Kraut-Mühle (Düsseldorf)

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Kraut-Mühle (Düsseldorf)

Krautmühle in Düsseldorf-Bilk (W ↔ E); Sketch by Ernst von Schaumburg, 1866

Krautmühle in Düsseldorf-Bilk (W ↔ E); Sketch by Ernst von Schaumburg , 1866

Location and history
Kraut-Mühle (Düsseldorf) (North Rhine-Westphalia)
Kraut-Mühle (Düsseldorf)
Coordinates 51 ° 12 '58 "  N , 6 ° 46' 13"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 12 '58 "  N , 6 ° 46' 13"  E
Location GermanyGermany Germany
Waters Southern Düssel
Built before 1144
Shut down 1867
technology
use Powder , saw , oil and fulling mill , grain mill , malt mill , tan mill
Grinder 2, later 3 grinding courses and a malt squeezer
drive Watermill
water wheel 2 water wheels

The Kraut-Mühle was a mill on the west bank of the southern Düssel in today's Düsseldorf district of Unterbilk in district 3 , which was operated from the Middle Ages until 1867. Industrial companies then settled on the site. Today, on the property between Reichsstrasse , Konkordiastrasse and Kronprinzenstrasse , on which the Düssel flows a short distance above ground, there are no more remains of the mill's buildings.

history

The Bilker mills in the Middle Ages

In a - possibly invalid in the 12th century  - King Konrad III. († 1152) for Abbess Hizeka two mills (duo molendina) in the village of Bilk (in uilla Bilike) are mentioned as early as 1144 , both of which belonged to the Vilich Abbey and were probably administered by the Fronhof of the Abbey in Himmelgeist (Humilgis) . The two Bilker watermills were later called Kraut-Mühle and Rompeltz - or Rumbol-Mühle and the like until modern times . Ä.

The possessions in Bilk were given up by the Vilich Abbey in the Middle Ages. The village was incorporated into Düsseldorf in 1384. In the 15th century, the Bilker mills were owned by the dukes of Jülich-Berg . While the Rumpolds mill was leased to the city of Düsseldorf by hereditary lease in 1451 by Duke Gerhard and again in 1489 by his successor Duke Wilhelm, the dukes of Jülich-Berg retained access to the Schallings and Scheidlings mills in the adjacent area of Stoffeln second Bilker watermill that was not leased. It was “ in the vurschreven burgerschaff up the oeverster bech; beneden Rompels moelen (= in the mentioned citizenship on the upper (st) en beach, below Rompels mill) “and was in 1449 as a fulling and oil mill to Evert von Boichem ( Bockum ), a son of Ailff (Adolf) Groenewalt, and leased to Heinrich Werd. Duke Gerhard handed it over to the city of Düsseldorf and promised that after his possible childless death the lease would be permanently waived. Evert von Boichem (Groenewald), Ailff's son, was mayor of Düsseldorf that year. This fulling mill and oil mill later became the cabbage mill.

Ducal powder mill

In the 16th century stood the princely powder mill , in which saltpeter , sulfur and charcoal for the production of gunpowder , stood "above Düsseldorf on the upper beach of the Düssel" in the immediate vicinity of a stone bridge over the Düssel . At the mill there was an apartment for the game shooter of the Duke of Jülich-Kleve-Berg .

For some unknown reason, the powder mill had gone off in the late 16th century and the hallway was desolate . In an undated Düsseldorf memorandum , which was probably built from 1594 to 1596, it is proposed that " the Werdt made ... a ... olichsmoelen, plistmoelen, volmoelen, kruitmoelen (= oil mill, grinding mill , full or fulling mill , herb mill)". "Krautmühle" was the name for a powder mill. Since the Middle Ages, black powder has also been known as Krût (herb, thunder herb, rifle herb, herbae tonitruales ), especially in the Low German-speaking area , cf. the expression "herb and solder" for "powder and lead".

New construction as a powder and saw mill

In 1637, Duke Wolfgang Wilhelm von Pfalz-Neuburg (1578–1653) gave his artillery administrator and mill master Arnolt Hückelhoven the grounds of the previous mill, which comprised around 60 rods , on a long lease with permission to build a new powder mill and a sawmill with commercial or mill wheels (2 walked and water wheels ) to create. The tenant took on the obligation to bring this mill in good condition and not to sell it without the princely permission. For a " canon " ( hereditary interest ) of 2 gold guilders , he was allowed to cut 2000 feet of oak wood annually and, on receipt of 100 pounds of saltpetre, had to deliver 108 pounds of good musket powder on a trial basis.

The powder mill was rebuilt three years after the explosion of 300 barrels of gunpowder in the powder tower of the city wall, which had destroyed the northwestern part of the city of Düsseldorf on August 10, 1634. Krautmühle as a proper name is attested for the first time probably in 1640 in a trial for the inheritance of Johann I. Hülshausen "at the Krautmühle" near the residence city of Düsseldorf.

Conversion to a powder, oil and fulling mill

In 1645, Duke Wolfgang Wilhelm allowed the Düsseldorf councilor Johann II. Hulßhausen to take possession of the cutting and powder mill near the village of Bilk on the stone bridge and to transform it into an oil and fulling mill. Furthermore, a rent of 2 gold florins had to be paid. The technical equipment belonging to the cutting mill had to be delivered and the powder mill had to be maintained. On request, 108 pounds of good musket powder were still to be made from every 100 pounds of good refined saltpeter . The mill received a "three-barrel" grinder.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Kraut-Mühle in front of the Bergerpforte was mentioned in various documents in order to locate certain pieces of land in its vicinity in legal transactions. Krautstrasse , which was renamed Reichsstrasse in 1871, began a little north of the mill .

The herb, fulling and oil mill in front of the Bergerpforte in Düsseldorf with the associated garden and "Bongard" (tree garden) was transferred in 1691 by the maiden Christina Hülsshausen to the Düsseldorf Kreuzbrüder convention in return for an assurance of maintenance and a proper burial in the monastery church. After her death, the herb mill came permanently into the property or the lease of the Kreuzbrüder convent. Various smaller lands in its vicinity also belonged to the mill. Certain taxes (such as the grinding tax) and services had to be paid to the Jülich-Bergische Oberkellerei from the herb mill. In 1692, Prior Johann Holthausen - possibly a close relative of Christina Hülsshausen - and the Kreuzbrüder convent in Düsseldorf received a loan from the married couple Willrath and Clara Urbans, which was intended, among other things, for the expansion of the so-called herb mill.

When the southern city fortifications were expanded under Electors Jan Wellem and Karl III. Philipp von der Pfalz At the beginning of the 18th century some pieces of land that had belonged to the Kraut-Mühle were pulled in. In the middle of the 18th century, the herb mill was leased or sub-leased to the Privy Councilor Schulteis (called Quiex), and the Brothers of the Cross led a lawsuit against his heirs for the lease payments.

In 1793 the Kreuzherren- Kanonie Düsseldorf sold the Krautmühle in front of the Berger Tor with its courtyard, barn and stables, tree garden, garden and about "third half (= 2½) acre of land" including the water justice and all burdens attached to it (such as 2 Malter feed oats) for 3300 Reichstaler to Godfried Bensberg.

After the dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate Duchy of Jülich-Berg

In 1801 - after a condition of the Peace of Lunéville - the Düsseldorf fortifications were razed by the French, so that the area of ​​the Krautmühle came more into the catchment area of ​​the city and was soon added to the Düsseldorf Neustadt . In 1802 the compulsory mill was lifted, but the cabbage mill was probably never a ban mill.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the herb mill was leased on a long lease. It was now used as a flour mill.

Elisabeth, b. Kamberger, widow of Johann Bender, and Anton Buscher from Düsseldorf replaced the burdens on the mill in the 1830s and acquired ownership of it. In 1832 there was the mill, 1 house and 2 agricultural buildings on the Krautmühle residential area , and 10 people lived there. In 1839 the property was auctioned off by Anton Buscher and the Bender family to dissolve the community of heirs. At the same time as the cabbage mill, an adjacent 2 acres 70 feet (= approx. 5100 m 2 ) large bleaching plant as well as the windmill on the banks of the Rhine and the immediately adjacent Ross-Mühle house belonging to the Bender family were auctioned in Neustadt.

The equipment of the Kraut-Mühle in the middle of the 19th century included the water bed of the Düssel, a sluice, a pond as a reservoir and a drainage channel (the Kraut- Mühlen-Graben ) as well as an attached "Schoppen" and adjoining a 58 rod 90 feet ( = approx. 830 m 2 ) large courtyard and garden. The area of ​​the herb mill, the value of which was estimated at 5322 thalers, 25 silver groschen and 2 pfennigs, was a total of 165 rods 20 feet in 1839 (= approx. 2350 m 2 ). Access was from the north by a path from Krautstrasse (Reichsstrasse) across a property belonging to the Henoumont family.

In the 1850s, the cabbage mill, which had been sold together with the Bleiche, was again briefly owned by the state, then it belonged to the geometer and building contractor Johann Joseph Graß, a son-in-law of the city architect Adolph von Vagedes . The three- speed cabbage mill with a malt crusher was leased to the millers Wilhelm Hösen and Hubert Esser in Bilk. In 1867 the creditors of the bankrupt Graß obtained another auction of the mill. The entire area, which now also contained a residential building with a stable and shed that was rented to the merchant Julius Schlerath, had an unchanged circumference of 2 acres, 165 rods and 90 feet (= approx. 7450 m 2 ).

Urban bathing place

Former municipal bathing establishment, Konkordiastraße 90

In the Kraut-Mühlen-Graben - roughly in the course of today's Konkordiastraße in the area of ​​the Konkordiastraße community elementary school - a swimming area for school children was set up in the early 19th century. In 1816 bathing regulations were issued for this place. Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter describes a youth encounter with Alfred Rethel (after whom the Rethelstrasse was named), which took place around 1830 at this bathing place at the Krautmühle. In the middle of the century, the facility was relocated as a municipal bathing and swimming facility to a property on Steinacker (today south of Düsselstrasse between Konkordiastrasse and Friedenstrasse ) that belonged to the municipal school fund. In 1907 the municipal bathing establishment and gym for the elementary school on Friedenstraße were built there in Konkordiastraße under the town planning officer Johannes Radke , today part of the Leo Statz vocational college building complex .

De Hesselle's tannery

The tannery owner Franz de Hesselle from Langerwehe acquired the property in 1867 as the highest bidder and set up a tannery there around 1868 . De Hesselle had the "Umbach" (Mühlgraben) filled in in 1887 and replaced by a walled circulating canal. The wastewater from the tannery was fed into the so-called Lohpohl (now the Kaiserteich ). The herb mill was at this time as Lohmühle used.

In 1887 the city acquired the Dusseldorf Herb mill for 29,388  ℳ and the following year and the de Hesselle'sche land on the Konkordiastraße for 53,030 ℳ. The property was then rented back to the leather manufacturer de Hesselle for ℳ 450 a year.

Jagenberg paper machine factory

1893/94 the premises of the was paper machines -Fabrikanten Ferdinand Emil Jagenberg leased (1817-1905). On the day his company moved to the new location in 1895, management passed to his sons Emil (1866–1931) and Max Jagenberg (1867–1931). The company Jagenberg oHG produced at the Kraut-Mühle until 1906 the new Jagenberg factory could be moved into in the Himmelgeister Straße in Düsseldorf-Bilk . At that time, the plants and the branches had around 500 employees.

In 1907 the Krautmühle was sold by the city of Düsseldorf.

Bilk moated castle

Wasserburg and Kraut-Mühle in Niederbilk in front of the Düsseldorf city fortifications (S ↔ N); Map section by Carl Friedrich von Wiebeking , 1796

The Bilk moated castle was a medieval fortification, later a farm on the east bank of the Düssel in the immediate vicinity of the herb mill . It was located on today's Kronprinzenstrasse (previously: Lohestrasse as an extension of the Wasserstrasse ). Perhaps today's Florastraße , which was originally called Burgstraße , led from the city to the castle.

The " moated castle " was probably a moth that was abandoned as a low castle in the Middle Ages. The farm yard was preserved for a long time.

In 1792 the Gut Wasserburg, located in front of the Berger Tor near Düsseldorf Neustadt, with the buildings, gardens, tree gardens and a "fort great bleach" on it, was acquired by the heirs of the postmaster Catharina Helena Maurenbrecher , née. Bernsau (1710–1792), widow of postmaster Johann Heinrich Maurenbrecher (1691–1753), auctioned. In 1798 and 1800 the estate was put up for sale again; it consisted of a manorial house, a gardener's house and about 6 acres (= approx. 1.9 hectares) of land.

In 1801 the cloth bleacher, widow Rosellen, ran a water bleaching facility “on the Wasserbourg an der Krautmühle”. In 1832 10 people lived in the gardener's house at the Wasserburg , which also included two agricultural buildings; the stately home had apparently been demolished or rebuilt in the meantime.

swell

  • King Conrad III. confirms the freedoms and possessions of the Vilich women's monastery. - 1144 . In: Theodor Joseph Lacomblet (ed.): Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine or the Archbishopric of Cöln ... from the sources ... , Vol. I from the year 779 to 1200 including . Wolf, Düsseldorf 1840, No. 350, p. 238f ( digitized version of the University and State Library Bonn) = (excerpts from German translation) Karl Theodor Dumont (Hrsg.): History of the Parishes of the Erziöcese Cologne , Vol. XXVIII Dean's Office Königswinter . J. P. Bachem, Cologne 1890, p. 127 ( Google books ; limited preview) ( Regest at Regesta Imperii online; photo in the photo archive of older original documents in Marburg)
  • Konrad confirms the monastery Vilich according to the awards of Otto III. and Heinrich II the imperial immediacy and immunity <as well as the property and its justice> . In: Friedrich Hausmann (edit.): The documents Konrad III. and his son Heinrich . (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Diplomata 9). Böhlau, Vienna a. a. 1969, No. 105, pp. 186–189, especially p. 188 ( digitized version of the Bavarian State Library, Munich)
  • Duke Gerhard von Jülich und Berg leases his two fulling mills and oil mills to the city of Düsseldorf. 1449, July 25. In: Heinrich Eschbach (Hrsg.): Documents on the history of the city of Düsseldorf , part I. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 4 (1889), p. 93–150, esp. P. 94f ( digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
  • Duke Gerhard of Jülich and Berg leaves the city of Dusseldorf urban and Rompels mill to the mill compulsion ... 1451. January, 12 . In: Heinrich Eschbach (Hrsg.): Documents on the history of the city of Düsseldorf , Part II. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 5 (1890), p. 15–90, esp. P. 35–38 ( digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
  • Duke William of Jülich and Berg leaves the city of Dusseldorf urban and Rompels mill to the mill compulsion ... 1489. July, 13 . In: Heinrich Eschbach (Hrsg.): Documents on the history of the city of Düsseldorf , Part II. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 5 (1890), esp. Pp. 52–55 ( digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
  • Concerns about the building regulations of the city of Düsseldorf. Without date (around 1594/96). In: Heinrich Eschbach (Hrsg.): Documents on the history of the city of Düsseldorf , Part II. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 5 (1890), Part II, esp. Pp. 72–74 ( digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf)

literature

  • Ulrich Brzosa: The history of the Catholic Church in Düsseldorf. From the beginnings to secularization . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2001, esp.p. 104f
  • Friedrich Lau: History of the city of Düsseldorf , Bd. I representation . Bagel, Düsseldorf 1921
  • Hans Müller-Schlösser: The city on the Düssel . Droste, Düsseldorf 1977, p. 49f
  • Hans Seeling: Bilker Krautmühle also Lohmühle. Belgian leather factories in Düsseldorf . In: Das Tor 49 (1983), pp. 145-147
  • Henning Schmidt: Düsseldorf-Bilk . (Time jumps). Sutton, Erfurt 2013

Remarks

  1. ↑ What is meant in the context is the external citizenship of Düsseldorf, not the inner city area.
  2. ↑ 1437, 1442/43, 1448–1451 and 1455–1457 mayors of Düsseldorf; 1430–1445 as a customs servant Pfennigwart of Johann VI. von Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck († 1475).
  3. ↑ 1422 and 1429 mayor of Düsseldorf and 1449 tenant of the ducal mill and oil mill within the city of Düsseldorf.
  4. ↑ In 1637 the corridor is called: "Place ... where before the princely powder mill ... stood".
  5. ↑ Ruten according to the Rheinisches (14.19 m 2 ) or Nuremberg standard (13.31 m 2 ) are probably meant, so that the area of ​​the mill, courtyard and garden was roughly the same as in 1839. According to the Cologne or Bergisch measure (21.12 m 2 ) the area would be approx. 1270 m 2 .
  6. ↑ Johann Hülshausen's widow was Helena Quix.
  7. ↑ It is likely that Rhineland acres of 3,176 m 2 are meant, so that the area had about the same total area as in 1839 and 1867.
  8. ^ The electoral councilor Carl Joseph Henoumont (1750–1816) from Traar had taught at the Düsseldorf Law Academy since 1774 and made a fortune as a lawyer ; see. Gerd Dethlefs, Jürgen Kloosterhuis: On a critical pilgrimage between the Rhine and Weser. Justus Gruner's writings in the upheaval years 1801–1803 . Böhlau, Cologne 2009, p. 564, note 521.
  9. ^ Johann Joseph Graß was wanted in 1849 together with Peter Joseph Neunzig and others as a participant in revolutionary activities; see. Official journal for the administrative district of Düsseldorf (1849), p. 241.
  10. ↑ = "very", after the French adjective "fort".

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Document from 1144, issued in Bamberg ; Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Duisburg (Vilich Stift, documents 4); see. Paul Derks: The document of King Konrad III. (MGH. D Konrad III 105) for Vilich a. 1144 . In: Heimat-Jahrbuch Wittlaer 15 (1994), pp. 19-22.
  2. ↑ Cf. Ulrich Brzosa: The history of the Catholic Church in Düsseldorf. From the beginnings to secularization . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2001, p. 104f
  3. ^ Hugo Weidenhaupt, Manfred Fey: Düsseldorf. History from the origins to the 20th century , Vol. I. Schwann / Patmos, Düsseldorf 1988, p. 170.
  4. ↑ Heinrich Rumpold was mayor of Düsseldorf in 1303 , in 1368 Johannes Rumpold was tenant of a mill in Bilk; see. Friedrich Lau: History of the city of Düsseldorf , Bd. I representation . Bagel, Düsseldorf 1921, pp. 26, 122 and ö.
  5. ↑ See Friedrich Lau: History of the City of Düsseldorf , Vol. I representation . Bagel, Düsseldorf 1921, p. 241.
  6. ↑ See Friedrich Lau: History of the City of Düsseldorf , Vol. I representation . Bagel, Düsseldorf 1921, p. 122, cf. P. 98.
  7. ↑ See Heinrich Eschbach: On the constitutional history of the city of Düsseldorf . In: Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein (Hrsg.): History of the city of Düsseldorf . (Commemorative publication for the 600th anniversary). Kraus, Düsseldorf 1888, pp. 52–65, especially p. 56 ( digitized version of the State and University Library Düsseldorf); read: "1489" instead of "1483"; see. ders .: Heinrich Eschbach (Ed.): Documents on the history of the city of Düsseldorf , Part II. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 5 (1890), p. 35 and p. 52.
  8. ↑ Cf. Friedrich-Wilhelm Henning: Düsseldorf and his economy. On the history of a region , Vol. I. Droste, Düsseldorf 1981, p. 72.
  9. ↑ a b To bech cf. 1637 parallel beach ; similar to English beach , Icelandic bakki "river bank". The superlative ( oeverste ) often has a comparative meaning in dialect.
  10. ↑ a b c document dated August 14, 1637; Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Duisburg (Düsseldorf, Jesuits, documents no. 61).
  11. ↑ Cf. Georg Bloos: The Mayors of Düsseldorf . In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine 6 (1892), pp. 20–27, esp. P. 21 ( digitized version of the University and State Library in Düsseldorf), ( Google Books ; limited preview); Hans Mosler: The Düsseldorf Rhine toll up to the end of the 16th century . In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine 21 (1906/07), pp. 97–275, esp. P. 134 ( Google Books ; limited preview).
  12. ↑ See Heinrich Eschbach (Hrsg.): Documents on the history of the city of Düsseldorf , part I. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 4 (1889), pp. 93–150, p. 94.
  13. ↑ Cf. Georg Bloos: The Mayors of Düsseldorf . In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine 6 (1892), pp. 20–27, esp. P. 21.
  14. ↑ See concerns about the building regulations of the city of Düsseldorf. Without date (around 1594/96). In: Heinrich Eschbach (Hrsg.): Documents on the history of the city of Düsseldorf , Part II. In: Contributions to the history of the Lower Rhine. Yearbook of the Düsseldorfer Geschichtsverein 5 (1890), pp. 15–90, esp. Pp. 35–38.
  15. ↑ See the list of houses that were damaged in the powder explosion in 1634 . In: Heinrich Ferber (Ed.): The land tax book of Düsseldorf from 1632 . W. Deiters, Düsseldorf 1881, pp. 59–61 ( digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf).
  16. ↑ a b Landesarchiv NRW department Rhineland Duisburg (Reichskammergericht, 2847 - Az .: H 1908/6168).
  17. ↑ See the following document of December 5, 1645; Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Duisburg (Düsseldorf, Kreuzbrüder, documents no. 158).
  18. ↑ a b c d Cf. Official Gazette of the Royal Government of Düsseldorf. Oeffentlicher Anzeiger (1838), No. 113 of December 21, 1838, p. 518f; (1839), No. 8 of January 28, 1839, p. 43f, and No. 22 of March 9, 1839, p. 122f ( digitized version of the Düsseldorf University and State Library).
  19. ↑ See documents of November 16, 1645, August 30, 1646, March 3, 1681, October 15, 1695, January 27, 1699, March 24, 1703 and March 19, 1720; Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland Duisburg department (Düsseldorf, Kreuzbrüder, documents No. 157, 158a, 187, 188d, 193 and 204a; Düsseldorf, Jesuits, documents No. 112).
  20. ^ Document of September 22, 1691; Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland department (Düsseldorf, Kreuzbrüder, documents no. 183).
  21. ↑ a b Certificate of October 29, 1692; Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland Duisburg department (Düsseldorf, Kreuzbrüder, documents no. 185).
  22. ↑ a b c d Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Duisburg (Düsseldorf, Kreuzbrüder, files no. 16 Düsseldorf: Houses of the Canons, 7).
  23. ↑ a b files 1776–1795; Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland Department (Jülich-Berg, Councilor No. B VII 143); see. Kreuzbrüder Canon of Düsseldorf against Court and Privy Councilors [from] Francken: Gut "zur Hau" and Krautmühle, 1792 (Jülich-Berg, Higher Appeal Court No. B XXIV 4).
  24. ↑ See Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland department (Düsseldorf, Kreuzbrüder, files no. 12).
  25. ↑ See document of April 23, 1724: Hofrat G. S. Schultheis called Quiex and wife leave the Kreuzbrüder convent in Düsseldorf for 500 Reichstaler their 1/6 share in the Spirlings- or Mawelwerk (mine) in Eschweiler; Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Duisburg (Düsseldorf, Kreuzbrüder, documents no. 210).
  26. ^ Certificate of December 28, 1793; Landesarchiv NRW Department Rhineland Duisburg (Düsseldorf, Kreuzbrüder, documents no. 215).
  27. ↑ a b Cf. Official Gazette of the Government of Düsseldorf (1821), No. 8 of February 27, 1821, p. 61f ( Google Books ).
  28. ↑ a b See hereditary leasing of the herb mill in Bilk , (1690–) 1810, 1811, 1829–1836, 1851, 1852 and the leasehold tax of the herb mill near Düsseldorf , 1817; State archive NRW Rhineland Duisburg department (Düsseldorf government Renteien BR 0083, No. 645, and BR 0007, No. 18063).
  29. ↑ See Akten (1813) 1829-1836; Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland Duisburg department (Düsseldorf government BR 0007, No. 23828).
  30. ^ A b cf. Johann Georg von Viebahn (Ed.): Statistics and Topography of the Government District Düsseldorf , Vol. II. J. H. C. Schreiner, Düsseldorf 1836, p. 75 ( Google Books ).
  31. ↑ See Hans Seeling: The saw-windmill in the new town. A cutting mill on the banks of the Rhine . In: The gate. Düsseldorfer Heimatblätter 30 (1964).
  32. ↑ a b c Cf. Official Gazette of the Royal Government of Düsseldorf. Oeffentlicher Anzeiger (1866), No. 113 of November 27, 1866, p. 518f; (1867), No. 4 of January 18, 1867, p. 27f ( digitized version of the University and State Library Düsseldorf).
  33. ↑ See Walter Kordt: Adolph von Vagedes. A Rhenish-Westphalian master builder from the time of Goethe . Henn, Ratingen 1961, p. 86.
  34. ↑ Cf. Hugo Weidenhaupt: The history of public bathing in Düsseldorf (1961). In: ders .: From Düsseldorf's past. Essays from four decades , ed. by Count Clemens von Looz-Corswarem. Goethe-Buchhandlung, Düsseldorf 1988, pp. 201–208, especially p. 202.
  35. ↑ See Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter: Alfred Rethel . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1861, pp. 4-6 ( Google Books ).
  36. ↑ Cf. notifications of the Berlin Local Association for the Welfare of Working Classes (1850), No. 24 of June 15, 1850 ( Google Books ); Report on the administration and status of community affairs in the city of Düsseldorf for the year 1859 . Stahl, Düsseldorf 1860, p. 34, and subsequent years.
  37. ↑ The gym and bathing establishment on Konkordiastraße was almost finished at the end of the year ... , in a report on the status and administration of the town's community affairs for the period from April 1, 1907 to March 31, 1908. Special section. C. Caring for economic life. P. 268
  38. ^ Cf. Official Gazette of the Royal Government of Düsseldorf. Oeffentlicher Anzeiger (1867), No. 48 of June 29, 1867, pp. 359f; (1868), No. 10 of February 12, 1868, pp. 79f.
  39. ^ Cf. Official Gazette of the Royal Government of Düsseldorf. Oeffentlicher Anzeiger (1887), No. 3 of January 8, 1887, p. 23.
  40. ↑ See report on the status and administration of community affairs in the city of Düsseldorf for the period from April 1, 1887 to March 31, 1888 . L. Voß, Düsseldorf 1888, p. 141.
  41. ↑ See report on the status and administration of community affairs in the city of Düsseldorf for the period from April 1, 1888 to March 31, 1889 . L. Voß, Düsseldorf 1889, p. 157.
  42. ↑ a b See City of Düsseldorf. Budget set for the budget year from April 1, 1894 to March 31, 1895 . H. Kronenberg, Düsseldorf 1894, p. 60.
  43. ↑ See 50th anniversary of Jagenberg-Werke A.-G., Düsseldorf . In: Wochenblatt für Papierfabrikation 59 (1928), p. 615.
  44. ↑ See Horst A. Wessel: The development of the electrical communications system in Germany and the Rhenish industry . (Journal of Company History. Supplement 25). Steiner, Wiesbaden 1983, p. 970.
  45. ↑ See City of Düsseldorf. Budget for the budget year 1907 . L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1907, p. 188.
  46. ↑ Cf. Gülich and Bergische weekly news (1792), No. 27-29 of July 3, July 10 and July 17, 1792.
  47. ↑ Cf. Gülich and Bergische weekly news (1798), No. 23 of June 3, 1798; (1800), No. 11 of March 10, 1800.
  48. ↑ Cf. Gülich and Bergische weekly news (1801), No. 10 of March 10 and No. 32 of August 11, 1801; (1802), No. 11 of March 16, 1802.