the fuel supply to around 1,660 tons. As a result, the maximum water displacement of these ships rose to around 10,400 ts. (This value is also used in the adjacent information block.)
| ship | Shipyard | Keel laying | Commissioning | Notes and whereabouts |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaganovich ( Каганович ) | Amur shipyard , Komsomolsk-on-Amur , Soviet Union | August 26, 1938 | December 6, 1944 | After commissioning the Pacific Fleet. Considerable construction delays due to the effects of the war (part of the machinery was manufactured in Stalingrad, but the factories there were destroyed during the Battle of Stalingrad , so that in 1943/44 new turbine sets first had to be manufactured in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky ). No operational war missions. 1945 renamed Lasar Kaganowitsch , around 1957 renamed Petropavlovsk ( Петропавловск ) due to political backgrounds (see de-Stalinization ). Exact fate unclear, but probably sold for demolition in February 1960. |
| Kalinin ( Калинин ) | Amur shipyard, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Soviet Union | August 12, 1938 | December 31, 1942 | After commissioning the Pacific Fleet. Construction delays due to the effects of war. No operational war missions. Planned relocation to the Soviet Northern Fleet in 1943 not carried out. After 1945 temporarily flagship of the Pacific Fleet (1951 and 1953). Mothballed in 1956 and launched. From 1960 barracks hulk under the designation PKZ-21 . Scrapped from August 1963. |
Range of use
While the two units last built in the Far East saw no noteworthy operations due to their late commissioning, the two cruisers used in the Black Sea - Molotov and Voroshilov - recorded brisk operational activity. In the initial phase of the German-Soviet war, both ships supported the defense of the important Soviet bases in Odessa and Sevastopol , both through coastal bombardments and through supply and evacuation trips. In the later course of the war, both cruisers and their artillery intervened several times in landing operations, for example in the Kerch-Feodosia operation in 1941/42, in the fighting for Kerch in spring 1942 and during the North Caucasian operation in 1943. After German dive bombers southeast of the Having sunk three Soviet destroyers in the Crimean peninsula , Josef Stalin ordered that ships of the size of the destroyer upwards could only be used with his direct authorization, whereupon the two Black Sea cruisers did not continue to be used until the end of the war.
The two cruisers used in the Baltic Fleet - Kirov and Maxim Gorki - had to evacuate the bases in Libau , Riga and Tallinn in quick succession in 1941 due to the initially rapid advance of German army troops and relocate them to Leningrad and Kronstadt respectively . There both cruisers were blocked for the remainder of the war by German-Finnish mine barriers in the Gulf of Finland . Although both ships suffered multiple damage in German air raids, they made a valuable contribution to the defense of Leningrad with their heavy artillery (and flak ) and in January 1944 they supported the eventual opening of the German siege ring around Leningrad ( Leningrad-Novgorod operation ).
After the end of the war in 1945, the Kirov- class cruisers were modernized in the early 1950s and partly converted into test ships (radar guide ship, missile test ship) or used as training ships. The first unit put Petropavlovsk (or formerly Kaganowitsch ) out of service around 1960 (?) . As the last unit, the Kirow type ship was sold for scrapping in 1974 after around 36 years of service.
literature
- Chesneau, Roger (Ed.): Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946 . Conway Maritime Press, Greenwich 1980.
- Friedmann, Norman: Naval Firepower. Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era . Seaforth Publishing. Barnsley 2008.
- Steigleder, Horst: The Navy and the Eastern Campaign . Military Publishing House, 1st edition, Berlin 2010.
- Whitley, Mike J .: Cruiser in World War II. Classes, types, construction dates . Motorbuch Verlag. Stuttgart 1997.
- Yakubov, Vladimir / Worth, Richard / Jordan, John (Eds.): The Soviet Light Cruisers of the Kirov Class . Conways. London 2009.
Individual evidence
- ↑ The type ship Kirow had Belluzzo-type turbines , as the machinery of the Italian cruiser Eugenio di Savoia was installed here.
- ↑ The Voroshilov could transport up to 164 sea mines. This was probably achieved by the fact that this ship was the only one in its class to carry longer mine rails (?).
- ↑ Note: These values correspond to project 26; In general, however, there were sometimes considerable deviations from ship to ship with regard to the equipment of the medium and light guns - this was particularly true of the two ships built in the Pacific (Project 26-bis2); see text.
- ↑ Note: The article follows the definition for heavy cruisers that was formulated at the London Naval Conference of 1930, according to which cruisers whose main guns have a caliber of over 15.5 cm are to be classified as heavy cruisers. In the specialist literature, however, there are sometimes different representations, Whitley classifies the ships as heavy cruisers, while Yakubov / Jordan speak of light cruisers.
- ↑ Steigleder, Horst: The Navy and the Eastern Campaign . Military Publishing House, 1st edition, Berlin 2010, p. 81.
- ^ Whitley, Mike J .: Cruiser in World War II. Classes, types, construction dates . Motorbuch Verlag. Stuttgart 1997, p. 248.
- ^ Whitley: Cruisers in World War II , p. 248.
- ↑ http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_71-57_m1932.php
- ↑ http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_39-56_m1940.php
- ^ Friedmann, Norman: Naval Firepower. Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era . Seaforth Publishing. Barnsley 2008, p. 278.
- ^ Friedmann: Naval Firepower , p. 279.
- ↑ Steigleder: Ostfeldzug , p. 97.
- ^ Whitley: Cruisers in World War II , p. 247.
- ↑ https://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-10.htm