Kochanów (Głuchów)
| Kochanów | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Help on coat of arms |
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Łódź | ||
| Powiat : | Skierniewice | ||
| Gmina : | Głuchów | ||
| Geographic location : | 51 ° 46 ' N , 20 ° 1' E | ||
| Height : | 160-170 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 213 (2011) | ||
| Postal code : | 96-130 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 46 | ||
| License plate : | ESK | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Mościska - Głuchów | ||
Kochanów (German Erdmannsweiler ) is a village that was founded as a Prussian colony in 1802 and today belongs to the municipality of Głuchów in the Skierniewice district, which is in the Łódź voivodeship (province) in Poland .
geography
Kochanów is located in a relatively flat area, slightly undulating to the north, in the midst of further agricultural areas 38 km east of Łódź , 22 km south of Skierniewice , 16 km west of Rawa Mazowiecka and 26 km north of Tomaszów Mazowiecki .
The elongated village is located on the north bank of the river Rawka , which flows here in a west-east direction , which in this area, only 10 km from its source, meanders strongly and is embedded in an approximately 100 m wide green strip of trees and bushes. The terrain rises a few meters to the north. About 1.5 km north of the village, the Rogów - Biała Rawska narrow-gauge railway (now a museum railway ), built during the First World War under German occupation, also runs in a west-east direction , and about 2.5 km north of the village, the national road 72 runs parallel to the railway ( Konin - Łódź - Brzeziny - Rawa Mazowiecka).
In the middle of the village there is a bridge over the Rawka, there is also one from brick built water mill . The southern bank of the river is partly swampy, flat and cut through by numerous tributaries of the Rawka. There are numerous shelters for beavers and wild birds right on the river.
history
Foundation in Prussian times
In the course of the three partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, Prussia , Russia and Austria captured the dual state of Poland-Lithuania and divided it among themselves. From the territories gained by the second division in 1793, Prussia formed its new province of South Prussia . Since they did not expect to have to give up these areas again after 14 years, efforts were made to intensify agricultural use according to the latest findings and, through advertising campaigns, brought settlers from other German states into the country, especially from Württemberg, which was then besieged by Napoleon . In this way a large number of so-called colonies emerged, the inhabitants of which were not serfs but free farmers.
When in 1802 the colonization was already in full swing and the Prussian colonization administration under Hauptmann von Nothardt was already in need of accommodating all the settlers arriving, a new colony was established in a forest area west of Rawa Mazowiecka. The first two colonists (the Andreas Schwarzwälder family and the Jacob Schwarzwälder couple) came from Erdmannsweiler near St. Georgen in the Black Forest , which until 1810 belonged to Württemberg (then to Baden) , so that the new colony was also named Erdmannsweiler after their home . This was a quite often used procedure for colonization.
The Erdmannsweiler colony was one of the largest in South Prussia, with 72 settler sites (courtyards) and 368 inhabitants. In terms of its area, however, it had to be counted among the medium-sized to smaller colonies, and it lay on only moderately rich sandy soils, so that its layout already belonged to the poorer colonies. Of the 17 colonists who started the first settlement with their families in 1802 by clearing forests and building houses, 12 migrated to the Swabian colony of Neu-Sulzfeld (Nowosolna) 30 km to the west in the same year . For 1803 there are 46 newly added colonists (families), the last vacancies were filled in 1804 and 1805.
In comparison to the majority of the South Prussian foundations, Erdmannsweiler was quite isolated: The nearest neighboring Swabian colonies Grömbach (Łaznowska Wola) in the southwest and Birkenfeld (Brzozów) in the southeast (already in the Tomaszów district ) were each 22 km away. In addition, Austrian territory began only 26 km south of Erdmannsweiler, the border was then formed by the Pilica river, which ran immediately south of Tomaszów Mazowiecki .
When Prussia collapsed in 1806, the clearing work in Erdmannsweiler was far from over, so that it had to be continued without government support and, in particular, renouncing the colonist privileges offered by Prussia (grants, tax exemptions, etc.). With the formation of the Duchy of Warsaw by Napoleon, taxes were now due for the colonists. The need increased in 1809 through Austria's Vistula campaign and in 1812 through Napoleon's Russian campaign, initially with troop passages and requisitions , then with the returning troops and the subsequent Russian occupation. Only after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 did times become calmer: Congress Poland was formed and de facto subordinated to the Russian Tsar .
After Napoleon
At the beginning of the Polish Congress period, a decree issued by the governor in Warsaw on May 2, 1820 replaced numerous German place names with Polish ones. Erdmannsweiler was renamed Kochanów . Nevertheless, the residents continued to use the German language among themselves until 1945 and, when doing property transactions, made sure that as many farms as possible remained in the hands of Swabian people.
“It was a purely German village, strangers couldn't get in. Its inhabitants were descendants of the immigrant Swabians. There was only one Polish farmer in the middle of the village called Bujakowski, but he 'chatted' just like the Swabians (...), although the Swabian dialect was no longer spoken properly due to the close connection to the neighboring Pomeranian villages. The Pomeranian influence was evident in the German spoken in Erdmannsweiler. "
In 1827 Kochanów had 426 inhabitants in 71 houses. Most of the inhabitants were Protestant , for example in 1829 there were only 17 Catholics in Kochanów . In 1821 a Protestant community was founded in Rawa Mazowiecka, to which the Kochanów Protestants also belonged from then on. 1826 made the Catholic community Głuchów (which includes the births, marriages and deaths for the whole of Kokhanov to 1821 certified had) held a claim to the entire area of Kokhanov which had previously drawn (like all Church property in South Prussia), the Prussian government 31 years. The community's lawsuit , however, was unsuccessful and the colonists were able to keep their property. In 1851 a census showed 446 Germans among the residents.
Notable events in the following years were the November uprising of 1830/31 and the January uprising of 1863/64, which, however, did not bring Poland the desired independence from Russia, but on the contrary resulted in an even more rigid rule by the Tsar over his Polish territories. The only improvement for the Polish peasants was the abolition of their serfdom in 1864, after this step had already been carried out (at least formally) in Russia in 1861. As a result, not only the sons of the colonists who had no possessions, but also Polish farmers could move to the growing new industrial cities such as Łódź or Żyrardów , which is also only 42 km away , and try to earn a living there as factory workers without the permission of their landlord .
The Geographical Lexicon of the Kingdom of Poland from 1883 emphasized as a characteristic of Kochanów that its inhabitants produced linen , from which it can be concluded that agriculture alone often no longer ensured a livelihood. In the second half of the 19th century a small Protestant wooden church with a tower and a belfry standing next to it was built in Kochanów . The pastor from Rawa only came occasionally, most of the time the service was held by the local cantor , who was also the teacher of the school established in the village . The school has been recorded for 1865, existed as a German school after 1919 and was only converted into a Polish school in the interwar period. A trombone choir and a mixed vocal choir were founded around 1880, and at times there was even a second choir and a small string orchestra .
First half of the 20th century
In the first half of the 20th century there were several shops in Kochanów , two blacksmiths , two tailors and one carpenter , wheelwright and shoemaker each . There were also two oil presses and the aforementioned water mill on the Rawka.
Since there was no possibility of expanding the agricultural areas, many farms split up into smaller and smaller farms, which however no longer offered a sole livelihood. In 1907 a group of Swabian-born farmer sons from Kochanów acquired land in the neighboring western town of Jankowice (today Jeżów municipality ) and created a kind of small colony there; in addition, at the turn of the century a large amount of emigration overseas began (by which one meant America in this context ) . Numerous families also emigrated to Canada in 1926/28 .
The First World War also brought hardship over Kochanów, but the territorial changes in Germany decided in the Versailles Treaty after the end of the war did not affect the Swabian village - it still belonged to Poland, but with the big difference that Poland was born after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919– In 1921 it was an independent state and there was no longer any Russian government that had z. B. had ordered all schoolchildren in the country to learn Russian script and language.
As in other Swabian settlements in central Poland, the particularly religiously oriented Protestant settlers in Kochanów had come together to form the Christian Moravian community. In 1935/36 they built their own community center in Kochanów.
The Second World War began on September 1, 1939 with the attack of the German Wehrmacht on Poland , which ended after a few weeks with the submission of Poland, in which the Soviet Union then also participated. While the nearby Łódź ( renamed Litzmannstadt in 1940 ), contrary to initial plans, was added to the newly formed Reichsgau Wartheland and thus also to the actual German Reich in November 1939 , and with it the neighboring communities of Neu-Sulzfeld and Brzeziny (from 1943 Löwenstadt Kochanów fell to the so-called Generalgouvernement , a kind of rump Polish state under German control, which, according to the will of the National Socialists , should primarily have the task of making all its resources available to the German Reich, regardless of its own well-being. The border to the Warthegau ran about 10 km west of Kochanów.
In 1941 there were 650 inhabitants in Kochanów, and by 1945 the land was divided into 111 farms and parcels, with only 10 farms having more than 10 hectares of land and which could be considered full-time farms (according to today's parlance, full-time farms).
After the Second World War
For Kochanów, the Second World War ended in mid-January 1945 with a major offensive called the Vistula-Oder Operation by the Red Army , which was surprising (if not unexpected) for Germany , which overran central Poland within a few days and German resistance, if it still appeared, extinguished in no time. After the consolidation of the situation and the official end of the war in May 1945, the Polish government took over again. As a result, numerous residents of German origin left the country, and the houses and farms of Kochanów were taken over by Poles.
An orphanage was built in Kochanów as early as 1944, and in 1947 a small chapel was built at the western end of the village at the intersection of the main village road with the Białynin - Jankowice road, which is clad inside and outside with field stones. Since 1968 Kochanów has had its own Catholic parish of Saint Joseph the Builder and Our Lady of Czestochowa . In the years 1977–1979, a comparatively large Catholic Church of St. Joseph was built from brick in place of the earlier wooden Protestant church , the associated cemetery is about 200 m north of the actual village on a hill. The parish of Kochanów today consists of the villages Kochanów, Jankowice Wieś, Jankowice Kolonia, Gutkowice Wieś, Gutkowice Nowiny, Gutkowice Pole, Sabinów and Dzielnica. The entire parish has about 600 souls and is one of the smallest in the Diocese of Łowicz . After the roof of the church leaked, there was a fight between Pastor Grzegorz Kucharewicz and an entrepreneur in a dispute over the renovation during mass in March 2016 . In the same year Jacek Wiśniewski became the new pastor of Kochanów.
After the Polish administrative reform in 1975, which abolished the Powiat (district) level and increased the number of voivodeships (provinces) from 16 to 49, Kochanów belonged administratively to the Skierniewice Voivodeship , after its dissolution in 1998 back to the Łódź Voivodeship. From 1965 at the latest, there was also a primary school, named after Władysław Jagiełło, designed for around 100 children and located in the immediate vicinity of the church. With the reform of the education system in 1999, the school was closed and its building now houses a nursing home for the elderly. The stone mill is still opposite the church on the bridge over the Rawka.
See also
literature
- Otto Heike: 150 years of Swabian settlements in Poland 1795–1945 . Self-published by the author, Leverkusen 1979.
Web links
- Photo travel report by Łódź bicycle blogger Mr. Scott with some details from Kochanów 2012
- Photo of the Church of Kochanów (before 1939) at Kościoły drewniane w Polsce (Wooden Churches in Poland)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Main Statistical Office): Ludność w miejscowościach statystycznych według ekonomicznych grup wieku. As of March 31, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2017 .
- ↑ Thomas A. Stangl: General table of the progress of the colonist system in South Prussia. In: Old Prussian gender studies. Odessa Digital Library, February 24, 2001, accessed October 22, 2019 .
- ^ Otto Heike: 150 Years of Swabian Settlements in Poland 1795–1945 . Leverkusen 1979, p. 18 .
- ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich . tape 4 . Warszawa 1883, p. 223 ( digitized version ).
- ^ Oskar Kossmann : The Germans in Poland since the Reformation - historical-geographical sketches . JG Herder Institute, Marburg / Lahn 1978, p. 371 .
- ^ Oskar Kossmann: The Germans in Poland since the Reformation - historical-geographical sketches . JG Herder Institute, Marburg / Lahn 1978, p. Card insert 11 .
- ^ Eduard Kneifel : History of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland . Self-published by the author, Niedermarschacht on Winsen / Luhe 1964, p. 224 ( digital copy [PDF]).
- ↑ Rolf Jehke: Litzmannstadt district January 1, 1945 - cities and administrative districts. In: Territorial changes in Germany and German administered areas 1874–1945. Retrieved October 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Wycieczka No. 115 'Kochanów' (Trip No. 115). In: Blog 'Mr. Scott jedzie do ... '(Mr. Scott goes to ...). Retrieved October 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Diecezja Łowicka (Diocese of Łowicz): św. Józefa Rzemieślnika w Kochanowie. Retrieved October 23, 2019 .
- ^ Roman Bednarek: Conflict parafialny w Kochanowie z dachem i słoikami na datki w tle, Reportaż (Parish conflict in Kochanów over a roof and donation glasses in the background, report). In: Dziennik Łodzki. March 13, 2016, accessed October 23, 2019 .
- ↑ Class directory of Szkoła Podstawowa im. Władysława Jagiełły. In: nk.pl (Polish ex-student portal). Retrieved October 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Hompepage Dom Opieki (nursing home) Kokhanov. Retrieved October 23, 2019 .