Knockest low
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Knockster Tief (upper course :) Wiegoldsburer Riede |
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 Knockest low at Osterhusen |
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| Data | ||
| Water code | EN : 398 | |
| location | East Frisia , Lower Saxony , Germany | |
| River system | Ems | |
| Drain over | Ems → North Sea | |
| source | Northern edge of Alt-Ekels , municipality of Südbrookmerland 53 ° 28 ′ 29 ″ N , 7 ° 21 ′ 32 ″ E |
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| muzzle | in the Ems in the west of Emden Coordinates: 53 ° 20 '12 " N , 7 ° 1' 32" E 53 ° 20 '12 " N , 7 ° 1' 32" E
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| length | 31 km | |
| Catchment area | 235 km² | |
The Knockster Tief is a partly natural, partly artificially created body of water in the Aurich district and the city of Emden in East Friesland . Smaller rivers and canals are often called deep in the region . It is named after the Knock region at the westernmost point of Emden and thus at the most south-western point of the East Frisian peninsula. At the Knock sluice and pumping station there is the passage (so to speak, the “mouth”) into the Ems . The Knockster Tief is the main receiving water for large parts of the southwestern East Frisia. Together with its backwaters, it drains all or most of the municipalities of Emden, Hinte , Krummhörn , Südbrookmerland and Samtgemeinde Brookmerland , as well as the Leybuchtpolder district of the city of Norden and smaller parts of the city of Aurich and the municipality of Ihlow .
course
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Origin and mouth of the Knockster Low |
The Wiegoldsburer Riede is classified as the hydrological upper reaches of the Knockster Tief ( GKZ : 398) ( GKZ at the source: 3981111), which begins on the northeastern edge of Alt-Ekels . After an angular hook (north-west, then south-west, then south-east) it flows west along Theene and Wiegoldsbur and then meanders as a Waterkampschlot towards the Great Sea in Südbrookmerland , past which it is directed north and (as Marschbek ) west. On the west bank of the Great Sea, the Wiegoldsburer Riede merges with an outflow from the lake and a body of water that is directed around the lake to the south to form Knockster Tief. Then the river flows in a south-westerly direction to the Knock. It flows through the Loppersumer Meer and subsequently flows through the places Bedekaspeler Marsch (municipality of Südbrookmerland) and through Loppersum , Suurhusen , Osterhusen and Hinte (all in the municipality of Hinte, district of Aurich). The Knockster Tief leaves the municipality of Hinte to the southwest of Groß-Midlum and henceforth forms the border between Emden and the neighboring municipality of Krummhörn , which is also located in the Aurich district. On this section, the Knockster Deep widens before it reaches a width of around 60 meters just before it flows into a bay ( Mahlbusen ) that serves as a water reservoir. The Mahlbusen as well as the sewer and pumping station are again located solely in the area of the city of Emden. The low takes on various smaller channels on the right and left sides. It is 31.4 km from Alt Ekels to the pumping station.
The Knockster low ends at the Knock sluice and pumping station, which opened in 1969. It is of great importance for the drainage of Emden and the communities of Hinte, Krummhörn and Südbrookmerland to the north of the city. The I. Drainage Association Emden , based in Pewsum, is responsible for draining the low-lying areas . He looks after an area of around 480 square kilometers. All property owners in the catchment area of the association have to pay a fee to them. With this, the maintenance measures for the managed waters and for the technical facilities for drainage are denied.
Naming
The Knockster Low has not had a uniform name in the past. The watercourses in East Friesland were named differently in earlier times - depending on their proximity to certain villages or other geographic conditions. This also applied to the knockster low. This is still the case today on a section of the water. The part between the Great Sea and the Loppersumer Sea is now also called the Norderriede. In earlier times the section between the Loppersumer Meer and Loppersum was also called Loppersumer Tief . Between Westerhusen and Groß Midlum, the Knockster Tief was also called Dwarstief . The name comes from Low German and means something like transverse deep . This was related to the direction of flow of the water: originating in the Groß Midlum area, the direction of flow at the time ran from west to east, while in western East Frisia all natural and artificially dug canals flowed towards the Ems, i.e. to the west. The Dwarstief was at that time a tributary of the Hinter Tief and flowed to the east, hence the translated name Quertief . After the expansion of the Knockster Low, the section that formerly formed the Dwarstief is part of today's water, the name Dwarstief is therefore only of historical significance.
history
The expansion of the Knockster Low is to be seen in connection with the successive sluicing of the Emden harbor , in particular with the construction of the Ems-Jade Canal in the years 1880 to 1888. Up until then the drainage area had seven sluices, four of which were in Emden were: the Rote Siel, the Gasthaussiel, the Neupfortsiel and the Stadtsiel. Due to the construction of the Nesserland lock in Emden, which made the port tide-free and therefore accessible at any time regardless of the tide, these four sluices could no longer take over their function for drainage. It was therefore necessary to regulate the drainage of the area north of Emden. For this purpose, the Knockster low was expanded.
Until then, the small sewer on the Knock only drained the space between Rysum and Wybelsum . The lows leading to it were no longer connected to the other drainage channels of the Krummhörn since the Christmas flood of 1717 . Therefore, in 1880/81 a new, larger sluice and pumping station was built and an artificial connection to the hinterland was created: today's Knockster low was created between the Knock and the confluence of the Pewsumer and Groothusener Tief in the Larrelter Tief. In addition, a connection was dug between the above-mentioned confluence of the Pewsumer Tief and the Dwarstief south of Groß Midlum: Since then, the current connection has existed from the Knock to the Hinte area. While the section between the main town Hinte and the Great Sea was called Loppersumer Tief until the 1960s, the entire course of the water up to the Great Sea is now called Knockster Tief.
Backwaters
In the north of Loppersum, the Knockster Tief takes up the Alte Greetsieler Sieltief , which is the connection to the Sielort of the same name . To the south of it flows in the Suurhuser Tief, which connects the center of Suurhusen to the Knockster Tief as a sub- valley . A short branch channel connects the center of Osterhusen with the Knockster Tief. In the center of Hinte , the Knockster Tief takes up the Neue Greetsieler Sieltief and then swings for a few hundred meters in a southerly direction. Here, coming from the south, flows in the Hinter Tief , which forms the connection to the canal system of the city of Emden. The Knockster Deep then swings in a west-southwest direction, where at Westerhusen there is a branch channel to the village center north of the low. Immediately behind it flows from the south of the Stadtwykschloot, which drains the lands below sea level. Further to the west, the Groß Midlumer Tief branches off from the Knockster Tief and connects to the town of the same name in the municipality of Hinte. To the southwest of Groß Midlum, the lands of the long-drained Uhlsmeer are drained by a branch canal. Since the lands are below sea level, an under-pumping station is necessary. Near the Doodshörn homestead in the Twixlum district (belonging to the city of Emden), the Knockster Tief takes up the Pewsumer Tief, which flows in from the north. Behind this inflow, the Knockster low changes its course towards the southwest. The Groothusener Tief is then recorded from the west . To the northwest of the Bartshausen homestead, the Knockster Tief takes up the Loquarder Tief from the right (west) and the Larrelter Tief from the left at the same height , which flows in from the direction of Larrelt / Twixlum. Immediately in front of the Mahlbusen, which is in front of the sluice and pumping station Knock, the Alte Maar (also known as Altes Tief) flows from the right (west) towards Rysum . This body of water is the original drainage area of the Knock before it was expanded in the 1880s. The side arm of the Knockster Tief, which served as a drain towards the Ems until the opening of the new pumping station on the Knock in 1969, finally flows south.
Economical meaning
Previous transport of goods
In the past, the area of today's communities Hinte, Krummhörn and in parts also the (velvet) communities Brookmerland and Südbrookmerland was highly dependent on boat traffic on the canals, as the roads were poorly developed or not at all until the early 20th century were present. This was due on the one hand to the difficult soil and drainage conditions, and on the other hand to financial deficiencies. For the 18th century, for example, it is reported about the land route: “From Emden to Greetsiel. The path leads over Harsweg, Hinte, Wichhusen, Cirkwehrum, Damhusen, Dykhusen, Visquard and Appingen to Greetsiel. Length 3 1/2 hours. The path runs entirely on Kleiboden. It is low between Hinte and Harsweg, Dykhusen and Appingen and is often flooded when the winter water is high. ”The villages and the farms connected to the canal system were easier to reach by boat on the canals than by horse and carriage.
The connection via the Knockster Tief and its side canals existed to the seaport city of Emden and the port of Greetsiel. The boat traffic with Emden was particularly important. Village boatmen took over the supply of goods from the city and delivered agricultural products in the opposite direction: “From the Sielhafenort, smaller ships, so-called Loog ships, transported the cargo to the inland and supplied the marsh villages (loog = village). The Loogschiffe from the Krummhörn enlivened the canals of the city of Emden up to the 20th century. ”Capital goods and goods that were not available in the villages came from the city, in return the villages supplied agricultural products. This included dung , which was shipped on to the bog colonies of East Frisia, where it served as fertilizer for the barren soils.
drainage
The Knockster Tief is the main receiving water for large parts of the southwestern East Frisia. Together with its tributaries, it drains all or most of the municipalities of Emden , Hinte , Krummhörn , Südbrookmerland and Samtgemeinde Brookmerland . The I. Drainage Association Emden , based in Pewsum , the main town of the Krummhörn, is responsible for maintaining the Knockster Tief and its tributaries . Large parts of the association's area are below sea level , so that without sufficient drainage those areas would be under water if there was persistent rainfall .
tourism
The knockster low is no longer of any importance for the transport of goods. However, it is used by water sports enthusiasts (canoeists, boaters) in their spare time. However, there is no direct access to the Ems at the Siel and Knock pumping station, as there is no lock there. The connection to the high seas can therefore only be made via Emden. The Mahlbusen is also popular as a surfing area, and the only campsite in the city of Emden is located on the bank.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Umwelt.niedersachsen: Area codes and sizes of the catchment areas in the Ems river system (PDF for download)
- ↑ The information in this section comes from: Theodor Janssen: Gewässerkunde Ostfrieslands. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 211 ff., Especially p. 217.
- ^ Harm Wiemann / Johannes Engelmann: Old streets and ways in East Frisia . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 161 (East Frisia in the protection of the dyke; Volume 8)
- ^ Harm Wiemann / Johannes Engelmann: Old streets and ways in East Frisia. Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 169 (Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches; Volume 8)
- ↑ www.entwaesserungsverband-emden.de: Map of the association area , accessed on January 6, 2013.