Neurath power plant

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Neurath power plant
General view of the Neurath power plant, Block F – G (left) and Block A – E (right), view from the rear from the northwest (2013)
General view of the Neurath power plant, Block F – G (left) and Block A – E (right), view from the rear from the northwest (2013)
location
Neurath power plant (North Rhine-Westphalia)
Neurath power plant
Coordinates 51 ° 2 '22 "  N , 6 ° 36' 54"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 2 '22 "  N , 6 ° 36' 54"  E
country Germany
Waters none (cooling via cooling tower , which is fed from open pit groundwater)
Data
Type coal-fired power station
Primary energy Fossil energy
fuel Lignite
( Rhenish lignite district )
power 4,211 megawatts (net)
owner RWE
operator RWE Power
Start of operations 1972, 2012 (BoA)
turbine 3 × 300 MW
2 × 600 MW
2 × 1,100 MW
Chimney height 196 m
Energy fed in per year 31,300 GWh
was standing 2014
f2

The Neurath power plant is located in the south of Grevenbroich and borders the area of ​​the municipality of Rommerskirchen and the city of Bedburg . The operator is RWE in Grevenbroich- Neurath ( Rhein-Kreis Neuss ). Based on the installed gross electrical output of 4,400 megawatts, it is the largest power plant in Germany and the second largest lignite power plant in Europe after the Bełchatów power plant in Poland.

The power plant is used to generate base load electricity and has a net electrical output of over 4,211 megawatts . The coal is obtained from the opencast mines of the Rhenish lignite area , in particular the Garzweiler opencast mine , via the rail connection to the north-south railway . With CO 2 emissions of 32.1 million tons, the power plant caused the second highest greenhouse gas emissions of all European power plants in 2015 .

The track system of the north-south railway , which is used to supply the Neurath power plant, was blocked by activists for more than 40 hours in June 2019 to draw attention to the large CO 2 emissions of the power plant.

Power plant units

The power plant consists of seven blocks (3 × 300 MW, 2 × 600 MW and 2 × 1100 MW nominal), which were built between 1972 and 1976 and 2012, and has a gross output of approx. 4400 MW.

block A. B. (C) D. E. F - BoA 2 G - BoA 3
Net power (electrical)
grid feed-in 		294 MW 294 MW 292 MW 607 MW 604 MW 1,060 MW 1,060 MW
Installation 1972 1973 1975 1976 2012
Security readiness - 1st October 2019 - -
Shutdown April 1, 2022 (planned) December 31, 2021 (planned) October 1, 2023 December 31, 2022 (planned) December 31, 2038 (planned)
Efficiency (electrical) 34% 36.6% 43.2%
spec. Coal consumption 1.2 kg / kWh 1.1 kg / kWh 0.9 kg / kWh
Chimney (height) 3 × 160 m, 1 × 194 m 2 × 170 m, 1 × 196 m -
Cooling tower (height) 3 × 103 m 2 × 128 m 2 × 172 m

Explanations : Entries in brackets: Unit no longer in operation, BoA: Brown coal power plant with optimized plant technology

Blocks A through E.

Existing power plant (without BoA new building); Blocks A (right) to E (left)

In the 1980s, a flue gas cleaning system was retrofitted for blocks A to E. Since then, the exhaust gases have been discharged via the cooling towers.

The system also has two so-called bypass chimneys, one of which is assigned to blocks A – C and the other to blocks D to E. The former is 194 meters high, the latter 196 meters high. The bypass chimneys enable the system to be operated in the event of a defective flue gas cleaning system, but this rarely occurs and which is why most power plants do without bypass chimneys (source: RWE press office).

All blocks feed into the transmission network of the network operator Amprion : Block A is via the Osterath substation on the 220 kV level, blocks B to D via the Opladen switchgear on the 380 kV level and block E via the switchgear Rommerskirchen , also on the 380 kV level, is connected to the extra high voltage network.

According to an agreement between the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and the lignite-fired power plant operators RWE, Vattenfall and Mibrag, Block C is to be transferred to reserve on October 1, 2019 and finally shut down four years later.

Blocks F and G ("BoA 2 and 3")

history

Construction site in August 2008
KW Neurath, Blocks F and G (BoA 2/3) from the south
KW Neurath, BoA 2/3 from the north

In September 2005, RWE decided to build two new units ( F and G ) of the type "Lignite Power Plant with Optimized Plant Technology (BoA)" at the power plant. As a further development of the BoA block in the Niederaussem power plant (BoA 1), the new blocks also bear the designation "BoA 2 and 3" . Construction work began in January 2006. The BoA blocks should each have an output of 1100 MW with an efficiency of 43 percent. In 2008, RWE stated that the construction, which is one of the largest construction sites in Europe, would involve an investment of 2.2 billion euros. In December 2011, RWE admitted that the project had become "significantly more expensive" at EUR 2.6 billion. The BoA 2 and BoA 3 boiler houses are the tallest boiler houses in the world with a height of 173 meters. The cooling towers are 172 meters high.

The commissioning originally planned for the end of 2009 was delayed due to the accident mentioned below, in which a considerable part of the new building was destroyed. On November 29, 2011, both units reached full load together for the first time and had produced more than 1.5 billion kilowatt hours of electricity during the commissioning phase. Both blocks had been in test operation since May and October 2011, respectively, the final commissioning with the reporting of the blocks to the EEX electricity exchange took place on July 8, 2012 (Block G) and on August 3 (Block F). Since then, both units have also been feeding into Amprion's transmission network at the 380 kV level and are connected via the Rommerskirchen switchgear .

On August 15, 2012, the official celebration of the commissioning of the new units took place in the presence of North Rhine-Westphalia's Prime Minister Hannelore Kraft , Federal Environment Minister Peter Altmaier and other guests. It was wrongly described in several media as the world's largest lignite power plant, in fact it is only the second largest in Europe (after the Bełchatów power plant in Poland). It is true, however, that the two new BoA units F and G, each with 1,100 MW gross, were the most powerful lignite power plant units in the world at the time. The construction costs were given as 2.6 billion euros.

At the end of 2011 and in spring 2012, RWE took six of the twelve old 150 MW units in the Frimmersdorf power plant off the grid.

Problems

On August 30, 2012, in the early afternoon, both BoA blocks failed within seven minutes due to an error in the control system, which meant that an output of around 2,100 MW had to be replaced at short notice. This resulted in frequency fluctuations in the power grid , but a power failure could be avoided by using control energy . According to Amprion , the European power grid is able to tolerate an unforeseen failure of up to 3,000 MW of power plant output, so no critical situation has arisen. In the early morning hours of the following day, the two blocks were started up again.

accident

On the evening of October 25, 2007, there was a serious accident on the construction site. A side wall bandage weighing more than 100 tons, part of the large scaffolding, tore off and buried several fitters under them. Three construction workers could only be rescued dead from the rubble of the scaffolding, six others were taken to nearby hospitals, some seriously injured. Almost 300 firefighters, police, medical organizations and technical aid organizations were on duty. In December 2008, the preliminary investigation into negligent homicide was discontinued by the Mönchengladbach public prosecutor. According to the expert opinion, the knot connections of the drum substructure were designed too weakly. Since there was no knowledge of the components - used for the first time in this size - and their stability problems, the accident could not have been foreseen by the experts, according to the public prosecutor. Rather, the design and construction are based on the rules of technology .

Emission limit values

In the approval notice of June 20, 2005, the Düsseldorf district government set emission limit values for the new units F and G, which at the time of application for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and mercury were below the applicable minimum requirements of the 13th BImSchV . Although the daily emission limit value was set comparatively low at 0.0135 mg / m 3 N for the new units (the minimum requirement of the 13th BImSchV provides for 0.03 mg / m 3 N ), this limit value does not yet require any special mercury reduction technology. This can be seen from the fact that the mercury emissions more than doubled after the new units went into operation in 2012 (for comparison: in the USA limit values ​​of 0.005 to 0.0054 mg / m 3 N apply to lignite power plants depending on their efficiency ).

Pollutants with limit values ​​in the daily average are monitored by continuously working measuring devices, the other values ​​by individual measurements. For comparison with the limit values ​​of the new blocks, the limit values ​​of the 13th BImSchV (2004) valid at the time of application are listed as well as the limit values ​​of the current 13th BImSchV (2013) and the emission values ​​that can be achieved in normal operation with the best available technologies , as specified in the information sheet of the European Commission for correspondingly large new plants with pulverized lignite combustion on the basis of the data collection in the years 2001–2002.

Emission limit values ​​of units F and G compared with limit values ​​of the 13th BImSchV (2004) / (2013) and with BAT emission values ​​(2006)
Air pollutant Operational
emission values
with BAT (2006) in
daily average * 		Limit value for
blocks F and G
(June 20, 2005)
daily mean 		Limit value for
blocks F and G
(June 20, 2005)
Half-hourly mean ** 		Limit value
13. BImSchV
(2004)
daily mean 		Limit value
13. BImSchV
(2004)
half-hourly average 		Limit value
13th BImSchV
(2013, new plants)
daily mean 		Limit value
13th BImSchV
(2013, new systems)
half-hourly average
Total dust ( dust ) 5-20 mg / m 3 N 20 mg / m 3 N 40 mg / m 3 N 20 mg / m 3 N 40 mg / m 3 N 10 mg / m 3 N 20 mg / m 3 N
Nitrogen oxides
(as NO 2 ) 		50-200 mg / m 3 N 200 mg / m 3 N 400 mg / m 3 N 200 mg / m 3 N 400 mg / m 3 N 200 mg / m 3 N 400 mg / m 3 N
Sulfur dioxide
(as SO 2 ) 		20-150 mg / m 3 N 200 mg / m 3 N 400 mg / m 3 N 300 mg / m 3 N 600 mg / m 3 N 150 mg / m 3 N 300 mg / m 3 N
Carbon monoxide ( CO ) 100-200 mg / m 3 N 200 mg / m 3 N 400 mg / m 3 N 250 mg / m 3 N 500 mg / m 3 N 200 mg / m 3 N 400 mg / m 3 N
Mercury and
compounds (as Hg ) 		BAT emission level
not established 		0.0135 mg / m 3 N 0.027 mg / m 3 N 0.03 mg / m 3 N 0.06 mg / m 3 N 0.03 mg / m 3 N 0.05 mg / m 3 N
Inorganic
Chlorine Compounds (as HCl ) 		1-10 mg / m 3 N - 20 mg / m 3 N - - - -
Inorganic
fluorine compounds (as HF ) 		1-5 mg / m 3 N - 3 mg / m 3 N - - - -
Ammonia ( NH 3 ) ≤ 5 mg / m 3 N
for SCR / SNCR 		no SCR / SNCR
installed 		no SCR / SNCR
installed 		- - - -
Dioxins and Furans ** ( PCDD / PCDF ) BAT emission level
not established 		- 0.1 ng / m 3 N
( I-TEF 1988 ) 		- 0.1 ng / m 3 N
( I-TEF 1988 ) 		- 0.1 ng / m 3 N
( WHO-TEF 2008 )
* Database of the BVT bulletin : 2001–2002, publication: 2006. Update of the BVT bulletin since 2011, publication expected in 2015.
** Limit value for dioxins and furans refers to 6-8 hours of sampling

The European Commission has been organizing a new collection of data on updated best available techniques (BAT) since October 2011 and is expected to publish new BAT conclusions for large combustion plants in 2014 . In accordance with the European Industrial Emissions Directive, the emission values ​​that can be achieved with BAT specified therein for existing plants must be complied with no later than four years after the publication of the BAT conclusions at the Neurath power plant.

Emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases

Power plant Critics the high emissions of the power plant Neurath nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides , mercury and particulate matter , to the cancer -generating substances ( lead , cadmium , nickel , PAK , dioxins and furans ) can adhere. In 2013, a study commissioned by Greenpeace at the University of Stuttgart came to the conclusion that the fine dusts emitted by the Neurath coal-fired power plant (before units F and G were put into operation) and the secondary fine dusts formed from sulfur dioxide , nitrogen oxide and NMVOC emissions are statistically significant 1,712 years of life lost. The power plant ranks 7th on the list of “Germany's most harmful coal-fired power plants”.

All coal-fired power plants are criticized by environmental associations and nature conservationists with reference to climate change . The power generation from brown coal is still one spite optimized technology (Boa) to the technologies of energy which the highest emission of CO 2 having per kilowatt-hour of electricity. The consumption of lignite per BoA ​​block is 820 tons per hour, so a total of 1640 tons.

Although the efficiency is around 43% - a world record for lignite-based power generation - according to RWE, the two new blocks save around 1/4 of the CO 2 emissions compared to old power plants based on lignite , but in absolute numbers the CO 2 emissions are around 16 million Tons per year. Approx. 950 g of carbon dioxide are emitted per electrical kilowatt hour, which is almost twice as much as the average German electricity mix (494 g CO 2 / kWh). For comparison: modern combined cycle power plants such as Unit 4 of the Irsching power plant, which went into operation in 2011 , emit just over 330 g of CO 2 per kWh with an efficiency of 60.4% .

On the list published by WWF in 2007 of the 30 most climate-damaging power plants in the EU, the Neurath power plant was ranked 7th in Europe and 5th in Germany (1150 g CO 2 per kilowatt hour) after the Niederaussem and Jänschwalde power plants . Frimmersdorf and Weisweiler .

It was criticized that the system efficiency is not maximized by additional measures such as combined heat and power . A greenhouse park has been using part of the waste heat since summer 2011 . On 11 hectares z. B. grown tomatoes.

The Neurath power plant reported the following emissions in the European pollutant register " PRTR ":

Emissions from the Neurath power plant according to PRTR
Air pollutant 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) 16,795,900,000 kg 17,950,000,000 kg 17,869,800,000 kg 16,938,900,000 kg 19,600,000,000 kg 31,200,000,000 kg 33,300,000,000 kg 32,400,000,000 kg 32,100,000,000 kg 31,300,000,000 kg
Nitrogen oxides ( NO x / NO 2 ) 11,507,700 kg 12,424,800 kg 12,315,300 kg 11,717,100 kg 11,700,000 kg 20,700,000 kg 22,800,000 kg 22,600,000 kg 22,300,000 kg 21,700,000 kg
Carbon monoxide ( CO ) 4,650,000 kg 5,010,000 kg 5,360,000 kg 5,970,000 kg 6,900,000 kg 7,720,000 kg 7,330,000 kg 7,140,000 kg 7,280,000 kg 7,170,000 kg
Sulfur dioxide (as SO x / SO 2 ) 4,765,200 kg 2,582,500 kg 3,632,300 kg 3,188,100 kg 2,340,000 kg 5,830,000 kg 6,260,000 kg 5,980,000 kg 6,420,000 kg 5,570,000 kg
Particulate matter ( PM10 ) 251,000 kg 214,000 kg 281,000 kg 251,000 kg 283,000 kg 423,000 kg 401,000 kg 454,000 kg 529,000 kg 483,000 kg
Inorganic Chlorine Compounds (as HCl ) 86,103 kg 122,274 kg 107,800 kg 102,642 kg 104,000 kg 189,000 kg 250,000 kg 91,200 kg 80,000 kg 60,400 kg
Inorganic fluorine compounds (as HF ) 6,530 kg 7,370 kg 8,470 kg 8,060 kg 6,110 kg 11,100 kg 11,800 kg 15,000 kg 11,400 kg 11,400 kg
benzene - - - - - 1,110 kg 1,180 kg 1,150 kg 1,140 kg 1,110 kg
Mercury and compounds (as Hg ) 297 kg 212 kg 212 kg 181 kg 220 kg 497 kg 667 kg 672 kg 708 kg 576 kg
Zinc and compounds (as Zn ) - - - - - 311 kg 331 kg 323 kg 914 kg 1,170 kg
Nickel and compounds (as Ni ) - - - - - 69.9 kg - - - -
Arsenic and Compounds (as As ) 29.7 kg 66.1 kg 42.2 kg 42.2 kg 42.8 kg 55.5 kg 35.4 kg 34.6 kg - -

No other typical pollutant emissions were reported, as they are only required to be reported in the PRTR from an annual minimum amount, e.g. B. Dioxins and furans from 0.0001 kg, cadmium from 10 kg, nickel from 50 kg, chromium and copper from 100 kg, lead and zinc from 200 kg, ammonia and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from 10,000 kg, volatile organic compounds except methane (NMVOC) from 100,000 kg.

The European Environment Agency has estimated the annual costs of damage to the environment and health of the 28,000 largest industrial plants in Europe on the basis of the emission data reported in the PRTR using the scientific methods of the European Commission. According to this, the Neurath power plant causes the eighth highest damage costs of all European industrial plants.

Environmental and health damage in 2009
cause Damage costs unit proportion of
Neurath power plant 0.781-1.095 billion euro 0.6 - 0.8%
A total of 28,000 systems 102-169 billion euro 100%
Niederaussem and Neurath power plants from B 477-180208


See also

 Wikinews: Serious accident in the lignite power station Neurath  - message

Web links

Commons : Kraftwerk Neurath  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German power plants are among the dirtiest in all of Europe . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 1, 2016. Accessed April 1, 2016.
  2. ↑ ZEIT ONLINE: RWE: Hundreds of activists block tracks to the coal power plant . In: The time . June 22, 2019, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed June 24, 2019]).
  3. ↑ RWE - climate protectors end the protest in the lignite mining area. Accessed June 24, 2019 (German).
  4. ↑ RWE information brochure for the Frimmersdorf and Neurath power plants on rwe.com (PDF; 1.5 MB)
  5. ↑ RWE transparency offensive; Power plant data / operational information: [1]
  6. ↑ Agreement to phase out lignite . On: www1.wdr.de , October 25, 2015. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  7. ^ Block Caesar will soon go to the emergency reserve . In: NGZ-Online , August 20, 2019. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  8. ↑ Bypass Chimney for Units D, E for Neurath Power Plant Skyscraperpage.com/cities (English)
  9. ↑ Bypass Chimney for Units A, B, C for Neurath Power Plant Skyscraperpage.com/cities (English)
  10. ↑ Federal Network Agency power plant list (nationwide; all network and transformer levels) as of July 2nd, 2012. ( Microsoft Excel file, 1.6 MB) Archived from the original on July 22, 2012 ; Retrieved July 21, 2012 .
  11. ↑ http://www.iwr.de/news.php?id=29972
  12. ↑ rwe.com
  13. ↑ Christian Wieg: New power plant blocks in Neurath work with optimized plant technology.
  14. ^ RWE website, last accessed on November 6, 2008
  15. ↑ Picture: NRW now has the largest coal-fired power plant in the world! , December 17, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  16. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from August 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tuv.com
  17. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.alpine-bau.de
  18. ↑ http://www.rwe.com/app/Pressecenter/Download.aspx?pmid=4007273&atei=1
  19. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.transparency.eex.com
  20. ↑ RWE Power reports data for the new Neurath F power plant unit ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Website of the EEX electricity exchange. Retrieved August 3, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.transparency.eex.com
  21. ↑ a b http://www.ngz-online.de/grevenbroich/nachrichten/wie-die-boa-funktioniert-1.581133
  22. ↑ The economic power of the BoA . In: NGZ-Online , June 23, 2012. Accessed June 24, 2012.
  23. ↑ Lines of the BoA blocks on OpenStreetMap
  24. ↑ RWE puts the world's largest lignite power plant into operation. Altmaier recognizes the new building as an "outstanding contribution to the success of the energy transition". In: Welt online. August 15, 2012, accessed August 15, 2012 .
  25. ↑ www.ngz-online.de
  26. ↑ NGZ March 10, 2012: RWE switches off six of twelve blocks
  27. Jump up in the RWE showcase power plant ( memento from September 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: Financial Times Deutschland , September 3, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  28. ↑ Prof. Schmidt & Partner : Summary of the cause of the accident according to the report
  29. ↑ Website of the Kölnische Rundschau: Last accessed December 12, 2008  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.rundschau-online.de  
  30. ↑ PRTR - European Emissions Register
  31. ↑ Alfons Kather and Mathias Klostermann: Limit values ​​for mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants . Ed .: VGB PowerTech. tape 12 . VGB Powertech, Essen 2015, p. 74-80 ( vgb.org [PDF]).
  32. ↑ a b New drafts and BVT leaflet “Large Combustion Plants” , Joint Research Center, European Commission, Seville, 2006
  33. ↑ BVT leaflet "Large combustion systems" (partial translation) ( Memento from July 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Federal Environment Agency, Dessau, 2006
  34. ↑ Approval notification , Table 9, page 49 (PDF; 583 kB) according to the Federal Immission Control Act, Düsseldorf District Government, June 20, 2005
  35. ↑ Current information on the exchange of information ( Memento of the original from July 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on Best Available Techniques , Joint Research Center, European Commission , Seville @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eippcb.jrc.es
  36. ↑ Fine dust sources and damage caused , Federal Environment Agency (Dessau)
  37. ↑ Assessment of Health Impacts of Coal Fired Power Stations in Germany - by Applying EcoSenseWeb (English, PDF 1.2 MB) Philipp Preis / Joachim Roos / Prof. Rainer Friedrich, Institute for Energy Economics and Rational Use of Energy, University of Stuttgart , March 28, 2013
  38. ↑ Greenpeace: The ten most unhealthy coal-fired power plants in Germany (PDF 129 kB) ( Memento of the original from December 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.greenpeace.de
  39. ↑ RWE lignite power plant in Grevenbroich. CO2 diet or climate killer power plant? ( Memento of August 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). In: Tagesschau.de , August 15, 2012. Accessed August 19, 2012.
  40. ↑ Irsching gas and steam turbine power plant offers unprecedented efficiency. ( Memento of the original from June 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: VDI news . Retrieved August 19, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vdi-nachrichten.com
  41. ↑ WWF infographic on CO2 emissions from the 30 most climate-damaging coal-fired power plants in Germany (PDF 655 kB) WWF , 2007
  42. ↑ Dirty Thirty Ranking of the most polluting power stations in Europe (PDF 1.1 MB, English) WWF , May 2007
  43. ↑ rp-online.de / Rheinische Post from August 16 (page A3): Controversial power plant now on the grid
  44. ↑ Official harvest starting in greenhouse Park Grevenbroich-Neurath
  45. ↑ PRTR - European Emissions Register
  46. ↑ PRTR regulation 166/2006 on the creation of a European pollutant release and transfer register and amending Council Directives 91/689 / EEC and 96/61 / EC
  47. ↑ Cost-benefit analysis of air quality policy , Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) program, European Commission
  48. ↑ a b Revealing the costs of air pollution from industrial facilities in Europe , European Environment Agency , Copenhagen, 2011